| Thomas Cranmer | |
| Archbishop of Canterbury | |
|
|
| Enthroned | 3 December 1533[2] |
|---|---|
| Ended | 13 November 1555 |
| Predecessor | William Warham |
| Successor | Reginald Pole |
| Consecration | 30 March 1533 |
| Born | 2 July 1489 Aslacton |
| Died | 21 March 1556 (aged 66) Oxford |
| Buried | Ashes scattered after execution |
Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St William Warham (c 1450 &ndash August 22 1532) Archbishop of Canterbury, belonged to a Hampshire family and was educated at Winchester Reginald Pole (1500 &ndash November 17, 1558) was an English prelate a Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church, and the last Roman Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Aslockton is a village and Civil parish twelve miles (19 km east of Nottingham, England and two miles east of Bingham on the north bank Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. The Martyrs' Memorial is an imposing stone monument positioned at the intersection of St Giles', Magdalen Street and Beaumont Street in Oxford Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine He helped build a favourable case for Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon which resulted in the separation of the English Church from the Roman Catholic Church. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of royal supremacy in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister The first Act of Supremacy granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy which is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom
During Cranmer's tenure as archbishop, he was responsible for establishing the first doctrinal and liturgical structures of the Church of England. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Under Henry's rule, Cranmer did not make many radical changes in the Church due to power struggles between religious conservatives and reformers. However, he succeeded in publishing the first officially authorised vernacular service, the Exhortation and Litany. In the Church of England, the "Exhortation and Litany" (1544 is chronologically the first officially authorized Liturgy in English
When Edward came to power, Cranmer was able to promote major reforms. He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, a complete liturgy for the English Church. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. With the assistance of several Continental reformers to whom he gave refuge, he developed new doctrinal standards in areas such as the eucharist, clerical celibacy, the role of images in places of worship, and the veneration of saints. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Clerical celibacy is the practice in various religious traditions, in which Clergy, Monastics and those (of either sex in religious orders adopt a A religious image is a work of Visual art that is representational and has a religious purpose subject or connection In Christianity, veneration ( Latin veneratio, Greek &delta&omicron&upsilon&lambda&iota&alpha dulia) or veneration of saints Cranmer promulgated the new doctrines through the Prayer Book, the Homilies and other publications. The Anglican Homilies (1547 1562 and 1571 are two books of thirty-three sermons developing the Reformed doctrines of the Anglican Communion in greater depth and detail than
Cranmer was tried for treason and heresy when Mary I came to the throne. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Imprisoned for over two years and under pressure from the Church authorities, he made several recantations and reconciled himself with the Catholic faith. However, on the day of his execution, he dramatically withdrew his recantations and died as a Protestant martyr. His legacy lives on within the Church of England through the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-Nine Articles, an Anglican statement of faith derived from his work. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the
Early years (1489–1527)
Cranmer was born in 1489 in Aslockton in Nottinghamshire, England. Aslockton is a village and Civil parish twelve miles (19 km east of Nottingham, England and two miles east of Bingham on the north bank Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire [3] His parents, Thomas and Agnes (née Hatfield) Cranmer, were of modest wealth and were not members of the nobility. Their oldest son, John, inherited the family estate, whereas Thomas and his younger brother Edmund were placed on the path to a clerical career. [4] Cranmer’s early schooling remains a mystery. He probably attended a grammar school in his village. At the age of fourteen, two years after the death of his father, he was sent to the newly created Jesus College in Cambridge. Jesus College in the University of Cambridge was founded in 1496 on the site of a Benedictine nunnery by John Alcock, then Bishop of Ely. [5] It took him a surprisingly long eight years to reach his Bachelor of Arts degree following a curriculum of logic, classical literature, and philosophy. During this time he began to collect medieval scholastic books, which he preserved faithfully throughout his life. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries [6] For his Master’s degree, he took a different course of study, concentrating on the humanists, Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and Erasmus. Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century Jacques Lefèvre redirects here Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (c This time he progressed with no special delay, finishing the course in three years. Shortly after receiving his Master of Arts degree in 1515, he was elected to a Fellowship of Jesus College. In the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin, the degree of Master of Arts or Master in Arts ( MA) is awarded to Bachelors [7]
Sometime after Cranmer took his MA, he married a woman named Joan. Although he was not yet a priest, he was forced to forfeit his fellowship, resulting in the loss of his residence at Jesus College. In order to support himself and his wife, he took a job as a reader at another college. In the academic hierarchy in the United Kingdom and some universities in Australia and New Zealand, reader is the rank between Senior lecturer When Joan died during her first childbirth, Jesus College showed its regard for Cranmer by reinstating his fellowship. He began studying theology and by 1520 he had received holy orders, the University already having named him as one of their preachers. In a general sense the term Holy Orders refers to those in the Christian religion who have been ordained in Apostolic Succession. He received his doctorate of divinity in 1526. [8]
Not much is known about Cranmer’s thoughts and experiences during his three decades at Cambridge. Traditionally, he has been portrayed as a humanist whose enthusiasm for biblical scholarship prepared him for the adoption of Lutheran ideas, which were spreading during the 1520s. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther However, a study of his marginalia reveals an early antipathy to Martin Luther and an admiration for Erasmus. Marginalia ( plurale tantum) is the general term for Notes scribbles and editorial comments made in the margin of a book Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer [9] When Cardinal Wolsey, the king's Lord Chancellor, selected several Cambridge scholars, including Edward Lee, Stephen Gardiner, and Richard Sampson, to be diplomats throughout Europe, Cranmer was chosen to take a minor role in the English embassy in Spain. Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. For the British architect see Stephen Gardiner (architect. Stephen Gardiner (c Richard Sampson (died 25 September, 1554) was an English clergyman and Composer, who was Anglican Bishop of Chichester and subsequently of In two recently discovered letters by Cranmer, an early encounter between Cranmer and the king, Henry VIII of England was revealed. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Upon Cranmer's return from Spain in June 1527, he was given a personal half-hour long interview with the king, whom he described as "the kindest of princes". [10]
In the service of Henry VIII (1527–1532)
Henry VIII's first marriage had its origins in 1502 when his elder brother, Arthur, died. Henry VII then betrothed Arthur's widow, Catherine of Aragon, to the future king. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina The betrothal immediately raised questions related to the biblical prohibition (in Leviticus 18 and 20) against marriage to a deceased brother’s wife. The couple married in 1509 and after a series of miscarriages, a daughter, Mary, was born in 1516. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death By the 1520s, Henry still did not have a son to name as heir and he took this as a sure sign of God’s anger and made overtures to the Vatican about an annulment. Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract [11] He gave Cardinal Wolsey the task of prosecuting his case; Wolsey began by consulting university experts. Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal From 1527, in addition to his duties as a Cambridge don, Cranmer assisted with the annulment proceedings. [12]
In the summer of 1529, Cranmer stayed with relatives in Waltham Holy Cross to avoid an outbreak of the plague in Cambridge. Waltham Holy Cross was an Urban district in the County of Essex, England. Plague is a deadly Infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis (Pasteurella pestis. Two Cambridge associates, Stephen Gardiner and Edward Foxe, joined him. Edward Foxe (c 1496 &ndash May 8, 1538) was an English churchman Bishop of Hereford. The three discussed the annulment issue and Cranmer suggested putting aside the legal case in Rome in favour of a general canvassing of opinions from university theologians throughout Europe. Henry showed much interest in the idea when Gardiner and Foxe presented him this plan. It is not known whether the king or his Lord Chancellor, Thomas More, explicitly approved the plan. Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained Eventually it was implemented and Cranmer was requested to join the royal team in Rome to gather opinions from the universities. [13] Edward Foxe coordinated the research effort and the team produced the Collectanea Satis Copiosa ("The Sufficiently Abundant Collections") and The Determinations, historical and theological support for the argument that the king exercised supreme jurisdiction within his realm. The Collectanea satis copiosa of 1530 was a collection of historical documents compiled by Thomas Cranmer and Edward Foxe designed to prove that Kings of [14]
Cranmer’s first contact with a Continental reformer was with Simon Grynaeus, a humanist based in Basel, Switzerland and a follower of the Swiss reformers, Huldrych Zwingli and Johannes Oecolampadius. Simon Grynaeus ( 1493 - August 1, 1541) German scholar and Theologian of the Reformation son of Jacob Gryner a Swabian "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli (1 January 1484 &ndash 11 October 1531 was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. Johannes Œcolampadius or Œkolampad ( 1482 - November 24 1531) was a German religious reformer whose real name was Hussgen In the summer of 1531, Grynaeus took an extended visit to England to offer himself as an intermediary between the king and the Continental reformers. He struck up a friendship with Cranmer and after his return to Basel, he wrote about Cranmer to the German reformer Martin Bucer in Strasbourg. Martin Bucer (or Butzer) ( 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a Protestant reformer whose principal ministry was Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Grynaeus' early contacts initiated Cranmer’s eventual relationship with the Strasbourg and Swiss reformers. [15]
In January 1532, Cranmer was appointed the resident ambassador at the court of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Charles V may refer to Charles V of France Charles V Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Duke of Lorraine As the emperor travelled throughout his realm, Cranmer had to follow him to his residence in Ratisbon (Regensburg). Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany [16] He passed through the Lutheran city of Nuremberg and saw for the first time the effects of the Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time When the Imperial Diet was moved to Nuremberg in the summer, he met the leading architect of Nuremberg’s reforms, Andreas Osiander. The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, Andreas Osiander ( 19 December, 1498 &ndash 17 October 1552) was a German Lutheran theologian. They became good friends and during that July, Cranmer took the surprising action of marrying Margarete, the niece of Osiander's wife. This was all the more remarkable given that the marriage required him to set aside his priestly vow of celibacy. He did not take her as his mistress as was the prevailing custom with priests for whom celibacy was too rigorous. Scholars note that Cranmer had moved, however moderately at this stage, into identifying with certain Lutheran principles. [17] This progress in his personal life, however, could not be matched in his political life as he was unable to persuade Charles, Catherine's nephew, to support the annulment of his aunt's marriage. [18]
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury (1532–1534)
While Cranmer was following Charles through Italy, he received a royal letter dated 1 October 1532 informing him that he had been appointed the new Archbishop of Canterbury, following the death of the former archbishop, William Warham. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the William Warham (c 1450 &ndash August 22 1532) Archbishop of Canterbury, belonged to a Hampshire family and was educated at Winchester Cranmer was ordered to return to England. The appointment had been secured by the family of Anne Boleyn, who was being courted by Henry. Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. When Cranmer's promotion became known in London, it caused great surprise as Cranmer had previously held only a minor positions in the Church. [19] Cranmer left Mantua on 19 November and arrived in England at the beginning of January. Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land [20] Henry personally financed the papal bulls necessary for Cranmer’s promotion to Canterbury. A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. The bulls were easily acquired because the papal nuncio was under orders from Rome to please the English in an effort to avert a final breach. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy The bulls arrived around 26 March 1533 and Cranmer was consecrated as archbishop on 30 March in St Stephen's Chapel. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. St Stephen's Chapel was a chapel in the old Palace of Westminster. Even while they were waiting for the bulls, Cranmer continued to work on the annulment proceedings, which required greater urgency after Anne announced her pregnancy. Henry and Anne were secretly married on 24 or 25 January 1533 in the presence of a handful of witnesses. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate [21] Cranmer did not learn of the marriage until a fortnight later. [22]
For the next few months, the archbishop and the king worked on establishing legal procedures on how the monarch's marriage would be judged by his most senior clergyman. Several drafts of the procedures have been preserved in letters written between the two. Once the procedures were agreed, Cranmer opened his court on 10 May inviting Henry and Catherine of Aragon to appear. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Gardiner represented the king; Catherine did not appear or sent a proxy. On 23 May Cranmer pronounced the judgement that Henry's marriage with Catherine was against the law of God. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne He even issued a threat of excommunication if Henry did not stay away from Catherine. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community [23] Henry was now free to marry and on 28 May, Cranmer validated Henry and Anne’s marriage. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling On 1 June, Cranmer personally crowned and anointed Anne queen and delivered to her the sceptre and rod. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected The collective term Crown Jewels denotes the regalia and vestments worn by the sovereign of the United Kingdom during the Coronation ceremony and at various other [24] Pope Clement VII was furious at this defiance, but he could not take decisive action as he was pressured by other monarchs to avoid an irreparable breach with England. For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September However, on 9 July he provisionally excommunicated Henry and his advisers (which included Cranmer) unless he repudiated Anne by the end of September. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Henry kept Anne as his wife and on 7 September, Anne gave birth to Elizabeth. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Cranmer baptised her immediately afterwards and acted as one of her godparents. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted [25]
It is difficult to assess how Cranmer’s theological views had evolved since his Cambridge days. There is evidence that he continued to support humanism; he renewed Erasmus' pension that had previously been granted by Archbishop Warham. [26] In June 1533, he was confronted with the difficult task of not only disciplining a reformer, but also seeing him burnt at the stake. John Frith was condemned to death for his views on the eucharist: he denied the Real Presence. For the Australian Rugby League player see John Frith (rugby league. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that in the Eucharist, Jesus Christ is really present in what was Cranmer personally tried to persuade him to change his views without success. [27] Although he rejected Frith’s radicalism, by 1534 he clearly signalled that he had broken with Rome and that he had set a new theological course. He supported the cause of reform by gradually replacing the old guard in his ecclesiastical province with men who followed the new thinking such as Hugh Latimer. An ecclesiastical province is a large jurisdiction of religious government so named by analogy with a secular Province, existing in certain hierarchical Christian Latimer's belief in Christ's return Hugh Latimer said "It may come in my days old as I am or in my children's days the saints shall be taken up to meet Christ in the air [28] He intervened in religious disputes, supporting reformers to the disappointment of religious conservatives who desired to maintain the link with Rome. [29]
Under the vice-gerency (1535–1538)
Cranmer was not immediately accepted by the bishops within his province. When he attempted a canonical visitation, he had to avoid locations where a resident conservative bishop might make an embarrassing personal challenge to his authority. A canonical visitation is the act of an ecclesiastical superior who in the discharge of his office visits persons or places with a view of maintaining faith and discipline and of correcting In 1535, Cranmer had difficult encounters with several bishops, John Stokesley, John Longland, and Stephen Gardiner among others. John Stokesley (c 1475 &ndash September 8, 1539) was an English church leader who was Bishop of London during the reign of Henry VIII John Longland (died 1547 was the English Bishop of Lincoln from 1521 to his death in 1547 They objected to Cranmer’s power and title and argued that the Act of Supremacy did not define his role. The first Act of Supremacy granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy which is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom This prompted Thomas Cromwell, the king's chief minister, to activate and to take the office of the Vice-gerent,[30] the deputy supreme head of ecclesiastical affairs. Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister Vicegerent is the official administrative deputy of a Ruler or Head of state. He created another set of institutions that gave a clear structure to the royal supremacy. Hence, the archbishop was eclipsed by Vice-gerent Cromwell in regards to the king's spiritual jurisdiction. [31] There is no evidence that Cranmer resented his position as junior partner. [32] Although he was an exceptional scholar, he lacked the political ability to outface even clerical opponents. Those tasks were left to Cromwell. [33]
On 29 January 1536, when Anne miscarried a son, the king began to reflect again on the biblical prohibitions that had haunted him during his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. [34] Shortly after the miscarriage, the king started to take an interest in Jane Seymour. Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Behind the scenes at the Court, Cromwell had decided to turn against Anne. [35] Unaware of his actions, Cranmer continued to write letters to him on minor matters up to 22 April. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Anne was sent to the Tower of London on 2 May and Cranmer was urgently summoned by Cromwell. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. On the very next day, Cranmer wrote a letter to the king expressing his doubts about the queen’s guilt, highlighting his own esteem for Anne. After it was delivered, Cranmer was resigned to the fact that the end of Anne's marriage was inevitable. [36] On 16 May, he saw Anne in the Tower and heard her confession and the following day, he pronounced the marriage null and void. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Two days later, Anne was executed. [37]
The vice-gerency brought the pace of reforms under the control of the king. A balance was instituted between the conservatives and the reformers and this was seen in the Ten Articles, the first attempt at defining the beliefs of the Henrician Church. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the The articles had a two-part structure. The first five articles showed the influence of the reformers by recognising only three of the former seven sacraments: baptism, eucharist, and penance. A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active Penance is repentance of Sins as well as the proper name of the Catholic and Orthodox Christian Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession The last five articles concerned the roles of images, saints, rites and ceremonies, and purgatory, and they reflected the views of the traditionalists. A religious image is a work of Visual art that is representational and has a religious purpose subject or connection In Christianity, veneration ( Latin veneratio, Greek &delta&omicron&upsilon&lambda&iota&alpha dulia) or veneration of saints A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions See also Intermediate state Limbo|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity Purgatory, in the original sense is the condition or process of purification Two early drafts of the document have been preserved and show different teams of theologians at work. The competition between the conservatives and reformers is revealed in rival editorial corrections made by Cranmer and Cuthbert Tunstall, the bishop of Durham. Cuthbert Tunstall (or Tonstall) (1474&ndash November 18, 1559) was an English church leader twice Bishop of Durham during the reigns See also List of Bishops of Durham The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican Bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in The end product had something that pleased and annoyed both sides of the debate. [38] By 11 July, Cranmer, Cromwell, and the Convocation, the general assembly of the clergy, had subscribed to the Ten Articles. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. The Convocation of the English Clergy is a Synodical assembly of the Church of England consisting of bishops and clergy [39]
In the autumn of 1536, the north of England was convulsed in a series of uprisings collectively known as the Pilgrimage of Grace, the most serious opposition to Henry’s policies. The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in York, Yorkshire during 1536 in protest against England 's break with Rome and Cromwell and Cranmer were the primary targets of the protesters’ fury. Cromwell and the king worked furiously to quell the rebellion, while Cranmer kept a low profile. [40] After it was clear that Henry's regime was safe, the government took the initiative to remedy the evident inadequacy of the Ten Articles. The outcome after months of debate was The Institution of a Christian Man informally known from the first issue as the Bishops' Book. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the The book was initially proposed in February 1537 in the first vice-gerential synod, ordered by Cromwell, for the whole Church. Cromwell opened the proceedings, but as the synod progressed, Cranmer and Foxe took on the chairmanship and the co-ordination. Foxe did most of the final editing and the book was published in late September. [41]
Even after publication, the book’s status remained vague because the king had not given his full support to it. In a draft letter, Henry noted that he had not read the book, but supported its printing. His attention was most likely occupied by the pregnancy of Jane Seymour and the birth of the male heir, Edward, that Henry had sought for so long. Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Jane died shortly after giving birth and her funeral was held on 12 November. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days That month Henry started to work on the Bishops’ Book; his amendments were sent to Cranmer, Sampson, and others for comment. Cranmer's responses to the king were far more confrontational than his colleagues' and he wrote at much greater length. [42] They reveal unambiguous statements supporting reformed theology such as justification by faith or sola fide (faith alone) and predestination. Sola fide ( Latin: by Faith alone also historically known as the doctrine of justification by faith is a doctrine that distinguishes most Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation However, his words did not convince the king. A new statement of faith would be delayed until 1543 with the publication of the King’s Book. [43]
In 1538, the king and Cromwell arranged with Lutheran princes to have detailed discussions on forming a political and religious alliance. Henry had been seeking a new embassy from the Schmalkaldic League since summer 1537. The Schmalkaldic League (Schmalkaldischer Bund was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid- 16th The Lutherans were delighted by this and they sent a joint delegation from various German cities, including a colleague of Martin Luther, Friedrich Myconius. Friedrich Myconius (originally named Friedrich Mekum and also Friedrich Mykonius) ( December 26 1491 - April 7 1546) was The delegates arrived in England on 27 May 1538. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed After initial meetings with the king, Cromwell, and Cranmer, discussions on theological differences were transferred to Lambeth Palace under Cranmer’s chairmanship. Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Progress on an agreement was slow partly due to Cromwell being too busy to help expedite the proceedings and partly due to the negotiating team on the English side which was evenly balanced between conservatives and reformers. The talks dragged on through the summer with the Germans becoming weary despite the Archbishop’s strenuous efforts. The negotiations, however, were fatally neutralised by an appointee of the king. Cranmer’s colleague, Edward Foxe, who sat on Henry’s Privy Council, had died earlier in the year. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a The king chose as his replacement, Cranmer’s conservative rival, Cuthbert Tunstall, who was told to stay near Henry to give advice. On 5 August, when the German delegates sent a letter to the king regarding three items that particularly worried them (compulsory clerical celibacy, the withholding of the chalice from the laity, and the maintenance of private masses for the dead), Tunstall was able to intervene for the king and to influence the decision. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. The result was a thorough dismissal by the king of many of the Germans’ chief concerns. Although Cranmer begged the Germans to continue with the negotiations using the argument "to consider the many thousands of souls in England" at stake, they left on 1 October having made no substantial achievements. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. [44]
Reforms reversed (1539–1542)
Continental reformer Philipp Melanchthon was aware that he was very much admired by Henry. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker Philipp Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerd) ( February 16, 1497 &ndash April 19, 1560) was a German professor and theologian In early 1539, Melanchthon wrote several letters to Henry criticising his views on religion, in particular his support of clerical celibacy. By late April another delegation from the Lutheran princes arrived to build on Melanchthon’s exhortations. Cromwell wrote a letter to the king in support of the new Lutheran mission. However, the king had begun to change his stance and concentrated on wooing conservative opinion in England rather than reaching out to the Lutherans. On 28 April 1539, Parliament met for the first time in three years. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Cranmer was present, but Cromwell was unable to attend due to ill health. On 5 May the House of Lords created a committee with the customary religious balance between conservatives and reformers to examine and determine doctrine. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" However, the committee was given little time to do the detailed work needed for a thorough revision. On 16 May, the Duke of Norfolk noted that the committee had not agreed on anything and proposed that the Lords examine six doctrinal questions which eventually became the basis of the Six Articles. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk (1473 – 25 August 1554) was a prominent Tudor politician. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the They affirmed the conservative interpretation of doctrines such as the Real Presence, clerical celibacy, and the necessity of auricular confession, the private confession of sins to a priest. [46] As the Act of the Six Articles neared passage in Parliament, Cranmer moved his wife and children out of England to safety. Up until this time, the family was kept quietly hidden, most likely in Ford Palace in Kent. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format The Act passed Parliament at the end of June and it forced Latimer and Nicholas Shaxton to resign their dioceses given their outspoken opposition to the measure. Nicholas Shaxton (1485? - 1556 was a Reformer and a Bishop of Salisbury. [47]
The setback for the reformers was short-lived. By September, Henry was displeased with the results of the Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell were back in favour. The king asked his archbishop to write a new preface for the Great Bible, an English translation of the Bible that was first published in April 1539 under the direction of Cromwell. The Great Bible was the first authorized edition of the Bible in English authorized by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the The preface was in the form of a sermon addressed to readers. As for Cromwell, he was delighted that his plan of a royal marriage between Henry and Anne of Cleves, the sister of a German prince was accepted by the king. Anne of Cleves Queen of England (22 September 1515&ndash16 July 1557 ( German: Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII In Cromwell's view, the marriage could potentially bring back contacts with the Schmalkaldic League. Henry was dismayed with Anne when they first met on 1 January 1540 but married her reluctantly on 6 January in a ceremony officiated by Cranmer. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King However, the marriage ended in disaster as Henry decided shortly thereafter that he would request a royal divorce. This resulted in Henry being placed in an embarrassing position and Cromwell suffered the consequences. His old enemies, including the Duke of Norfolk, took advantage of the weakened Cromwell and he was arrested on 10 June. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem He immediately lost the support of all his friends, including Cranmer. However, as Cranmer had done for Anne Boleyn, he wrote a letter to the king defending the past work of Cromwell. Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves was quickly annulled on 9 July by the vice-gerential synod, now led by Cranmer and Gardiner. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. [48]
Following the annulment, Cromwell was executed on 28 July. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. [49] Cranmer now found himself in a politically prominent position, with no one else to shoulder the burden. [50] Throughout the rest of Henry’s reign, he clung to Henry’s authority. The king had total trust in him and in return, Cranmer could not conceal anything from the king. [51] At the end of June 1541, Henry with his new wife, Catherine Howard, left for his first visit to the north of England. For other Catherine Howards see Catherine Howard (disambiguation Catherine Howard (between 1520 and 1525 – 13 February 1542 also called Cranmer was left in London as a member of a council taking care of matters for the king in his absence. His colleagues were Lord Chancellor Thomas Audley and Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford. Thomas Audley 1st Baron Audley of Walden KG, PC, KS (c1488 &ndash 30 April 1544 Lord Chancellor of England, born in Earls } Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset (c 1506 &ndash 22nd January 1552 was Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of Henry VIII in This was Cranmer's first major piece of responsibility outside the Church. In October, while the king and queen were away, a reformer named John Lascelles revealed to Cranmer that Catherine engaged in extramarital affairs. Cranmer gave the information to Audley and Seymour and they decided to wait until Henry’s return. Afraid of angering the king, Audley and Seymour suggested that Cranmer inform Henry. Cranmer slipped a message to Henry during mass on All Saints Day. For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often An investigation revealed the truth of the marital indiscretions and Catherine was executed in February 1542. [52]
Support from the king (1543–1547)
In 1543, several conservative clergymen in Kent banded together to attack and denounce two reformers, Richard Turner and John Bland, before the Privy Council. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a They prepared articles to present to the Council, but at the last moment, additional denunciations were added by Stephen Gardiner’s nephew, Germain Gardiner. German Gardiner (Germain Jermyn (date of birth unknown executed at Tyburn, 7 March[[ 544]] was a Roman Catholic layman nephew to Stephen Gardiner These new articles attacked Cranmer and listed his misdeeds back to 1541. This document and the actions that followed were the basis of the so-called Prebendaries' Plot. The Prebendaries' Plot was an attempt made by religious conservatives in England to oust Thomas Cranmer from office as Archbishop of Canterbury. The articles were delivered to the Council in London and were probably read on 22 April 1543. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. The king most likely saw the articles against Cranmer that night. The archbishop, however, appeared unaware that an attack on his person was made. His commissioners in Lambeth dealt specifically with Turner’s case where he was acquitted, much to the fury of the conservatives. [53]
While the plot against Cranmer was proceeding, the reformers were being attacked on other fronts. On 20 April, the Convocation reconvened to consider the revision of the Bishops’ Book. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Cranmer presided over the sub-committees, but the conservatives were able to overturn any reforming ideas, including justification by faith. On 5 May, the new revision called A Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for any Christian Man or the King’s Book was released. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the Doctrinally, it was far more conservative than the Bishops’ Book. On 10 May, the reformers received another blow. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Parliament passed the Act for the Advancement of True Religion, which abolished "erroneous books" and restricted the reading of the Bible in English to those of noble status. From May to August, reformers were examined, forced to recant, or imprisoned. [54]
For five months, Henry took no action on the accusations against his archbishop. [55] The conspiracy was finally revealed to Cranmer by the king himself. According to Cranmer’s secretary, Ralph Morice, sometime in September 1543 the king showed Cranmer a paper summarising the accusations against him. An investigation was to be mounted and Cranmer was appointed chief investigator. Surprise raids were carried out, evidence was gathered, and ringleaders were identified. Typically, Cranmer put the clergymen involved in the conspiracy through immediate humiliation, but he eventually forgave them and continued to use their services. To show his trust in Cranmer, Henry gave Cranmer his personal ring. When the Privy Council arrested Cranmer at the end of November, the nobles were stymied by the symbol of the king’s trust in him. [56] Cranmer’s victory ended with two second-rank leaders imprisoned and Germain Gardiner executed. [57]
With the atmosphere in Cranmer’s favour, he pursued quiet efforts to reform the Church, particularly the liturgy. On 27 May 1544 the first officially authorised vernacular service was published, the processional service of intercession known as the Exhortation and Litany. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed In the Church of England, the "Exhortation and Litany" (1544 is chronologically the first officially authorized Liturgy in English It survives today with minor modifications in the Book of Common Prayer. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. The traditional litany uses invocations to saints, but Cranmer thoroughly reformed this aspect by providing no opportunity in the text for such veneration. A litany, in Christian worship, is a form of Prayer used in Church services and Processions and consisting of a number of petitions An invocation (from the Latin verb invocare "to call on invoke" may take the form of Supplication or Prayer In Christianity, veneration ( Latin veneratio, Greek &delta&omicron&upsilon&lambda&iota&alpha dulia) or veneration of saints Additional reformers were elected to the House of Commons and new legislation was introduced to curb the effects of the Act of the Six Articles and the Act for the Advancement of True Religion. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords [59]
In 1546, the conservatives in a coalition including Gardiner, the Duke of Norfolk, the Lord Chancellor Wriothesley, and the bishop of London, Edmund Bonner, made one last attempt to challenge the reformers. Thomas Wriothesley 1st Earl of Southampton KG ( 21 December, 1505 &ndash July 30, 1550) (pronounced "Risly" was a Edmund Bonner (also Edmund Boner) (c 1500 &ndash September 5, 1569) Bishop of London, was an English Bishop. Several reformers with links to Cranmer were targeted. Some such as Lascelles were burnt at the stake. However, powerful reform-minded nobles Edward Seymour and John Dudley returned to England during the summer from overseas and they were able to turn the tide against the conservatives. Lord John Dudley (1501 &ndash 22 August, 1553) was a Tudor general admiral and politician who de facto ruled England in the latter half of King Two incidents in autumn tipped the balance. Gardiner was disgraced before the king when he refused to agree to exchange episcopal estates and the son of the Duke of Norfolk was charged with treason and executed. There is no evidence that Cranmer played any part in these political games and there were no further plots as the king's health ebbed in his final months. Cranmer performed his final duties for the king on 28 January 1547 when he gave a reformed statement of faith while gripping Henry’s hand instead of giving him his last rites. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Anointing of the Sick is the ritual anointing of a sick person and is a Sacrament of the Catholic Church. Cranmer mourned Henry’s death and it was later said that he demonstrated his grief by growing a beard. The beard was also a sign of his break with the past. Continental reformers grew beards to mark their rejection of the old Church and this significance of clerical beards was well-understood in England. On 31 January, he was among the executors of the king’s final will that nominated Seymour as Lord Protector and welcomed the boy king, Edward VI. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history [60]
Foreign divines and reformed doctrines (1547–1549)
Under the regency of Seymour, the reformers were now part of the establishment. A royal visitation of the provinces took place in August 1547 and each parish that was visited was instructed to obtain a copy of the Homilies. The Anglican Homilies (1547 1562 and 1571 are two books of thirty-three sermons developing the Reformed doctrines of the Anglican Communion in greater depth and detail than This book consisted of twelve homilies of which four were written by Cranmer. His reassertion of the doctrine of justification of faith elicited a strong reaction from Gardiner. [61] In the "Homily of Good Works annexed to Faith", Cranmer attacked monasticism and the importance of various personal actions involved in liturgical recitations and ceremonies. Those living the monastic life are known by the generic terms Monks (men and Nuns (women Hence, he narrowed the range of good works that would be considered necessary and reinforced the primacy of faith. In each parish visited, injunctions were put in place that resolved to "eliminate any image which had any suspicion of devotion attached to it". [62][63]
Cranmer’s eucharistic views, which had already moved away from official Catholic doctrine, received another push from Continental reformers. Cranmer had been in contact with Martin Bucer since the time when initial contacts were made with the Schmalkaldic League. However, Cranmer and Bucer's relationship became ever closer due to Charles V’s victory over the League at Mühlberg which left England as the sole major nation providing sanctuary for persecuted reformers. The Battle of Mühlberg was a large battle at Mühlberg in the German of Electorate of Saxony during the Protestant Reformation at which the Catholic princes Cranmer wrote a letter to Bucer (now lost) with questions on eucharistic theology. In Bucer's reply dated 28 November 1547, he denied the Real Presence and condemned transubstantiation and the adoration of the elements. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events See also Eucharist (Catholic Church On the related belief that Christ is present in the Eucharist in body blood soul and divinity see Real Presence. Adoration ( Latin) is to give Homage or Worship to someone or something The letter was delivered to Cranmer by two Italian reformed theologians, Peter Martyr and Bernardino Ochino who were invited to take refuge in England. Pietro Martire Vermigli, sometimes simply Peter Martyr ( September 8 1499 &ndash November 12 1562) was an Italian Bernardino Ochino (1487-1564 was an Italian Reformer. Biography Bernardino Ochino was born at Siena. Martyr also brought with him an epistle written allegedly by John Chrysostom, Ad Caesarium Monachum, which appeared to provide patristic support against the Real Presence. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church [64] These documents were to influence Cranmer’s thoughts on the eucharist. [65]
In March 1549, the city of Strasbourg forced Martin Bucer and Paul Fagius to leave. Paul Fagius ( 1504 - 13 November 1549) was a Renaissance scholar of Biblical Hebrew. Cranmer immediately invited the men to come to England and promised that they would be placed in English universities. When they arrived on 25 April, Cranmer was especially delighted to meet Bucer face to face after eighteen years of correspondence. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. [66] He needed these scholarly men to train a new generation of preachers as well as assist in the reform of liturgy and doctrine. Others that accepted his invitations include the Polish reformer, Jan Laski, but Cranmer was unable to convince Osiander and Melanchthon to come to England. Jan Łaski, John Laski, Johannes Alasco John a Lasco ( 1499 - January 8 1560) was a Polish Protestant evangelical [67]
Book of Common Prayer (1548–1549)
As the use of English in worship services spread, the need for a complete uniform liturgy for the Church became evident. Initial meetings to start what would eventually become the Book of Common Prayer were held in the former abbey of Chertsey and in Windsor Castle in September 1548. Chertsey Abbey, dedicated to St Peter was a Benedictine monastery located at Chertsey in the English county of Surrey. Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of The list of participants can only be partially reconstructed, but it is known that the members were balanced between conservatives and reformers. These meetings were followed by a debate on the eucharist in the House of Lords which took place between 14 and 19 December. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Cranmer publicly revealed in this debate that he had abandoned the doctrine of the Real Presence and believed that the eucharistic presence was only spiritual. [68] Parliament backed the publication of the Prayer Book after Christmas by passing the Act of Uniformity 1549; it then legalised clerical marriage. The Act of Uniformity 1549 (citation 2 & 3 Edward VI (reigned 1547 - 1553 c [69]
It is difficult to ascertain how much of the Prayer Book is actually Cranmer’s personal composition. Generations of liturgical scholars have been able to track down the sources that he used, including the Sarum Rite, writings from Hermann von Wied, and several Lutheran sources including Osiander and Justus Jonas. The Sarum Rite was a variant of the Roman Rite widely used for the ordering of Christian public worship including the Mass or Eucharist Hermann of Wied ( January 14, 1477 - August 15, 1552) was elector and Archbishop of Cologne. Justus Jonas ( 5 June 1493 - 9 October 1555) was a German Protestant reformer [70] More problematic is determining how Cranmer worked on the book and with whom he worked. Despite the lack of knowledge of whom might have helped him, however, he is given the credit for the editorship and the overall structure of the book. [71]
The use of the new Prayer Book was made compulsory on 9 June 1549. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits This triggered a series of protests in Devon and Cornwall, the Prayer Book Rebellion. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar The Prayer Book Rebellion, Western Rising or Western Rebellion was a popular revolt in Cornwall and Devon, in 1549 By early July, the uprising had spread to other parts in the east of England. Bucer had just taken up his duties in Cambridge when he found himself in the middle of the commotion and had to scurry to shelter. The rebels made a number of demands including the restoration of the Six Articles, the use of Latin for the mass with only the bread given to the laity, the restoration of prayers for souls in purgatory, and the rebuilding of abbeys. Cranmer wrote to the king a strong response to these demands in which he denounced the wickedness of the rebellion. [72] On 21 July, Cranmer commandeered St Paul’s Cathedral where he vigorously defended the official Church line. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. A draft of his sermon, the only extant written sample of his preaching from his entire career, shows that he collaborated with Peter Martyr on dealing with the rebellion. [73]
Consolidating gains (1549–1551)
The Prayer Book Rebellion and other events had a negative effect on the Seymour regency. The Privy Council became divided when a set of dissident Councillors banded together behind John Dudley in order to oust Seymour. Cranmer and two other councillors, William Paget, and Thomas Smith initially rallied behind Seymour. William Paget 1st Baron Paget of Beaudesert (1506&ndash June 9,1563 English Statesman, son of William Paget one of the serjeants-at-mace of the Sir Thomas Smith ( December 23, 1513 &ndash August 12, 1577) was an English scholar and Diplomat. However, after a flurry of letters passed between the two sides, a bloodless coup d’état resulted in the end of Seymour’s Protectorship on 13 October 1549. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Despite the support of religiously conservative politicians behind Dudley’s coup, the reformers managed to maintain control of the new government and the English Reformation continued to consolidate gains. [74] Seymour was initially imprisoned in the Tower, but he was shortly released on 6 February 1550 and returned to the Council. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio The archbishop was able to transfer his former chaplain, Nicholas Ridley from the minor see of Rochester to the diocese of London, while John Ponet took Ridley’s former position. Nicholas Ridley (died October 16, 1555) was an English Clergyman. The Diocese of Rochester is ancient having been established in 604; only the neighbouring Diocese of Canterbury is older in the Church of England The Diocese of London forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. John Ponet (c 1514 &ndash August 1556 was the Bishop of Winchester, also Bishop of Rochester and a controversial Protestant religious leader Incumbent conservatives were uprooted and replaced with reformers. [75]
The first result of co-operation and consultation between Cranmer and Bucer was the Ordinal, the liturgy for the ordination of priests. This was missing in the first Prayer Book and was not published until 1550. Cranmer adopted Bucer’s draft and created three services for commissioning a deacon, a priest, and a bishop. [76] In the same year, Cranmer produced the Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, a semi-official explanation of the eucharistic theology within the Prayer Book. Defence of the True and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ was a book published by Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer in July It was the first full-length book to bear Cranmer’s name on the title-page. The preface summarises his quarrel with Rome in a well-known passage where he compared "beads, pardons, pilgrimages, and such other like popery" as weeds, but the roots of the weeds were transubstantiation, the Real Presence, and the sacrificial nature of the mass. [77]
Although Bucer assisted in the development of the English Reformation, he was still quite concerned about the speed of its progress. Both Bucer and Fagius had noticed that the 1549 Prayer Book was not a remarkable step forward, although Cranmer assured Bucer that it was only a first step and that its initial form was only temporary. [78] However, by the winter 1550, Bucer was becoming disillusioned. Cranmer, however, made sure that he did not feel alienated and kept in close touch with him. This attention paid off during the vestments controversy. The vestments controversy arose in the English Reformation, ostensibly concerning Vestments but more fundamentally concerned with English Protestant identity This incident was initiated by John Hooper, a follower of Heinrich Bullinger who had recently returned from Zürich. John Hooper (c1495-1500 &ndash February 9, 1555) was an English churchman Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester. Heinrich Bullinger ( July 18, 1504 - September 17, 1575) was a Swiss reformer, the successor of Huldrych Zwingli Hooper was unhappy with Cranmer’s Prayer Book and Ordinal and he particularly objected to the use of ceremonies and vestments. When the Privy Council selected him to be the Bishop of Gloucester on 15 May 1550, he laid down conditions that he would not wear the required vestments. The Bishop of Gloucester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Gloucester in the Province of Canterbury. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the He found an ally among the Continental reformers in Jan Laski. Laski had become a leader of the Stranger church in London, a designated place of worship for Continental Protestant refugees. Stranger church was a term (similar in meaning to the French étranger) used by English-speaking people for independent Protestant churches established in foreign lands His church’s forms and practices had taken reforms much further than Cranmer would have liked. However, Bucer and Peter Martyr, while they sympathised with Hooper’s position, supported Cranmer's arguments of timing and authority. Cranmer and Ridley stood their ground which resulted in Hooper’s imprisonment and he eventually gave in. He was consecrated on 8 March 1551 according to the Ordinal and he preached before the king in his episcopal garments. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Cranmer’s vision of reform through careful steps under the authority of the government was maintained. [79]
Final reform programme (1551–1553)
Cranmer’s role in politics was diminishing when on 16 October 1551 Seymour was arrested on charges of treason. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western In December he was put on trial and although the charges of treason were dropped, he was judged guilty of felony and hurriedly put to death on 22 January 1552. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. [80] This was the beginning of the breach between Cranmer and Dudley. It was aggravated during the year by the gradual appropriation of ecclesiastical property by the regency. [81] However, even throughout this political turmoil, Cranmer worked simultaneously on three major projects in his reform programme: the revision of canon law, the revision of the Prayer Book, and the formation of a statement of doctrine. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches [82]
The original Roman canon law that defined governance within the Church clearly needed revision following Henry's break with Rome. Several revision attempts were made throughout Henry's reign, but these initial projects were shelved as the speed of reform outpaced the time required to work on a revision. As the reformation stabilised, Cranmer formed a committee in December 1551 to restart the work. He recruited Peter Martyr to the committee and he also asked Laski and Hooper to participate, demonstrating his usual ability to forgive past actions. Cranmer and Martyr realised that a successful enactment of a reformed ecclesiastical law-code in England would have international significance. Cranmer planned to draw together all the reformed churches of Europe under England’s leadership to counter the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time In March 1552, Cranmer invited the foremost Continental reformers, Bullinger, John Calvin, and Melanchthon to come to England and to participate in an ecumenical council. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and The response was disappointing: Melanchthon did not respond, Bullinger stated that neither of them could leave Germany as it was riven by war between the Emperor and the Lutheran princes, and while Calvin showed some enthusiasm, he said he was unable to come. Cranmer acknowledged Calvin and replied stating, "Meanwhile we will reform the English Church to the utmost of our ability and give our labour that both its doctrines and laws will be improved after the model of holy scripture. "[81] One partial manuscript of the project survived that was annotated with corrections and comments by Cranmer and Martyr. When the final version was presented to Parliament, the breach between Cranmer and Dudley was complete and the regent effectively killed the canon law bill in the House of Lords. [83]
As in the first Prayer Book, the origins and participants in the work of its revision are obscure, but it was clear that Cranmer led the project and steered its development. It had begun as early as the end of 1549 when the Convocation of Canterbury met to discuss the matter. Late in 1550, the opinions of Martyr and Bucer were sought on how the liturgy might be improved and they significantly influenced the revision. [84] The spiritual presence view was clarified by the use of entirely different words when the communicants are offered the bread and the wine. New rubrics noted that any kind of bread could be used and any bread or wine that remained could be used by the curate, thus disassociating the elements from any physical presence. A rubric is a word or section of text which is written or printed in Red Ink to highlight it From the Latin curatus (compare Curator) a curate is a person who is invested with the ''care'' or ''cure'' (''cura'' ''of souls'' of a The new book removed any possibility of prayers for the dead as such prayers would imply support for the doctrine of purgatory. [85] The Act of Uniformity 1552 which authorised the book's use specified that it was to be exclusively used from 1 November. The Act of Uniformity 1552 was enacted in 1552 by Edward VI of England. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi However, the final version was not officially published until nearly the last minute due to the intervention of Dudley. While traveling in the north of the country, he met the Scots reformer, John Knox, then based in Newcastle. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England Impressed by his preaching, Dudley selected him to be a royal chaplain and brought him south to participate in the reform projects. In a sermon before the king, Knox attacked the practice of kneeling during communion. On 27 September 1552, the Privy Council stopped the printing of the new Prayer Book and told Cranmer to revise it. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again He responded with a long letter using the argument that it was for Parliament with the royal assent to decide any changes in the liturgy. [86] On 22 October, the council decided to keep the liturgy as it is and add the so-called "Black Rubric" which explained that no adoration was intended when kneeling at communion. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Black Rubric: The popular name for the declaration enjoining kneeling at the end of the order for the administration of the Lord's Supper in the prayer-book of the [87]
The origins of the statement which eventually became the Forty-Two Articles are equally obscure. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the As early as December 1549, the archbishop was demanding from his bishops subscription to certain doctrinal articles. In 1551 Cranmer presented a version of a statement to the bishops, but its status remained ambiguous. Cranmer did not devote much effort into developing the articles, most likely due to work on the canon law revision. He became more interested once the hope for an ecumenical council began to fade. By September 1552, draft versions of the articles were being worked on by Cranmer and John Cheke, his scholarly friend who was commissioned to translate them into Latin. Sir John Cheke ( 16 June 1514 &ndash 13 September 1557) was an English Classical scholar and statesman notable as the When the Forty-Two Articles were finally published in May 1553, the title-page declared that the articles were agreed upon by the Convocation and were published by the authority of the king. This was not in fact the case and the mistake was likely caused by miscommunications between the archbishop and the Privy Council. Cranmer complained about this to the council but the authorities' response was to note that the articles were developed during the time of the Convocation, hence evading a direct answer. The council gave Cranmer the unfortunate task of requiring subscription to the articles from the bishops, many of whom opposed them and pointed out the anomaly of the title-page. It was while Cranmer was carrying out this duty that events unfolded that would render the subscriptions futile. [88]
Trials, recantations, and martyrdom (1553–1556)
Edward VI became seriously ill from tuberculosis and the councillors were told that he did not have long to live. The Oxford Martyrs were tried for Heresy in 1555 and subsequently Burnt at the stake in Oxford, England, for their religious beliefs Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common In May 1553, the council sent several letters to Continental reformers assuring them that Edward's health was improving. Among the letters was one addressed to Melanchthon inviting him to come to England to take up the Regius Chair in Cambridge which was vacant since the death of Martin Bucer in February 1551. The Regius Professorship of Divinity is one of the oldest and most prestigious of the professorships at the University of Oxford and at the University of Cambridge Both Henry VIII and Cranmer had previously failed to convince Melanchthon to come; this time the council made a serious effort by sending him an advance to cover his travel expenses. Cranmer sent a personal letter urging him to take the offer. Despite his plea, Melanchthon never made the voyage to England. While this effort to shore up the reformation was taking place, the council was working to convince several judges to put on the throne Lady Jane Grey, Edward's cousin and a Protestant, instead of Mary, Henry and Catherine of Aragon's daughter and a Catholic. Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537&ndash 12 February 1554) also referred to as Queen Jane, a greatniece of Henry VIII of England, was a claimant On 17 June 1553 the king made his will noting Jane would succeed him, contravening the Third Succession Act. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat The Third Succession Act of Henry VIII's reign was passed by the Parliament of England in mid-1543 and returned both Mary and Elizabeth to the Cranmer tried to speak to Edward alone, but he was refused and his audience with Edward occurred in the presence of the councillors. Edward told him that he supported what he wrote in his will. Cranmer’s decision to support Jane must have occurred before 19 June when royal orders were sent to convene the Convocation for the recognition of the new succession. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. [89]
By mid-July, there were serious provincial revolts in Mary’s favour and support for Jane in the council fell. As Mary was proclaimed queen, Dudley, Ridley, Cheke, and Jane’s father, the Duke of Suffolk were imprisoned. Henry Grey Marquess of Dorset ( 17 January 1517 &ndash 23 February 1554) was an English nobleman of the Tudor period However, no action was taken against the archbishop. On 8 August he led Edward’s funeral according to the rites of the Prayer Book. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. During these months, he advised others, including Peter Martyr, to flee England, but he himself chose to stay. Reformed bishops were removed from office and conservative clergy, such as Edmund Bonner, had their old positions restored. Cranmer did not go down without a fight. When rumours spread that he authorised the use of the mass in Canterbury Cathedral, he declared them to be false and said, ". . . all the doctrine and religion, by our said sovereign lord king Edward VI is more pure and according to God's word, than any that hath been used in England these thousand years. "[90] Not surprisingly, the government regarded Cranmer's declaration as tantamount to sedition. He was ordered to stand before the council in the Star Chamber on 14 September and on that day he said his final goodbye to Martyr. For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Cranmer was sent straight to the Tower to join Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley. [91]
On 13 November 1553 Cranmer and four others were brought to trial for treason, found guilty, and condemned to death. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Throughout February 1554 the political leaders of the supporters of Jane were executed, including Jane herself. It was now time to deal with the religious leaders of the reformation and so on 8 March 1554 the Privy Council ordered Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer to be transferred to Bocardo prison in Oxford to await a second trial for heresy. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. St Michael at the Northgate is a church in Cornmarket Street, at the junction with Ship Street, central Oxford, England. During this time Cranmer was able to smuggle out a letter to Martyr who had fled to Strasbourg, the last surviving document written in his own hand. He stated that the desperate situation of the church was proof that it will eventually be delivered and wrote, "I pray that God may grant that we may endure to the end!"[92] Cranmer remained isolated in Bocardo prison for seventeen months before the trial started on 12 September 1555. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Although it took place in England, the trial was under papal jurisdiction and the final verdict would come from Rome. Cranmer performed poorly under interrogation; he admitted to every fact that was placed before him, but he denied any treachery, disobedience, or heresy. The trial of Latimer and Ridley started shortly after Cranmer's but their verdicts came almost immediately and they were burnt at the stake on 16 October. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Cranmer was taken to a tower to watch the proceedings. On 4 December, Rome decided Cranmer's fate by depriving him of the archbishopric and giving permission to the secular authorities to carry out their sentence. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. [93]
In his final days Cranmer's circumstances changed, which led to several recantations. The verb recant, and its derivative noun recantation, can mean To formally abandon a belief or a particular statement of belief generally under order from an ecclesiastical On 11 December, Cranmer was taken out of Bocardo and placed in the house of the Dean of Christ Church. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as This new environment was very different from that of his two years in prison. He was in an academic community and treated as a guest. Approached by a Dominican friar, Juan de Villagarcia, he debated the issues of papal supremacy and purgatory. In his first four recantations, produced between the end of January and mid-February, Cranmer submitted himself to the authority of the king and queen and recognised the pope as head of the church. On 14 February 1556, he was degraded from holy orders and returned to Bocardo. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German He had conceded very little and Edmund Bonner was not satisfied with these admissions. On 24 February a writ was issued to the mayor of Oxford and the date of Cranmer's execution was set for 7 March. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Two days after the writ was issued, a fifth statement, the first which could be called a true recantation was issued. Cranmer repudiated all Lutheran and Zwinglian theology, fully accepted Catholic theology including papal supremacy and transubstantiation, and stated that there was no salvation outside the Catholic church. He announced his joy of returning to the Catholic faith, asked for and received sacramental absolution, and participated in the mass. Absolution is a traditional theological term for the forgiveness experienced in the traditional Churches in the Sacrament of Reconciliation. Cranmer's burning was postponed and under normal practice of canon law, he should have been absolved. Mary, however, decided that no further postponement was possible. His last recantation was issued on 18 March. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor It was a sign of a broken man, a sweeping confession of sin. [94]
Cranmer had three more days to live. He was told that he would be able to make a final recantation but this time in public during a service at the University Church. The University Church of St Mary the Virgin ( St Mary's or SMV for short is the largest of Oxford's parish churches and the centre from which the He wrote and submitted the speech in advance and it was published after his death. At the pulpit on the day of his execution, he opened with a prayer and an exhortation to obey the king and queen, but he ended his sermon totally unexpectedly, deviating from the prepared script. He renounced the recantations that he had written or signed with his own hand since his degradation and as such he stated his hand would be punished by being burnt first. He then said, "And as for the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy, and Antichrist with all his false doctrine. "[95] He was pulled from the pulpit and taken to where Latimer and Ridley had been burnt six months before. Latimer's belief in Christ's return Hugh Latimer said "It may come in my days old as I am or in my children's days the saints shall be taken up to meet Christ in the air Nicholas Ridley (died October 16, 1555) was an English Clergyman. As the flames drew around him, he fulfilled his promise by placing his right hand into the heart of the fire and his dying words were, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. . . I see the heavens open and Jesus standing at the right hand of God. "[96]
Aftermath and legacy
Immediately after the death of Cranmer, the Marian government produced a pamphlet with all six recantations plus the text of the speech he was to have made in the University Church. No mention was made that he had withdrawn his recantations. However, what had actually happened became common knowledge and the account of the event ceased to be effective propaganda. Similarly on the Protestant side, there was difficulty making use of the event given his recantations. The exiles' propaganda concentrated on publishing various specimens of his writings. The name Marian Exiles is given to English Calvinist Protestants who fled to the continent during the reign of Mary I. Eventually his story was effectively put to use in John Foxe's book Acts and Monuments in 1559. John Foxe (1517 &ndash April 18, 1587) martyrologist is remembered as the author of what is popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs The Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe, is an Apocalyptically oriented English Protestant account of the Persecutions of [97]
Cranmer’s family had been exiled to the Continent in 1539. It is not known exactly when they returned to England, but it was soon after the accession of Edward VI in 1547 that Cranmer publicly acknowledged their existence. Not much is known about the early years of the children. His daughter, Margaret, was likely born in the 1530s and his son, Thomas, came later probably during the reign of Edward. Sometime around Mary’s accession, Cranmer’s wife, Margarete, escaped to Germany, while his son was entrusted to his brother, Edmund Cranmer, who also took him to the Continent. Margarete Cranmer eventually married Cranmer’s favourite publisher, Edward Whitchurch. The couple returned to England after Mary’s reign and settled in Surrey. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. Whitchurch also negotiated for the marriage of Margaret to Thomas Norton. Thomas Norton (1532 &ndash March 10, 1584) was an English lawyer politician writer of verse &mdash but not as has been claimed the chief interrogator Whitchurch died in 1562 and Margarete married for the third time to Bartholomew Scott. She died in the 1570s. Both of Cranmer’s children died without issue and his line became extinct. [98]
When Elizabeth I came to power, she restored the Church of England's independence from Rome under the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I ’s response to the religious divisions created over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary The church that she re-established was, in effect, a snapshot of the Edwardian Church from September 1552. Thus the Elizabethan Prayer Book was basically Cranmer's 1552 edition but without the "Black Rubric". In the Convocation of 1563, the Forty-Two Articles which were never adopted by the Church were altered in the area of eucharistic doctrine to form the Thirty-Nine Articles. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the Most of the exiles returned to England and resumed their careers in the Church. To some like Edmund Grindal, an Archbishop of Canterbury during Elizabeth's reign, Cranmer was a shining example whose work needed to be upheld and extended. Edmund Grindal (c 1519 &ndash 6 July, 1583) was an English church leader who successively held the posts of Bishop of London, Archbishop [99]
Cranmer's greatest concerns were the maintenance of the royal supremacy and the diffusion of reformed theology and practice. But he is best remembered for his contribution to the realm of language and of cultural identity. [100] His prose helped to guide the development of the English language and the Book of Common Prayer is a major contribution to English literature that influenced many lives in the Anglophone world. It was the vehicle that guided Anglican worship for four hundred years. [101] Cranmer has many promoters and detractors, but no biography can do full justice to the complexity of his life and his age. Catholic biographers sometimes depict Cranmer as an unprincipled opportunist and a tool of royal tyranny, while neglecting to note that many other sixteenth-century clergymen and politicians fail to live up to modern standards. For their part, hagiographic Protestant biographers sometimes overlook the times that Cranmer betrayed his own principles. [102] Yet both sides can agree that Cranmer was a committed scholar whose life showed the strengths and weaknesses of a very human and often under-appreciated reformer. [103]
See also
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Notes
- ^ Matthew & Harrison 2004; MacCulloch 1996, p. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The Lambeth Conferences are decennial assemblies of Bishops of the Anglican Communion convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings are regular meetings of the Anglican Primates, i The Anglican Consultative Council or ACC is one of the four "Instruments of Communion" of the Anglican Communion. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope The Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe, is an Apocalyptically oriented English Protestant account of the Persecutions of Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister Richard Hooker (March 1554 – 3 November 1600) was an Anglican priest and an influential theologian. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 In a Catholic sense the term "saint" refers to any person in Heaven&mdashhowever since the 10th century the title "Saint" is only given to persons who have been officially The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. " High Church " relates to Ecclesiology and Liturgy in Anglican theology and practice Low church is a term of distinction in the Church of England or other Anglican churches initially designed to be pejorative Broad Church is a term referring to Latitudinarian Churchmanship in the Church of England, in particular and Anglicanism, in general The Oxford Movement or Tractarianism was an affiliation of High Church Anglicans, most of whom were members of the University of Oxford, who sought The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the The Anglican Homilies (1547 1562 and 1571 are two books of thirty-three sermons developing the Reformed doctrines of the Anglican Communion in greater depth and detail than Anglican doctrine (also called Episcopalian doctrine in some countries is the body of Christian teachings used to guide the religious and moral practices of Anglicans See also Holy Orders The Anglican ministry is both the leadership and agency of Christian service in the Anglican Communion. In keeping with its prevailing self-identity as a Via media or "middle path" of Western Christianity, Anglican sacramental theology expresses This is a list of the Archbishops of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the head of the established Church of England and symbolically of the worldwide 340; Ridley 1962, p. frontispiece
- ^ Ridley 1962, p. 70; MacCulloch 1996, p. 106
- ^ Ridley 1962, p. 13. According to Ridley, the only authority for the date of his birth, 2 July, is an anonymous biographer who wrote shortly after Cranmer’s death. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival The biographer makes several mistakes about Cranmer’s early life.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 109
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 13–15; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 7–15
- ^ Selwyn 1993, pp. 63–65
- ^ Ridley 1962, p. 16MacCulloch 1996, pp. 19–21
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 16–20; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 21–23
- ^ Bernard 2005, p. 506; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 23–33
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 33–37
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 42. According to MacCulloch, he became convinced of this perhaps as much as two years before his passion for Anne Boleyn.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 41–44
- ^ Ridley 1996, pp. 25–33; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 45–51
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 54–59. The full title is The Determinations of the most famous and most excellent Universities of Italy and France, that it is unlawful for a man to marry his brother's wife, that the Pope hath no power to dispense therewith and it is likely that Cranmer undertook the translation from Latin to English. Comparing the two language versions, MacCulloch notes that the document reveals the first indications of a change away from his humanist Catholicism towards a more radically reformist stance.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 60–66
- ^ Ridley 1962, p. 39
- ^ Hall(1) 1993, p. 19; MacCulloch 1996, p. 72; Ridley 1962, p. 46
- ^ Ridley 1996, pp. 39–47; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 70–74
- ^ Ayris(1) 1993, p. 116–117
- ^ Ridley 1996, pp. 49–53; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 75–77
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 637–638
- ^ Ridley 1996, pp. 53–58; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 83–89
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 59–63
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 90–94
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 97–98
- ^ Dowling 1993, p. 102
- ^ Ridley 1996, pp. 67–68
- ^ Bernard 2005, p. 507; Ridley 1996, pp. 87–88
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 98–102, 109–115
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 91–92, 133
- ^ Ayris(5) 2000, pp. 81–86; Ayris(1) 1993, pp. 125–130
- ^ Ridley 1996, pp. 91–92
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 127–135
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 149
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 154
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 100–104; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 157–158
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 149–159
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 160–166
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 113–115
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 115–118; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 169–172
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 118–123; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 185–196, 205
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 123–125
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 205–213
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 161–165; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 213–221
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 137
- ^ Ridley 1962, p. 180
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 178–184; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 235–250
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 195–206; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 238, 256–274
- ^ Howell 1816, pp. 433–440. According to Howell, several charges were brought against him but the chief one was heresy.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 275
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 280
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 217–223; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 274–289
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 297–308
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 308–311
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 316. It is not known why Henry took so long to react to the charges against Cranmer. MacCulloch notes that it was Henry's nature to brood over the evidence against his archbishop. He also speculates that Cranmer's support of the King's Book made Henry reflect about whether the charges were serious. Another possibility is that in playing the situation out, Henry could observe the behaviour of the leading politicians until he was ready to intervene.
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 235–238
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 316–322
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 362
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 327–329, 347
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 352–361
- ^ Bagchi & Steinmetz 2004, p. 155
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, p. 375
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 265–270; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 365, 369–376
- ^ Coleman-Norton 1929, p. 279. The epistle was once widely accepted as written by Chrysostom, but is now commonly regarded as a forgery.
- ^ Hall(2) 1993, pp. 227–228; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 380–382
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 421–422
- ^ Hall(2) 1993, pp. 223–224
- ^ Ridley 1962, p. 284; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 405–406
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 395–398, 405–408; Ridley 1962, pp. 285–289
- ^ Spinks 1993, p. 177
- ^ Robinson 1998, p. 82; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 414–417
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 293–297
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 410, 429–437
- ^ Loades 1993, p. 160; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 443–447. MacCulloch claims that Paget supported Seymour, but according to Loades it was only Smith who joined with Cranmer. Loades also states that it was likely Cranmer who persuaded Seymour to surrender.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 454–459
- ^ Ayris(3) 2005, pp. 97–99
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 322–323; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 460–469
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 410–411
- ^ Ridley 1962, p. 308–315; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 469–484
- ^ Loades 2004, pp. 109–111. According to Loades, a felony, a lesser crime than treason in English law, included gathering men unlawfully and plotting the death of a councillor. Seymour admitted to these actions.
- ^ a b MacCulloch 1996, p. 520
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 493–500
- ^ Ayris(2) 1993, pp. 318–321; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 500–502, 518–520, 533
- ^ Bagchi & Steinmetz 2004, pp. 158–159
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 322–327; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 504–513
- ^ Ayris(4) 2000, pp. 15–17, 29–31
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 336–337; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 512, 525–530
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 503–504, 524, 536–538
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 538–541
- ^ Heinze 1993, pp. 263–264
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 547–553
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 554–555, 561–562, 572–573
- ^ Heinze 1993, pp. 267–271; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 574–582
- ^ Heinze 1993, pp. 273–276; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 584–599. Heinze and MacCulloch note that Cranmer's recantations can be deduced from two primary sources that had opposite polemical aims, Bishop Cranmer's Recantacyons by an unknown author and Acts and Monuments by John Foxe also known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs. John Foxe (1517 &ndash April 18, 1587) martyrologist is remembered as the author of what is popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs The Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe, is an Apocalyptically oriented English Protestant account of the Persecutions of
- ^ Heinze 1993, p. 279; MacCulloch 1996, p. 603
- ^ Heinze 1993, pp. 277–280; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 600–605. According to Heinze and MacCulloch, an additional corroborating account of Cranmer's execution is found in the letter of a Catholic witness with the initials J. A.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 606–608
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 148–153; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 361, 481, 609–612
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 620–621
- ^ Stevenson 1993, pp. 189–198; MacCulloch 1996, pp. 420–421. Stevenson adds that the marriage vow from the Prayer Book occupies a singular place in the cultural life of the English language.
- ^ MacCulloch 1996, pp. 630–632
- ^ Ridley 1962, pp. 11–12; Null 2006, pp. 2–17. Null provides an overview of Cranmer scholarship and the different points-of-view.
- ^ Heinze 1993, p. 279
References
- Ayris(1), Paul (1993), “God’s Vicegerent and Christ’s Vicar: the Relationship between the Crown and the Archbishopric of Canterbury, 1533–53”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Ayris(2), Paul (1993), “Canon Law Studies”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Ayris(3), Paul (2005), “The Revision of the Ordinal in the Church of England 1550-2005”, Ecclesiology, Vol. Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D 1, No. 2, 95-110, London: SAGE Publications, ISSN 1744-1366
- Ayris(4), Paul (2000), “The Correspondence of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his English Audience 1533-54”, Reformation and Renaissance Review, 3 (2000) 9-33, London: Equinox Publishing, ISSN 1462-2459
- Ayris(5), Paul (2000), “The Public Career of Thomas Cranmer”, Reformation and Renaissance Review, 4 (2000) 75-125, London: Equinox Publishing, ISSN 1462-2459
- Bagchi, David V. SAGE is an independent for-profit academic Publisher of books more than 500 Journals, and databases in the humanities social sciences and scientific An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. N. & Steinmetz, David Curtis, eds. (2004), The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521776627. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534
- Bernard, G. W. (2005), The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church, London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300122713. Yale University Press is a book Publisher founded in 1908. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remained
- Coleman-Norton, P. R. (1929), “The Correspondence of S. John Chrysostom (With Special Reference to His Epistles to Pope S. Innocent I)”, Classical Philology, Vol. 24, No. 3, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISSN 0009-837X
- Dowling, Maria (1993), “Cranmer as Humanist Reformer”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Hall(1), Basil (1993), “Cranmer's Relations with Erasmianism and Lutheranism”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Hall(2), Basil (1993), “Cranmer, the Eucharist, and the Foreign Divines in the Reign of Edward VI”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Heinze, Rudolph W. The University of Chicago Press is the largest University press in the United States An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D (1993), “'I pray God to grant that I may endure to the end': A New Look at the Martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Howell, Thomas Bayly, ed. Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D (1816), A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783, London: T. C. Hansard, OCLC 3815652. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Loades, David (1993), “Thomas Cranmer and John Dudley: An Uneasy Alliance, 1549–1553”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Loades, David M. Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D (2004), Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court, 1547-1558, Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, ISBN 0582772265.
- MacCulloch, Diarmaid (1996), Thomas Cranmer: A Life, London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-06688-0. Diarmaid Ninian John MacCulloch (born 31 October 1951, in Kent, England) is Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Yale University Press is a book Publisher founded in 1908. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remained
- Matthew, H. C. G. & Harrison, Brian Howard, eds. (2004), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, OCLC 56568095
- Null, Ashley (2006), Thomas Cranmer's Doctrine of Repentance: Renewing the Power to Love, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198270216. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Spinks, Bryan D. (1993), “Treasures Old and New: A Look at Some of Thomas Cranmer's Methods of Liturgical Compilation”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Ridley, Jasper (1962), Thomas Cranmer, Oxford: Clarendon Press, OCLC 398369. Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D Jasper Godwin Ridley (1920 – 2004 was a British writer known for historical biographies The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Robinson, Ian (1998), The Establishment of Modern English Prose in the Reformation and the Enlightenment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521480884. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534
- Selwyn, D. G. (1993), “Cranmer's Library”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
- Stevenson, Kenneth W. Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D (1993), “Cranmer's Marriage Vow: Its Place in the Tradition”, in Ayris, Paul & Selwyn, David, Thomas Cranmer: Churchman and Scholar, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-549-9
External links
- The execution of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer (1556) at EnglishHistory. Boydell & Brewer was formed in 1978 It merged two companies Boydell Press and D net
- Thomas Cranmer biography at the BBC
- Letter from Cranmer on Henry VIII's divorce at the Center for Medieval Studies at Fordham University
- Thirty-Nine Articles from the Anglican Communion official website
| Religious titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by William Warham |
Archbishop of Canterbury 1533–56 |
Succeeded by Reginald Pole |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Cranmer, Thomas |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Archbishop of Canterbury |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 2 July 1489 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Aslacton, England |
| DATE OF DEATH | 21 March 1556 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Oxford, England |
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