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     traditional Götaland      the island of Gotland      Wielbark Culture in the early 3rd century      Chernyakhov Culture, in the early 4th century      Roman Empire
     traditional Götaland      the island of Gotland      Wielbark Culture in the early 3rd century      Chernyakhov Culture, in the early 4th century      Roman Empire

The Thervingi, Tervingi, or Teruingi (sometimes pluralised "Tervings" or "Thervings") were a Gothic people of the Danubian plains west of the Dnestr River in the 3rd and 4th Centuries CE. Götaland ( Gothia, Gothland, Gothenland, Gotland, Gautland, Geatland is one of three lands of Sweden is a county, province and municipality of Sweden and the largest Island in the Baltic Sea. Wielbark culture also known as Willenberg culture (Wielbark/Willenberg-Kultur Kultura wielbarska Вельбарська культура ( Vel’bars’ka kul’tura The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Chernyakhiv culture (also known as Cherniakhov culture or Cherniakhovo culture) ( Second century to Fifth century) was found in Ukraine As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. They had close contacts with the Greuthungi, another Gothic people from east of the Dnestr River, as well as the Late Roman Empire (or early Byzantine Empire). The Greuthungs, Greuthungi, or Greutungi were a Gothic people of the Black Sea Steppes in the third and fourth centuries The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Archaeologically they correspond to the Chernyakhov culture, together with the Greutungi. The Chernyakhiv culture (also known as Cherniakhov culture or Cherniakhovo culture) ( Second century to Fifth century) was found in Ukraine The Greuthungs, Greuthungi, or Greutungi were a Gothic people of the Black Sea Steppes in the third and fourth centuries

Contents

Etymology

The name "Thervingi" may mean "forest people". [1] This is supported by evidence that geographic descriptors were commonly used to distinguish people living north of the Black Sea both before and after Gothic settlement there, by evidence of forest-related names among the Thervingi, and by the lack of evidence for an earlier date for the name pair Thervingi-Greuthungi than the late third century. [2] The name "Thervingi" may have pre-Pontic, Scandinavian, origins. [2]

History

Early history

The Thervingi first appeared in history as a distinct people in the year 268 when they invaded the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial [3][4][5] This invasion overran the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Illyricum and even threatened Italia itself. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. However, the Thervingi were defeated in battle that summer near the modern Italian-Slovenian border and then routed in the Battle of Naissus that September. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The Battle of Naissus (268 or 269 AD was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Claudius II) Over the next three years they were driven back over the Danube River in a series of campaigns by the emperors Claudius II Gothicus and Aurelian. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Lucius Domitius Aurelianus ( September 9, 214 or 215 &ndashSeptember or October 275 known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270&ndash275 However, they maintained their hold on the Roman province of Dacia, which Aurelian evacuated in 271. Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae "

First mention

The division of the Goths is first attested in 291. [6] The Thervingi are first attested around that date. [6] Their first mention occurs in a eulogy of the emperor Maximian (285–305), delivered in or shortly after 291 (or perhaps delivered at Trier on 20 April 292[7]) and traditionally ascribed to Claudius Mamertinus,[8] which says that the "Thervingi, another division of the Goths" (Tervingi pars alia Gothorum) joined with the Taifali to attack the Vandals and Gepidae. Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c 250 &ndash c Trier (Trèves Luxembourgish: Tréier; Augusta Treverorum is a City in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Events By Place Roman Empire Constantius Chlorus divorces Helena mother of Constantine the Great (approximate date Claudius Mamertinus (flourished mid-late 4th century was an official in the Roman Empire. The Taifals, Taifali, Taifalae, Tayfals, or Theifali were a Barbarian people settled by the late Roman Empire in Poitou The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were The term "Vandals" may have been erroneous for "Victohali" because around 360 the historian Eutropius reports that Dacia was currently (nunc) inhabited by Taifali, Victohali, and Thervingi. The Victohali, Victovali, Victufali, Victuali, or Victabali were a People group of Late Antiquity. For the Byzantine officer see also Eutropius (Byzantine official (396-397 Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " The Taifals, Taifali, Taifalae, Tayfals, or Theifali were a Barbarian people settled by the late Roman Empire in Poitou The Victohali, Victovali, Victufali, Victuali, or Victabali were a People group of Late Antiquity. [9]

Gothic War (367–369)

In 367, the Roman Emperor Valens attacked the Thervingi north of the Danube river. This article is about the Roman Emperor For other people called Valens see Valens Flavius Julius Valens ( Latin: DOMINVS However, he was unable to hit them directly, because apparently the bulk of the Goths retreated to the Montes Serrorum (which is probably the south Carpathians). Ammianus Marcellinus says that Valens could not find anyone to fight with (nullum inveniret quem superare poterat vel terrere) and even implies that all of them fled, horror-struck, to the mountains (omnes formidine perciti. . . montes petivere Serrorum). In the following year, the flooding of the Danube prevented the Romans from crossing the river. In 369, Valens penetrated deep into the Gothic territory, winning a series of skirmishes with Greuthungi (and possibly Thervingi, too). A peace was concluded afterwards. [10] Further reading for this episode: Heather, Peter, 1996, The Goths, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 62; Heather, Peter, 1991, Goths and Romans 332-489, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 86; Heather, Peter & Matthews, John, 1991, Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 17-26.

Gothic War (376–382)

Main article: Gothic War (376-382)

The Thervingi remained in western Scythia (probably modern Moldavia and Wallachia) until 376, when one of their leaders, Fritigern, appealed to the Roman emperor Valens to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube. In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th Here, they hoped to find refuge from the Huns. Valens permitted this. However, a famine broke out and Rome was unwilling to supply them with the food they were promised nor the land; open revolt ensued leading to 6 years of plundering and destruction throughout the Balkans, the death of a Roman Emperor and the destruction of an entire Roman army. The Battle of Adrianople in 378 was the decisive moment of the war. The Roman forces were slaughtered; the Emperor Valens was killed during the fighting, shocking the Roman world and eventually forcing the Romans to negotiate with and settle the Barbarians on Roman land, a new trend with far reaching consequences for the eventual fall of the Roman Empire.

Social Structure


Archaeology

Main article: Chernyakhov Culture

In time and geographical area, the Thervingi and their neighbors the Greuthungi correspond to the archaeological Chernyakhov Culture. The Chernyakhiv culture (also known as Cherniakhov culture or Cherniakhovo culture) ( Second century to Fifth century) was found in Ukraine

Settlement Pattern

Chernyakhov settlements cluster in open ground in river valleys. The houses include sunken-floored dwellings, surface dwellings, and stall-houses. The largest known settlement (Budesty) is 35 hectares. [11] Most settlements are open and unfortified; some forts are also known.

Burial Practices

Sîntana de Mureş cemeteries are better known than Sîntana de Mureş settlements. [12]

Sîntana de Mureş cemeteries show the same basic characteristics as other Chernyakhov cemeteries. These include both cremation and inhumation burials; among the latter the head is to the north. Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire Burial, also called interment and inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground Some graves were left empty. Grave goods often include pottery, bone combs, and iron tools, but almost never any weapons. [13]

Religion

Main articles: Germanic paganism and Gothic Christianity

The original religion of the Thervingi is unknown. Germanic paganism refers to the religious beliefs of the Germanic peoples preceding Christianization. Gothic Christianity refers to the Christian religion of the Goths and sometimes the Gepids, Vandals, and Burgundians, who may Roman prisoners brought Christianity to the Thervingi. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings This spread fast enough that several Therving kings and their supporters persecuted the Christian Thervingi, many of whom fled to Moesia in the Roman Empire. Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Wulfila translated the Bible into Gothic during this exile. Wulfila is also a spider genus ( Anyphaenidae) Wulfila (meaning "little wolf" (ca Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin [14]

Settled in Dacia, the Thervingi adopted "Arianism," a branch of Christianity that believed that Jesus was not an aspect of God in the Trinity, but a separate being created directly beneath God. The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных This belief was in opposition to the tenets of Catholicism, which achieved a religious monopoly in the late 4th and 5th century. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described

Language

Main articles: Gothic language and Gothic alphabet

The Gothic language is the best-attested language of the Thervingi, though some scholars have suggested that other languages were also spoken in the area. Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. This article is about the 4th century alphabet of the Gothic bible

Relationship with the Vesi/Visigoths

According to Herwig Wolfram, in the Notitia Dignitatum the Vesi (later known as the Visigoths) are equated with the Thervingi in a reference to the years 388–391;[6] this is not clear in the Notitia itself. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East There is a good deal of scholarly debate on the identification of the Vesi with the Thervingi and the Greuthungi with the Ostrogothi. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late According to Herwig Wolfram, the primary sources either use the terminology of Thervingi/Greuthungi or Vesi/Ostrogothi and never mix the pairs. [6] That the Thervingi were the Vesi/Visigothi and the Greuthungi the Ostrogothi is also supported by Jordanes. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life [15] He identified the Visigothic kings from Alaric I to Alaric II as the heirs of the fourth-century Thervingian king Athanaric and the Ostrogothic kings from Theodoric the Great to Theodahad as the heirs of the Greuthungian king Ermanaric. Alaric I ( Alareiks in the original Gothic; Alarik or Alarich in modern Germanic languages Alaricus in Latin and Alarico Alaric II, also known as Alarik Alarich and Alarico in Spanish and Portuguese or Alaricus in Latin (d Athanaricus (died 381 was king of several branches of the Thervings for at least two decades in the fourth century. Theodoric the Great (454 – August 30, 526) known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (471-526 ruler of Theodahad (d 536 was the King of the Ostrogoths from 534 to 536 and a nephew of Theodoric the Great through his sister Ermanaric (died 376 was a king of the Gothic Greuthungi at the eve of the Migration Period. This interpretation, however, though very common among scholars today, is not universal.

Herwig Wolfram concludes that the terms Thervingi and Greuthungi were geographical identifiers used by each tribe to describe the other. [1] This terminology therefore dropped out of use after the Goths were displaced by the Hunnic invasions. Hunnic Empire, the empire of the Huns.The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes especially Turkic ones from the Steppes of In support of this, Wolfram cites Zosimus as referring to a group of "Scythians" north of the Danube who were called "Greuthungi" by the barbarians north of the Ister. Zosimus ( ''fl'' 490s-510s was a Byzantine historian who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj [16] Wolfram concludes that this people was the Thervingi who had remained behind after the Hunnic conquest. [16] He further believes that the terms "Vesi" and "Ostrogothi" were used by the peoples to boastfully describe themselves. [1] Thus, the Thervingi would have called themselves Vesi.

The nomenclature of Greuthungi and Thervingi fell out of use shortly after 400. [6] In general, the terminology of a divided Gothic people disappeared gradually after they entered the Roman Empire. [1]

Leaders

Pagan kings

Rebel leaders

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wolfram, History of the Goths, trans. Events By Place Roman Empire January / February – Emperor Theodosius I is baptized. T. J. Dunlop (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988), p. 25.
  2. ^ a b Wolfram387–388 n58.
  3. ^ Also Eutropio (in Breviarium ab urbe condita, 9, 8) cites 320. 000 armed;
  4. ^ Santo Mazzarino. L'impero romano. (Italian) Bari, 1973, page 560. ISBN 88-42-02377-9 and ISBN 88-42-02401-5
  5. ^ Zosimus, Historia Nova, I, 42. 1
  6. ^ a b c d e Wolfram, 24.
  7. ^ Guizot, I, 357.
  8. ^ Genethl. Max. 17, 1.
  9. ^ Vékony, 156, citing Eutropius, Brev. , 8, 2, 2.
  10. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae book 27, chapter 5.
  11. ^ Heather, Peter & Matthews, John, 1991, The Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 52-54.
  12. ^ Heather, Peter & Matthews, John, 1991, Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, p. 54.
  13. ^ Heather, Peter & Matthews, John, 1991, Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 54-56.
  14. ^ Philostorgius, Church History, book 2, chapter 5.
  15. ^ Heather, 52–57, 300–301.
  16. ^ a b Wolfram, 387 n57.
  17. ^ Passion of St. Saba
  18. ^ Martyrology of Batwin and Wereka
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