Thirteen Factories (Chinese: 十三行; Pinyin: Shísānháng) is an area of Guangzhou, China where the first foreign trade was allowed in the 18th century since Hai jin. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Hai jin ( literally "ocean forbidden" was a ban on maritime activities during China 's Ming Dynasty and again during the Qing Dynasty. It is also referred to as the "Thirteen Hongs" or the "Canton Factories".
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Terminology
Factories were "foreigners quarters" outside the city walls in Guangzhou. These were business markets, not actual factories where goods were manufactured. The name came from the foreign agent term of "factors"[1], who maintained offices or factories. A factor, from the Latin "he who does" (parallel to agent, from Latin agens) is a person who professionally acts as the representative of another individual Chinese citizens often referred to the factories as "Barbarian Houses"[1].
History
In 1684, the Emperor Kangxi of the Qing allowed foreigners to trade with China in four cities, including Guangzhou[2]. The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city In 1686, Westerners were allowed to also live in the area of the factories in Canton, at the head of the Pearl River. The Zhu Jiang, ( Chinese 珠江 Pinyin: Zhū Jiāng or Pearl River or less commonly the Canton River, is China 's third longest In 1757, the Emperor Qianlong limited Westerners to the port of Canton, and no other area. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September
In 1793, attempts were made by King George III who sent representative Lord George Macartney to request that ports in northern China be opened to trade. Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places George Macartney should not be confused with Sir George McCartney, a later British statesman Emperor Qianlong denied[1] the request. Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September
The Thirteen Factories gradually lost importance after the First Opium War, a conflict after China banned the import of British opium. The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the British East India Company and the Qing Dynasty in China from 1839 Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( The Qing court was defeated by Great Britain and forced to open five ports to foreigners and to cede Hong Kong to Great Britain. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The Thirteen Factories was no longer the sole place for foreigners to trade and live in China.
The Hongs in Hong Kong that became major economic powerhouses beginning in the 1890s are usually credited to the British and other overseas merchants. The Hongs (Chinese 行 were major business houses in Hong Kong with significant influence on patterns of Consumerism, Trades Manufacturing Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Despite the origin of the name "Hong", the factories did not play a role in Hong Kong's economy in the 20th century. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on
Factories
The Western factors were allowed to occupy two- or three-story buildings, set back one hundred yards from the river. Each factory contained 3 or 4 houses. The warehouses occupied the first floors and elegant apartments were on the second and third floors of the houses. The square in front of the factories was fenced and reserved for foreigners. The streets immediately adjoining the factories were named Thirteen Factory Street, Old China Street, and Hog Lane. These streets were filled with retail stores selling a wide variety of Chinese goods.
Thirteen factories
The following are the structures of factory buildings and streets that make up the thirteen factories area. The list is in the order of which they are lined up. The names of the hong-merchants are Howqua, Mowqua, Puankhequa, Goqua, Fatqua, Kingqua, Sunshing, Mingqua, Saoqua and Punboqua[3]
| Chinese Pinyin Names | English Names | Chinese Names[3] |
|---|---|---|
| e-ho-hong | Factory of Justice and Peace | 义和行（小溪馆） |
| paeon-ho-hong | Factory of Tranquillity | 新英国馆（保和行）？？ |
| Hog lane | 猪巷 | |
| fung-tae-hong | Chow-Chow Factory | 炒炒馆（丰泰行、巴斯行） |
| bung-shan-hong | Old English Factory | 旧英国馆（隆顺行） |
| suy-hang | Swedish Factory | 瑞典行（瑞行） |
| ma-ying-hang | Imperial Factory | 帝国馆（孖鹰行） |
| paon-shun-hang | Precious and Prosperous Factory | 宝顺馆（宝顺行） |
| kwang-yuen-hang | American Factory | 美国行（广源行） |
| Old China street | 老中国街 | |
| French Factory | 法兰西馆（高公行） | |
| Spanish Factory | 西班牙馆（大吕宋行） | |
| Danish Factory | 丹麦行 |
In 1835, medical missionary Peter Parker, M.D. opened an Ophthalmic Hospital at 3 Hog Lane. Howqua (Chinese 伍秉鉴 Pinyin: Wu Bingjian was the most important of the Hong merchants in the Thirteen Factories, and the leader of the Canton Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Peter Parker (1804 &ndash 1888 was an American Physician and a Missionary who traveled extensively in Qing Dynasty China. Lam Qua, a Western-trained Chinese painter who also had workshops in the Thirteen Factories area, was commissioned by Parker to paint pre-operative portraits of patients who had large tumors or other major deformities. Lam Qua ( or real name Guan Qiaochang or Kwan Kiu Cheong (zh 關喬昌 (1801 &ndash 1860 was a Western-trained Chinese painter from Guangdong
Policies
The emperor appointed an official called the hoppo, to take charge and collect taxes from the goods traded. The position also overlook whether the trades went accordingly. The hoppo was responsible for merchant relations on behalf of the Qing court. It was an important position since merchants were not allowed to communicate with the emperor directly. [1]
Foreigners were also not allowed to learn Chinese by rule at the time[1]. Though the British did have Robert Morrison as the translator[3]. Early life Son of James Morrison a Scottish farm laborer and Hannah Nicholson an English woman who were both active members of the Scottish Presbyterian Church. The four linguist representing the Chinese side include Atom, Achow, Atung and Akang[3].
See also
References
- Fan, F. The Canton System (1760-1842 served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country The Old China Trade was the name given to the early commerce between the Qing Empire and the United States, spanning from the end of the American Revolutionary The Hongs (Chinese 行 were major business houses in Hong Kong with significant influence on patterns of Consumerism, Trades Manufacturing is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed for control over significant Lam Qua ( or real name Guan Qiaochang or Kwan Kiu Cheong (zh 關喬昌 (1801 &ndash 1860 was a Western-trained Chinese painter from Guangdong British Naturalists in Qing China Harvard University Press (2004) ISBN 0-674-01143-0
- Key JD, Callahan JA, Walters W. Hog Lane surgery (Ophthalmic Hospital, Canton, China)[1] Minn Med. (May, 1986)
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Tamura, Eileen. [1998] (1998). China: Understanding its Past. University of Hawaii. ISBN 0824819233
- ^ Discovery Channel guide. [2005] (1980). Insight Guide HK. APA Publications. ISBN 981-2582460
- ^ a b c d Roberts, Edmund. [1837] (1837) Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: In the U. S. Sloop-of-war Peacock. Harper & Brothers. Harvard University archive. No ISBN Digitized.
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