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In Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholic theology, theosis (written also: theiosis, theopoiesis, theōsis; Greek: Θεωσις, meaning divinization, or deification, or making divine) is salvation from unholiness by participation in the life of God. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of According to this conception, the holy life of God, given in Jesus Christ to the believer through the Holy Spirit, is expressed beginning in the struggles of this life, increases in the experience of the believer through the knowledge of God, and is later consummated in the resurrection of the believer when the power of sin and death, having been fully overcome by God's life, will lose hold over the believer forever. This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general [1] This conception of salvation is historically foundational for Christian understanding in both the East and the West, as it has been developed directly from the apostolic and early Christian teachings concerning the life of faith. [2]

Contents

Eastern Christian theology

St. Athanasius of Alexandria wrote, “God became human so humans would become gods” (On the Incarnation 54:3, PG 25:192B). A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity His statement is an apt description of the concept. What would otherwise seem absurd, that fallen, sinful man may become holy as God is holy, has been made possible through Jesus Christ, who is God incarnate. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Naturally, the crucial Christian assertion, that God is One, sets an absolute limit on the meaning of theosis - it is not possible for any created being to become, ontologically, God, or even part of God (the henosis of Greek Neoplatonic philosophy). In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part Henosis is also a synonym of Bulbophyllum, a genus of orchid Within the realm of Neoplatonic philosophy, henosis (Greek grc Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by [1]

Through theoria, the contemplation of the triune God, human beings come to know and experience what it means to be fully human (the created image of God); through their communion with Jesus Christ, God shares God's self with the human race, in order to conform them to all that God is in knowledge, righteousness and holiness. Theoria (Greek) is Greek for Contemplation or 'the perception of Beauty regarded as a Moral faculty' ( OED) As God became human, in all ways except sin, He will also make humans god, in all ways except His divine essence. St. Irenaeus explained this concept in Against Heresies, Book 5, in the Preface, "the Word of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, who did, through His transcendent love, become what we are, that He might bring us to be even what He is Himself. On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis ( commonly called Against Heresies (Latin Adversus haereses,) is a five-volume work "

St. Maximus the Confessor wrote, "A sure warrant for looking forward with hope to deification of human nature is provided by the incarnation of God, which makes man god to the same degree as God Himself became man. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Saint Maximus the Confessor (also known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus de Constantinople) (c " and "let us become the image of the one whole God, bearing nothing earthly in ourselves, so that we may consort with God and become gods, receiving from God our existence as gods. " For it is clear that He who became man without sin (cf. Heb. 4:15) will divinize human nature without changing it into the divine nature, and will raise it up for His own sake to the same degree as He lowered Himself for man's sake. This is what St. Paul teaches mystically when he says, '. . . that in the ages to come He might display the overflowing richness of His grace' (Eph. 2:7). "(page 178 PHILOKALIA Volume II)

For many fathers, theosis goes beyond simply restoring people to their state before the Fall of Adam and Eve, teaching that because Christ united the human and divine natures in Jesus' person, it is now possible for someone to experience closer fellowship with God than Adam and Eve initially experienced in the Garden of Eden, and that people can become more like God than Adam and Eve were at that time. The Philokalia ( Gk φιλοκαλείν "Love of the Beautiful" is a collection of texts by masters of the Eastern Orthodox, hesychast Some Orthodox theologians go so far as to say that Jesus would have become incarnate for this reason alone, even if Adam and Eve had never sinned. Incarnation which literally means embodied in flesh, refers to the conception and birth of a sentient creature (generally a human who is the [3]

All of humanity is fully restored to the full potential of humanity because the Son of God took to himself a human nature to be born of a woman, and takes to himself also the sufferings due to sin (yet is not himself sinful, and is God unchanged in being). In Christ, the two natures of God and human are not two persons but one; thus, a union is effected in Christ, between all of humanity in principle and God. So, the holy God and sinful humanity are reconciled in principle, in the one sinless man, Jesus Christ. (See Jesus' prayer as recorded in John 17. The Gospel of John (literally According to John; Greek, Κατὰ Ἰωάννην Kata Iōannēn) is the fourth Gospel in the canon )

This reconciliation is made actual through the struggle (podvig in Russian) to conform to the image of Christ. Without the struggle, the praxis, there is no real faith; faith leads to action, without which it is dead. Praxis is the customary use of knowledge or skills distinct from theoretical knowledge One must unite will, thought and action to God's will, His thoughts and His actions. A person must fashion his life to be a mirror, a true likeness of God. More than that, since God and humanity are more than a similarity in Christ but rather a true union, Christians' lives are more than mere imitation and are rather a union with the life of God Himself: so that, the one who is working out salvation, is united with God working within the penitent both to will and to do that which pleases God. Gregory Palamas affirmed the possibility of humanity's union with God in His energies, while also affirming that because of God's transcendence and utter otherness, it is impossible for any person or other creature to know or to be united with God's essence. Saint Gregory Palamas (Γρηγόριος Παλαμάς (1296 - 1359 was a monk of Mount Athos in Greece and later the Archbishop of Yet through faith we can attain phronema, an understanding of the faith of the Church. Phronema is a Greek term that is used in Eastern Orthodox Theology to refer to mindset or outlook; it is the Orthodox mind. A common analogy for theosis, given by the Greek fathers, is that of a metal which is put into the fire. The metal obtains all the properties of the fire (heat,light) where its essence remains that of a metal. Using the head-body analogy from St. Paul, every man in whom Christ lives partakes of the glory of Christ. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and As St. John Chrysostom observes "where the head is, the body is also; for by no means is the head separated from the body; for if it were indeed separated, there would not be a body and there would not be a head". A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity

The journey towards theosis includes many forms of praxis. Praxis is the customary use of knowledge or skills distinct from theoretical knowledge Living in the community of the church and partaking regularly of the sacraments, and especially the Eucharist, is taken for granted. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Also important is cultivating "prayer of the heart", and prayer that never ceases, as Paul exhorts the Thessalonians (1 and 2). The First Epistle to the Thessalonians, also known as the First Letter to the Thessalonians, is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, also known as the Second Letter to the Thessalonians, is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible This unceasing prayer of the heart is a dominant theme in the writings of the Fathers, especially in those collected in the Philokalia. The Philokalia ( Gk φιλοκαλείν "Love of the Beautiful" is a collection of texts by masters of the Eastern Orthodox, hesychast The 'doer' in deification is Holy Spirit, with whom the human being joins his will to receive this transforming grace by praxis and prayer.

See also: Desert Fathers, Hesychasm, Maximus the Confessor, and Monasticism

Western Catholic views

“To restore man, who has been laid low by sin, to the heights of divine glory, the Word of the eternal Father, though containing all things within His immensity, willed to become small. Desert Fathers were Christian Hermits, Ascetics and Monks who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt, beginning around Hesychasm ( Greek hesychasmos, from hesychia, "stillness rest quiet silence" is an Eremitic tradition of Prayer in Saint Maximus the Confessor (also known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus de Constantinople) (c Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from Greek monos, alone is the religious practice in which one This He did, not by putting aside His greatness, but by taking to Himself our littleness. . . . The humanity of Christ is the way by which we come to the divinity. ” (Thomas Aquinas, Compendium of Theology, §1-2)

"Now the gift of grace surpasses every capability of created nature, since it is nothing short of a partaking of the Divine Nature, which exceeds every other nature. And thus it is impossible that any creature should cause grace. For it is as necessary that God alone should deify, bestowing a partaking of the Divine Nature by a participated likeness, as it is impossible that anything save fire should enkindle. " ([|Summa Theologiae I-II.112.1 co.])

In Western Catholic theology, theosis refers to a specific and rather advanced phase of contemplation of God. [2] The process of arriving to such a state, or moving toward it (as arrival there is not necessary for salvation), involves different types of prayer which are recognized as beneficial. In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of Various stages of prayer life are recognized as being likely to occur should a person respond to faith by moving along the purgative, illuminative, and unitive ways. See ascetical theology. Ascetical theology is the organized study or presentation of spiritual teachings found in Christian Scripture and the Church Fathers that help the faithful to more

Some western writers refer to theosis using the same implications given above. It is common to find western writings that flatteringly suggest that eastern spirituality uniquely manifests theosis, and that by implication their own tradition never attained to the idea. This may be a case of rhetoric obscuring fact. Under different terminology the western spiritual traditions, which also reach to the origins of Christianity (in the East), share the objective of sharing in the life of God. Some Catholic writers consider it lamentable that the term theosis is not used more extensively in western theology.

Although the West has generally given due credit to Eastern insight into deification (theosis) from a western point of view, the theological differences between western formualtions and understanding and Eastern is somewhat rhetorical. But there is also a slight difference in the idea of theosis itself. In the West there is a tendency to see it as the highest level of union (in the purgation, illumination and union model for deification).

Virtually all spiritual writings of any consequence during the middle ages, and all modern books published in the West that take seriously the Western historical tradition on this matter, manifest overt awareness of all the issues comprised in theosis, more commonly known as deification.

Whether or not eastern liturgies are more conducive to theosis is also at issue. In the West there has been much debate about the merits of the Mass of Paul VI, and some traditionalist Catholics claim that the Tridentine Mass is particularly conducive to the sort of prayer life that leads one along the path of theosis. This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. The Tridentine Mass (Missa Tridentina is the form of the Roman Rite Mass contained in the typical editions of the Roman Missal that were published This issue is moving toward resolution with the recent re-introduction of the ancient medieval liturgy into general currency in the Catholic West through Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum.

Protestant views

Early during the Reformation, thought was given to the concept of union with Christ (unio cum Christo) as the precursor to the entire process of salvation and sanctification. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time This was especially so in the thought of John Calvin. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and [3] In the English Reformation, an understanding of salvation in terms closely comparable to the Orthodox doctrine of theosis is recognized in the Anglican tradition, for example in the writings of Lancelot Andrewes, who described salvation in terms vividly reminiscent of the early fathers:

Whereby, as before He of ours, so now we of His are made partakers. Lancelot Andrewes (1555 – 25 September 1626) was an English clergyman and scholar who held high positions in the Church of England during the reigns He clothed with our flesh, and we invested with His Spirit. The great promise of the Old Testament accomplished, that He should partake our human nature; and the great and precious promise of the New, that we should be “consortes divinae naturae”, “partake his divine nature,” both are this day accomplished. [4]

Henry Scougal's work The Life of God in the Soul of Man is sometimes cited as important in keeping alive among Protestants the ideas central to the doctrine. Henry Scougal (1650-1678 was a British theologian, minister and author In the introductory passages of his book, Scougal describes "religion" in terms that evoke the concept of theosis:

". . . a resemblance of the divine perfections, the image of the Almighty shining in the soul of man: . . . a real participation of his nature, it is a beam of the eternal light, a drop of that infinite ocean of goodness; and they who are endued with it, may be said to have `God dwelling in their souls,' and `Christ formed within them. '" [5]

Theosis as a concept developed in a distinctive direction among Methodists [4], and elsewhere in the pietist movement which reawakened Protestant interest in the asceticism of the early church, and some of the mystical traditions of the West. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later Distinctively, in Wesleyan Protestantism theosis sometimes implies the doctrine of entire sanctification which teaches, in summary, that it is the Christian's goal, in principle possible to achieve, to live without any sin (Christian perfection). Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation Christian Perfection is a Christian doctrine which maintains that after conversion but before death a Christian's soul may be cleansed from the stain of Original sin In 1311 the Roman Catholic Council of Vienne declared this notion, "that man in this present life can acquire so great and such a degree of perfection that he will be rendered inwardly sinless, and that he will not be able to advance farther in grace" (Denziger §471), to be a heresy. The Council of Vienne was the Fifteenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church that met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Thus this particular Protestant (primarily Methodist) understanding of theosis is substantially different from that of the Roman Catholic Church.

This doctrine of Christian perfection was sharply criticized by many in the Church of England during the ministry of John Wesley and continues to be controversial among Protestants and Anglicans to this day. Christian Perfection is a Christian doctrine which maintains that after conversion but before death a Christian's soul may be cleansed from the stain of Original sin The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical [5] Most Protestants do not believe in Christian perfection as Wesley described it and most Protestants also do not use the term theosis at all, though they refer to a similar concept by such terms as sanctification, "adoption as sons", "union with Christ", and "filled with the Spirit". The word sanctification (see -ification) refers to the act or Process Dietrich Bonhoeffer echoed the convictions of Athanasius when he wrote "He has become like a man, so that men should be like him. Dietrich Bonhoeffer ˈdiːtrɪç ˈboːnhøfɐ ( February 4, 1906 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran " (The Cost of Discipleship, 301)

Nevertheless, similarities of concept notwithstanding, within the whole of the conception of the Christian life which the idea of "theosis" is intended to comprehend, differences of concept are disclosed especially in differences of practice, between the East and West, and between Orthodoxy and Protestantism. This book by the German Theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer is a classic of Christian thought

Latter-day Saint views

Main article: Exaltation (Mormonism)

In Mormonism, exaltation or eternal life is sometimes called theosis, and is premised on the doctrine that the Father, Son and Spirit are three separate beings who share in all that the Father possesses (in contrast to the Trinity, as described by the ecumenical creeds). Exaltation or Eternal Life is a Belief among members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church that mankind can return to live in LDS believe that humans, as children of God, have the potential to become one with God in the same way Jesus is one with God, inheriting the same divinity and perfection. Divinity and divine (sometimes 'the Divinity' or 'the Divine' are broadly applied but loosely defined terms used variously within different faiths and belief systems — Exaltation is to become, through the Atonement of Christ, a co-heir with Jesus in all that the Father possesses; meaning that, God the Father makes each man a being like himself, perfect in power, authority, dominion, glory, attributes, knowledge, wisdom, might, et cetera, yet eternally subservient to God. [6]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Theology and Mysticism in the Tradition of the Eastern Church" from The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, pgs 8-9, 39,126, 133, 154, 196
  2. ^ See also, Soteriology, on Orthodox Wiki
  3. ^ "Theology and Mysticism in the Tradition of the Eastern Church" from The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church,
  4. ^ Ninety-six Sermons by Lancelot Andrewes, page 109
  5. ^ The Life of God in the Soul of Man by Henry Scougal, page 13
  6. ^ Joseph Smith, Doctrine and Covenants 132: 18-20, 76: 51-58; Joseph Smith, King Follet Discourse; Joseph Smith, Discourse on the Plurality of Gods; Brigham Young, Journal of Discourses 3: 93, 336, 7: 333; Wilford Woodruff, Journal of Discourses 6: 120; Heber C Kimball, Journal of Discourses 5: 19, 8: 211; Orson Pratt, The Seer 23, 132; James Talmage, Study of the Articles of Faith 430; Bruce R McConkie, Mormon Doctrine 250, 322, 642-643; Joseph Fielding Smith, Doctrines of Salvation 1: 10-12

External links

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