| Third Crusade | |||||||||
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 The Siege of Acre was the first confrontation of the Third Crusade |
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| English: 8,000 men French: 2,000 men[1] Germans: 15,000 men[2] |
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The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin (Salāh al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb). The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the high and late Middle Ages, between 1192 and 1489 The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The County of Blois was originally centred on Blois, south of Paris, France. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany The Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich one of the most important states within the Holy Roman Empire, was the center of the Habsburg Monarchy and The March (also margraviate or marquisate) of Montferrat was frontier march of the Kingdom of Italy during the Middle Ages The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or The Zengid (or Zangid) dynasty was a Muslim Dynasty of Turkish origin which ruled parts of Northern Iraq and Syria during The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy Guy of Lusignan, Guy of Jerusalem or Guy of Cyprus (c 1150 or 1159/1160 &ndash Nicosia, July 18, 1194) was a French Balian of Ibelin (early 1140s—1193 was an important noble in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Theobald V of Blois (died 20 January 1191) also known as Theobald the Good (French Thibaut le Bon) was Count of Blois from 1151 Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (1167 &ndash January 20 1191) was Duke of Swabia from 1170 to his death at the siege of Acre. Leopold V (1157 &ndash December 31, 1194) the Virtuous, was a Babenberg Duke of Austria from 1177 to 1194 and Styria Conrad of Montferrat, or Conrad I of Jerusalem ( Piedmontese: Conrà ëd Monfrà; Italian Corrado del Monferrato; mid-1140s &ndash Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c Kilij Arslan II (عز الدين قلج أرسلان بن مسعود 'Izz al-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Mas'ūd II Isaac II Angelos or Angelus ( Greek: Ισαάκιος Β’ Άγγελος Isaakios II Angelos) (September 1156 &ndash January 1204 was Byzantine Isaac Komnenos or Comnenus ( Greek: Ισαάκιος Κομνηνός Isaakios Komnēnos) (c Tancred (died February 20, 1194) was King of Sicily from 1189 to 1194 The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c
After the failure of the Second Crusade, the Zengid dynasty controlled a unified Syria and engaged in a conflict with the Fatimid rulers of Egypt, which ultimately resulted in the unification of Egyptian and Syrian forces under the command of Saladin, who employed them to reduce the Christian states and to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. The Second Crusade (1147&ndash1149 was the second major Crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the The Zengid (or Zangid) dynasty was a Muslim Dynasty of Turkish origin which ruled parts of Northern Iraq and Syria during Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Spurred by religious zeal, Henry II of England and Philip II of France ended their conflict with each other to lead a new Crusade (although Henry's death in 1189 put the English contingent under the command of Richard I instead). Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death The elderly Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa responded to the call to arms, and led a massive army across Anatolia, but died from drowning before reaching the Holy Land. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Many of his discouraged troops left to go home.
After some military successes, the Christian powers argued over the spoils of war; frustrated with Richard, Frederick's successor, Leopold V of Austria and Philip left the Holy Land in August 1191. Leopold V (1157 &ndash December 31, 1194) the Virtuous, was a Babenberg Duke of Austria from 1177 to 1194 and Styria On September 2, 1192, Richard and Saladin finalized a treaty by which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but which also allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the city. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' Richard departed the Holy Land on October 9. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. The failure of the Third Crusade would lead to the call for a Fourth Crusade six years later. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt.
Contents |
Background
Muslim unification
After the failure of the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din had control of Damascus and a unified Syria. The Second Crusade (1147&ndash1149 was the second major Crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية
Eager to expand his power, Nur ad-Din set his sights on the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. In 1163, Nur ad-Din's most trusted general, Shirkuh set out on a military expedition to the Nile. Asad ad-Din Shirkuh bin Shadhi (from Persian شیرکوه (Shirkuh meaning lion of mountain also Shirguh or Shêrko in Kurdish) (died 1169 The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Accompanying the general was his young nephew, Saladin.
With Shirkuh's troops camped outside of Cairo, Egypt's sultan, Shawar called on King Amalric I of Jerusalem for assistance. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Shawar (شاور بن مجير السعدي (d January 18, 1169) was a ruler of Egypt, the Vizier, from December 1162 until he was assassinated Amalric I of Jerusalem (also Amaury or Aimery) (1136 &ndash July 11 1174) was King of Jerusalem 1162&ndash1174 and Count of This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian In response, Amalric sent an army into Egypt and attacked Shirkuh's troops at Bilbeis in 1164. Bilbeis ( Coptic Phelbs; Arabic بلبيس is an ancient Fortress city on the eastern edge of the southern Nile delta in Egypt
In an attempt to divert Crusader attention from Egypt, Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch, resulting in a massacre of Christian soldiers and the capture of several Crusader leaders, including Raynald of Châtillon, Prince of Antioch. This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Nur ad-Din sent the scalps of the Christian defenders to Egypt for Shirkuh to proudly display at Bilbeis for Amalric's soldiers to see. This action prompted both Amalric and Shirkuh to lead their armies out of Egypt.
In 1167, Nur ad-Din once again sent Shirkuh to conquer the Fatimids in Egypt. Shawar also opted to once again call upon Amalric for the defence of his territory. The combined Egyptian-Christian forces pursued Shirkuh until he retreated to Alexandria. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια
Amalric then breached his alliance with Shawar by turning his forces on Egypt and besieging the city of Bilbeis. Shawar pleaded with his former enemy, Nur ad-Din to save him from Amalric's treachery. Lacking the resources to maintain a prolonged siege of Cairo against the combined forces of Nur ad-Din and Shawar, Amalric retreated. This new alliance gave Nur ad-Din rule over virtually all of Syria and Egypt.
Saladin's conquests
Shawar was executed for his alliances with the Christian forces, and Shirkuh succeeded him as vizier of Egypt. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian In 1169, Shirkuh died unexpectedly after only weeks of rule. Shirkuh's successor was his nephew, Salah ad-Din Yusuf, commonly known as Saladin. Nur ad-Din died in 1174, leaving the new empire to his 11-year old son, As-Salih. Another As-Salih Ismail was an Ayyubid ruler in the 13th century It was decided that the only man competent enough to uphold the jihad against the Crusaders was Saladin, who became sultan of both Egypt and Syria, and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for
Amalric also died in 1174, leaving Jerusalem to his 13-year old son, Baldwin IV. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (1161&ndash 16 March 1185) called the Leper or the Leprous, the son of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his first Although Baldwin suffered from leprosy, he was an effective and active military commander, defeating Saladin at the battle of Montgisard in 1177, with support from Raynald of Châtillon, who had been released from prison in 1176. Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Ayyubids and the Kingdom of Jerusalem on November 25, 1177. Later, he forged an agreement with Saladin to allow free trade between Muslim and Christian territories.
Raynald also raided caravans throughout the region. He expanded his piracy to the Red Sea by sending galleys not only to raid ships, but to assault the city of Mecca itself. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored These acts enraged the Muslim world, giving Raynald a reputation as the most hated man in the Middle East. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.
Baldwin IV died in 1185 and the kingdom was left to his nephew Baldwin V, whom he had crowned as co-king in 1183. Baldwin V of Jerusalem ( Baldwin of Montferrat, also known as Baudouinet) (1177 &ndash August 1186 was the son of Sibylla of Jerusalem and her first husband Raymond III of Tripoli again served as regent. Raymond III of Tripoli (1140 &ndash 1187 was Count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187 and Prince of Galilee and Tiberias in right of his wife Eschiva The following year, Baldwin V died before his ninth birthday, and his mother Princess Sybilla, sister of Baldwin IV, crowned herself queen and her husband, Guy of Lusignan, king. Sibylla of Jerusalem (c 1160 &ndash 1190 was the Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon from 1176 and Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190 Guy of Lusignan, Guy of Jerusalem or Guy of Cyprus (c 1150 or 1159/1160 &ndash Nicosia, July 18, 1194) was a French
It was at this time that Raynald, once again, raided a rich caravan and had its travelers thrown in his prison. Saladin demanded that the prisoners and their cargo be released. The newly crowned King Guy appealed to Raynald to give in to Saladin's demands, but Raynald refused to follow the king's orders.
Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Full article: Battle of Hattin; Siege of Jerusalem
It was this final act of outrage by Raynald which gave Saladin the opportunity he needed to take the offensive against the kingdom. The Battle of Hattin (also known as " The Horns of Hattin " because of a nearby extinct Volcano of the same name took place on Saturday July The Siege of Jerusalem took place from September 20 to October 2, 1187. He laid siege to the city of Tiberias in 1187. Tiberias ( British English: /taɪˈbɪəriæs -əs/ American English: /taɪˈbɪriəs/ טְבֶרְיָה Tverya; طبرية Ṭabariyyah Raymond advised patience, but King Guy, acting on advice from Raynald, marched his army to the Horns of Hattin outside of Tiberias. Hittin is a depopulated Palestinian village in Israel, located approximately 8 km West of Tiberias.
The Crusader army, thirsty and demoralized, was destroyed in the ensuing battle. King Guy and Raynald were brought to Saladin's tent, where Guy was offered a goblet of water. Guy took a drink but was forbidden to pass the goblet to Raynald, because the Muslim rule of hospitality states that one who receives food or drink is under the protection of the host, and that anyone in need of water should be given an adequate amount. Saladin would not be forced to protect the treacherous Raynald by allowing him to drink. Raynald, who had not had a drop of water in days, grabbed the goblet out of Guy's hands. Upon seeing Raynald's disrespect for Muslim custom, Saladin beheaded Raynald for past betrayals. Saladin honored tradition with King Guy; Guy was sent to Damascus and eventually ransomed to his people, one of the few captive crusaders to avoid execution.
By the end of the year, Saladin had taken Acre and Jerusalem. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Pope Urban III is said to have collapsed and died upon hearing the news. [3] However, at the time of his death, the news of the fall of Jerusalem could not yet have reached him, although he knew of the battle of Hattin and the fall of Acre.
Preparations
The new pope, Gregory VIII proclaimed that the capture of Jerusalem was punishment for the sins of Christians across Europe. Not to be confused with the earlier Antipope Gregory VIII Pope Gregory VIII (c The cry went up for a new crusade to the Holy Land. Henry II of England and Philip II of France ended their war with each other, and both imposed a "Saladin tithe" on their citizens to finance the venture. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death The Saladin tithe, or the Aid of 1188, was a Tax, or more specifically a Tallage, levied in England and to some extent in France in In Britain, Baldwin of Exeter, the archbishop of Canterbury, made a tour through Wales, convincing 3,000 men-at-arms to take up the cross, recorded in the Itinerary of Giraldus Cambrensis. Baldwin of Exeter (c 1125 &ndash 19 November 1190 was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1185 and 1190 The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Gerald of Wales (c 1146 &ndash c 1223 also known as Gerallt Gymro in Welsh or Giraldus Cambrensis in Latin,
Barbarossa's crusade
The elderly Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa responded to the call immediately. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned He took up the Cross at Mainz Cathedral on March 27, 1188 and was the first to set out for the Holy Land in May of 1189 with an army of over 15,000 men of which 3,000 were knights,[4]with a total army of at least 100,000. Mainz Cathedral, formally known in English as St Martin Cathedral (in German Mainzer Dom, sometimes Der Hohe Dom zu Mainz) is located Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
The Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelus made a secret alliance with Saladin to impede Frederick's progress in exchange for his empire's safety. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Isaac II Angelos or Angelus ( Greek: Ισαάκιος Β’ Άγγελος Isaakios II Angelos) (September 1156 &ndash January 1204 was Byzantine On May 18, 1190, the German army captured Iconium, the capital of the Sultanate of Rüm. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Konya ( قونیه; also Koniah, Konieh, Konia, and Qunia; historically also known as Iconium ( Latin However, on June 10, 1190, Frederick was thrown from his horse in the crossing of the Saleph River and drowned. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem The Göksu (also called Geuk Su, Goksu Nehri, Saleph, Calycadnus) is a river in Çukurova ( Turkey) After this, much of his army returned to Germany. His son Frederick of Swabia led the remaining 5,000 men to Antioch. Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (1167 &ndash January 20 1191) was Duke of Swabia from 1170 to his death at the siege of Acre. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also There, the emperor's body was boiled to remove the flesh, which was interred in the Church of St. Peter; his bones were put in a bag to continue the crusade. In Antioch, however, the German army was further reduced by fever. Young Frederick had to ask the assistance of his kinsman Conrad of Montferrat to lead him safely to Acre, by way of Tyre, where his father's bones were buried. Conrad of Montferrat, or Conrad I of Jerusalem ( Piedmontese: Conrà ëd Monfrà; Italian Corrado del Monferrato; mid-1140s &ndash
Richard and Philip's departure
Henry II of England died on July 6, 1189 following a defeat by his son Richard I (Lionheart) and Philip II. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Richard inherited the crown and immediately began raising funds for the crusade. In July 1190, Richard and Philip set out jointly from Marseille, France for Sicily. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Philip II had hired a Genoese fleet to transport his army which consisted of 650 knights, 1,300 horses, and 1,300 squires to the Holy Land. [1]
William II of Sicily had died the previous year, and was replaced by Tancred, who placed Joan of England — William's wife and Richard's sister — in prison. William II (French language Guillaume II, 1155 &ndash November 11 1189 Palermo) called the Good, was king of Sicily Tancred (died February 20, 1194) was King of Sicily from 1189 to 1194 Joan of England (October 1165 &ndash 4 September 1199 was the seventh child of Henry II of England and his Queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard captured the capital city of Messina on October 4, 1190 and Joan was released. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Richard and Philip fell out over the issue of Richard's marriage, as Richard had decided to marry Berengaria of Navarre, breaking off his long-standing betrothal to Philip's half-sister Alys. Berengaria (Berenguela Bérengère c 1165-1170 – 23 December 1230 was the eldest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile Alys Countess of the Vexin ( 4 October 1160 &ndash c 1220 was the daughter of King Louis VII of France and his second wife Constance of Castile Philip left Sicily directly for the Middle East on March 30, 1191, and arrived in Tyre in mid-May. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. He joined the siege of Acre on May 20. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Richard did not set off from Sicily until April 10. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
Shortly after setting sail from Sicily, Richard's armada of 100 ships (carrying 8,000 men) was struck by a violent storm. Several ships ran aground, including one holding Joan, his new fiancée Berengaria, and a large amount of treasure that had been amassed for the crusade. It was soon discovered that Isaac Dukas Comnenus of Cyprus had seized the treasure. Isaac Komnenos or Comnenus ( Greek: Ισαάκιος Κομνηνός Isaakios Komnēnos) (c Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The young women were unharmed. Richard entered Limassol on May 6, and met with Isaac, who agreed to return Richard's belongings and send 500 of his soldiers to the Holy Land. Limassol or Lemesos ( Greek: Λεμεσός, Lemesos; Turkish: Limasol, alt Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Once back at his fortress of Famagusta, Isaac broke his oath of hospitality and began issuing orders for Richard to leave the island. "Magusa" redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Magusa (moth. Isaac's arrogance prompted Richard to conquer the island within days.
Siege of Acre
- Full article: Siege of Acre
King Guy was released from prison by Saladin in 1189. The Siege of Acre was the first confrontation of the Third Crusade, lasting from August 28, 1189 until July 12, 1191, and the He attempted to take command of the Christian forces at Tyre, but Conrad of Montferrat held power there after his successful defence of the city from Muslim attacks. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Conrad of Montferrat, or Conrad I of Jerusalem ( Piedmontese: Conrà ëd Monfrà; Italian Corrado del Monferrato; mid-1140s &ndash Guy turned his attention to the wealthy port of Acre. He amassed an army to besiege the city and received aid from Philip's newly-arrived French army. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. However, it was still not enough to counter Saladin's force, which besieged the besiegers. In summer 1190, in one of the numerous outbreaks of disease in the camp, Queen Sibylla and her young daughters died. Guy, although only king by right of marriage, endeavoured to retain his crown, although the rightful heir was Sibylla's half-sister Isabella. Isabella I of Jerusalem (1172 &ndash 1205 was Queen of Jerusalem 1190/1192&ndash1205 After a hastily arranged divorce from Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella was married to Conrad of Montferrat, who claimed the kingship in her name. Humphrey IV of Toron (c 1166 &ndash before 1197 was the lord of Toron, Kerak, and Oultrejordain in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
During the winter of 1190-91, there were further outbreaks of dysentery and fever, which claimed the lives of Frederick of Swabia, Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem, and Theobald V of Blois. Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (1167 &ndash January 20 1191) was Duke of Swabia from 1170 to his death at the siege of Acre. Heraclius or Eraclius (c 1128-1190/1191 was Archbishop of Caesarea and Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. Theobald V of Blois (died 20 January 1191) also known as Theobald the Good (French Thibaut le Bon) was Count of Blois from 1151 When the sailing season began again in spring 1191, Leopold V of Austria arrived and took command of what remained of the imperial forces. Leopold V (1157 &ndash December 31, 1194) the Virtuous, was a Babenberg Duke of Austria from 1177 to 1194 and Styria Philip of France arrived with his troops from Sicily in May.
Richard arrived at Acre on June 8, 1191 and immediately began supervising the construction of siege weapons to assault the city. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable The city was captured on July 12. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
Richard, Philip, and Leopold quarrelled over the spoils of their victory. Richard cast down the German standard from the city, slighting Leopold. Also, in the struggle for the kingship of Jerusalem, Richard supported Guy, while Philip and Leopold supported Conrad, who was related to them both. It was decided that Guy would continue to rule, but that Conrad would receive the crown upon his death.
Frustrated with Richard (and in Philip's case, in poor health), Philip and Leopold took their armies and left the Holy Land in August. Philip left 10,000 French crusaders in the Holy Land and 5,000 silver marks to pay them.
When it became apparent that Saladin was not willing to pay the terms of the treaty at Acre, Richard had 2700 Muslim prisoners executed on August 20 outside of Acre in full view of Saladin's camp. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
Battle of Arsuf
- Full article: Battle of Arsuf
After the capture of Acre, Richard decided to march to the city of Jaffa, where he could launch an attack on Jerusalem but on September 7, 1191, at Arsuf, 30 miles (50 km) north of Jaffa, Saladin attacked Richard's army. The Battle of Arsuf was a battle of the Third Crusade in which Richard I of England defeated Saladin at Arsuf. Jaffa يَافَا;(יָפוֹ Yafo; also Japho, Joppa) is an ancient Port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. ArsufJPG|right|thumbnail|450px|Remains of the stronghold]] Arsuf (אַרְסוּף ארשוף أرصف also known as Arsur or Apollonia, was an ancient city
Saladin attempted to lure Richard's forces out to be easily picked off, but Richard maintained his formation until the Hospitallers rushed in to take Saladin's right flank, while the Templars took the left. The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order Richard then won the battle.
Regicide and negotiations
Following his victory, Richard took Jaffa and established his new headquarters there. He offered to begin negotiations with Saladin, who sent his brother, Al-Adil to meet with Richard. Al-Adil I (1145-1218 (العادل in full al-Malik al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu-Bakr ibn Ayyub, الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب was an Negotiations (which had included an attempt to marry Richard's sister Joan to Al-Adil) failed, and Richard marched to Ascalon.
Richard called on Conrad to join him on campaign, but he refused, citing Richard's alliance with King Guy. He too had been negotiating with Saladin, as a defence against any attempt by Richard to wrest Tyre from him for Guy. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c However, in April, Richard was forced to accept Conrad as king of Jerusalem after an election by the nobles of the kingdom. Guy had received no votes at all, but Richard sold him Cyprus as compensation. Before he could be crowned, Conrad was stabbed to death by two Hashshashin in the streets of Tyre. The Hashshashin (also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin, Hashasheen or Assassins) were an offshoot of the Ismā'īlī sect of Shia Eight days later, Richard's nephew Henry II of Champagne married Queen Isabella, who was pregnant with Conrad's child. It was strongly suspected that the king's killers had acted on instructions from Richard.
In July 1192, Saladin's army suddenly attacked and captured Jaffa with thousands of men, but Saladin had lost control of his army because of their anger for the massacre at Acre. It was believed that Saladin even told the Crusaders to shield themselves in the Citadel until he had regained control of his army. Later, Richard had arrived in ships, but did not land because he did not know the situation, until a priest swam to the ship and told him what happened. The city was then re-captured by Richard and a much smaller force of 55 men on July 31. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently A final battle was fought on August 5 in which Richard once again emerged triumphant. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia.
On September 2, 1192, Richard and Saladin finalized a treaty by which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but which also allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the city. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' Richard departed the Holy Land on October 9. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.
Aftermath
Richard was arrested and imprisoned in December 1192 by Duke Leopold, who suspected him of murdering his cousin Conrad of Montferrat, and had been offended by Richard casting down his standard from the walls of Acre. He was later transferred to the custody of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, and it took a ransom of one hundred fifty thousand marks to obtain his release. Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197 Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King Richard returned to England in 1194 and died of a crossbow bolt wound in 1199 at the age of 41.
In 1193, Saladin died, leaving behind only one piece of gold and forty-seven pieces of silver; he had given the rest away to charity.
Henry of Champagne was killed in an accidental fall in 1197. Queen Isabella then married for a fourth time, to Amalric of Lusignan, who had succeeded his brother Guy, positioned as King of Cyprus. Amalric II of Jerusalem or Amalric I of Cyprus, born Amalric of Lusignan (1145 &ndash April 1, 1205) King of Jerusalem 1197&ndash1205 After their deaths in 1205, her eldest daughter Maria of Montferrat (born after her father's murder) succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem. Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem (1192 &ndash 1212 was the daughter of Conrad of Montferrat and Isabella Queen of Jerusalem.
The failure of the Third Crusade would lead to the call for a Fourth Crusade six years after the third ended in 1192. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt.
Accounts of events surrounding the Third Crusade were written by the anonymous authors of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre (parts of which are attributed to Ernoul), and by Ambroise, Roger of Howden, Ralph of Diceto, and Giraldus Cambrensis. Ernoul is the name generally given to the author of a Chronicle of the late 12th century dealing with the fall of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem Ambroise (flourished c 1190 was a Norman Poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, Author of a work called L'Estoire de la guerre sainte Roger of Hoveden, or Howden (fl 1174 - 1201 was a 12th century English chronicler. Ralph de Diceto (d c 1202 Dean of St Paul's, and chronicler is first mentioned in 1152 when he received the archdeaconry of Middlesex. Gerald of Wales (c 1146 &ndash c 1223 also known as Gerallt Gymro in Welsh or Giraldus Cambrensis in Latin,
Sources
- De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, translated by James A. Brundage, in The Crusades: A Documentary Survey. Marquette University Press, 1962.
- La Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184-1192), edited by Margaret Ruth Morgan. L'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1982. The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres is a French Learned society devoted to the Humanities, founded in February 1663
- Ambroise, The History of the Holy War, translated by Marianne Ailes. Ambroise (flourished c 1190 was a Norman Poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, Author of a work called L'Estoire de la guerre sainte Boydell Press, 2003.
- Chronicle of the Third Crusade, a Translation of Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, translated by Helen J. Nicholson. Ashgate, 1997.
- Peter W. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation. Ashgate, 1996.
- Francesco Gabrieli, (ed. ) Arab Historians of the Crusades, English translation 1969, ISBN 0-520-05224-2
- Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman CH ( 7 July, 1903 &ndash 1 November, 2000) better known as Sir Steven Runciman, was II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, and vol. III: The Kingdom of Acre. Cambridge University Press, 1952-55. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534
References
- ^ a b J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, 66
- ^ A. Konstam, Historical Atlas of The Crusades, 124
- ^ Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades. Oxford University Press, 1965 (trans. John Gillingham, 1972), pg. 139.
- ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith: "The Crusades - A Short History. Jonathan Simon Christopher Riley-Smith MA LittD FRHistS, (June 27 1938 -) is an historian of the Crusades and a former Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History. " The Athlone Press Ltd. , London (1990), pp 111
External links
- Richard and Saladin: Warriors of the Third Crusade
- Movie: Kingdom of Heaven (2005)
- The Crusades Wiki
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