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Theorbo
Theorbo
Classification
Related instruments

A theorbo (from Italian tiorba, also tuorbe in French, Theorbe in German) is a plucked string instrument. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The angélique (French from Italian angelica) is a plucked string instrument of the Lute family of the baroque era The archlute (Italian arciliuto, German Erzlaute, Russian Архилютня) is a European plucked String instrument developed around 1600 Chitarra Italiana is a Lute -shaped plucked instrument with 4 or 5 single (sometimes double strings in a tuning similar to that of guitar Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud The pandura is an ancient String instrument from the Mediterranian basin A tiorbino, a little Theorbo ( tiorbo in Italian is a rare stringed instrument a type of long-necked Lute resembling a Theorbo but significantly The torban or teorban is a Ukrainian Musical instrument that combines the features of the Baroque Lute with those of the Psaltery. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. As a name, theorbo signifies a number of long-necked lutes with second peg-boxes, such as the liuto attiorbato, the French théorbe des pièces, the English theorbo, the archlute, the German baroque lute, the angelique' or 'angelica. Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The archlute (Italian arciliuto, German Erzlaute, Russian Архилютня) is a European plucked String instrument developed around 1600 Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The etymology of the name tiorba has not yet been explained. It is hypothesized that its origin might have been in the Slavic or Turkish "torba", meaning "bag" or "turban".

Theorboes were developed during the late sixteenth century, inspired by the demand for extended bass range for use in opera developed by the Florentine Camerata and new musical works based on basso continuo, such as Giulio Caccini's two collections, Le Nuove Musiche (1602 and 1614). The Florentine Camerata was a group of humanists Musicians Poets and Intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation Giulio Caccini ( October 8 1551 &ndash December 10 1618) was an Italian composer teacher singer instrumentalist and writer Musicians adapted bass lutes (c. 80+ cm string length) with a neck extension to accommodate open (i. e. unfretted) bass strings, called diapasons or bourdons. The instrument was called both chitarrone and tiorba. It is important to note that, although theorbo and chitarrone are virtually identical, they have different etymological origins, chitarrone being a descendant of chitarra italiana (hence its name). Chitarra Italiana is a Lute -shaped plucked instrument with 4 or 5 single (sometimes double strings in a tuning similar to that of guitar

Similar adaptations to smaller lutes (c. 55+ cm string length) produced the liuto attiorbato and the archlute, also similar-looking but differently tuned instruments. The archlute (Italian arciliuto, German Erzlaute, Russian Архилютня) is a European plucked String instrument developed around 1600

The tuning of large theorboes is generally characterized by the octave displacement, or re-entrant tuning, of the uppermost of the two (sometimes one) uppermost strings, thus limiting the upper range of the instrument. A string is the vibrating element that is the source of vibration in String instruments such as the Guitar, Harp, Piano, and members The courses, unlike those of a Renaissance lute or archlute, were often single, though double-stringing was used too. A course is a pair or more of adjacent strings tuned to unison or an octave and usually played together as if a single string Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The archlute (Italian arciliuto, German Erzlaute, Russian Архилютня) is a European plucked String instrument developed around 1600 Typically, theorboes have 14 courses, though a very few pieces from the Early Baroque period require a 19-course theorbo. A course is a pair or more of adjacent strings tuned to unison or an octave and usually played together as if a single string A course is a pair or more of adjacent strings tuned to unison or an octave and usually played together as if a single string

In the performance of basso continuo, theorboes were often paired with a small pipe organ. Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation The pipe organ is a Musical instrument that produces sound when pressurized air (wind is driven through a series of pipes, controlled by a keyboard The most prominent players and composers of the chitarrone in Italy were Giovanni Girolamo Kapsberger and Alessandro Piccinini. Johann(es Hieronymus Kapsberger (also Giovanni Girolamo or Giovanni Geronimo Kapsperger) (c Alessandro Piccinini (1566-1638 was an Italian lutenist and composer Little solo music for the theorbo survives from England, but William Lawes and others used it in their chamber music, and it also appeared in opera orchestras. William Lawes (April 1602 &ndash 24 September 1645) was an English Composer and Musician. In France, theorboes were appreciated and used in orchestral music just as well as in chamber music, until the second half of the 18th century (Nicolas Hotman, Robert de Visée). Nicolas Hotman (c 1610-1663 was a baroque composer who spent most of his career in France, although he is believed to be from Germany, but was probably Robert de Visée (c 1650 - 1725 was a Lutenist, guitarist, theorbist and viol player at the court of Louis the XIV as well as a singer and Court orchestras at Vienna, Bayreuth and Berlin employed theorbo players still after 1750 (Ernst Gottlieb Baron, Francesco Conti). Ernst Gottlieb Baron (1696 &ndash 1760 was a German Lutenist and Composer.

Solo music for the theorbo is notated in tablature. Tablature (or Tabulature) is a form of Musical notation, which tells players where to place their fingers on a particular instrument


Contents

Theorbo tuning

15-course Theorbo tuning chart.

This is theorbo tuning in A. Modern theorbo players usually play 14-course instruments, though (lowest course is G). A number of theorbo players will use an alternative tuning in G, a whole step lower, to facilitate playing in flat keys, which are unwieldy on instruments tuned in A, better suited for sharp keys. In Music, flat means "lower in pitch" More specifically in Music notation, flat means "lower in pitch by a Semitone In Musical notation, a key signature is a series of sharp or flat symbols placed on the staff, designating notes that are to be consistently In Music, sharp means higher in pitch More specifically in Musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by a Semitone (half step" In Musical notation, a key signature is a series of sharp or flat symbols placed on the staff, designating notes that are to be consistently

While usually players will have the top two courses down an octave in reëntrant tuning, this does create problems for voice leading and the playing of harmonies above the bass when accompanying and playing Basso Continuo. A course is a pair or more of adjacent strings tuned to unison or an octave and usually played together as if a single string In Music, an octave ( is the the use of which is "common in most musical systems In Music, voice leading is the relationship between the successive pitches of simultaneous moving parts or voices. In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation A solution is to have only the top course down an octave (English theorbo). A course is a pair or more of adjacent strings tuned to unison or an octave and usually played together as if a single string

The diagram above shows the typical diatonic tuning of the bass strings, and these may be retuned to whichever key the player is working in. They not only come in extremely useful at cadences (for many lovers of Baroque Music, the thump of low plucked strings is a most satisfying sound), but provide sympathetic resonance even when not played, enriching the general sound of the instrument. Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. Sympathetic strings or resonance strings are auxiliary strings found on many Indian musical instruments as well as some Western Baroque instruments and a variety

Players

The important living theorbists include Lynda Sayce, Pascal Monteilhet, Edin Karamazov, Eduardo Egüez, Nigel North, Hopkinson Smith, Paul O'Dette, Andreas Martin, Rolf Lislevand, Christina Pluhar, Matthias Spaeter, Ugo Nastrucci, Jakob Lindberg and Stephen Stubbs, among others. Lynda Sayce is a lutenist and Theorbo player living near Oxford, United Kingdom known also as a scholar of musical history and a writer on the history of the lute Edin Karamazov is a Bosnian musician- Lutenist (born in 1965 in Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia) Nigel North (born 5 June 1954) is an English Lutenist and guitarist. Hopkinson Smith (born 1946 is an American Lutenist Born in New York, he graduated from Harvard with Honors in Music Paul R O'Dette (b Columbus, Ohio, February 2, 1954) is an American Lutenist, conductor, and music researcher Andreas Martin is a Lutenist who was born in Frankfurt am Main in Germany Ugo Nastrucci (born 1953 in Milan, Italy) is a composer Lutenist, Theorbist and recording artist Stephen Stubbs (born 1951) is a lutenist and director and has been a leading figure in the European Early music scene for nearly thirty years

Literature

See also

External links

Listening

Brilliant playing!

Video

The torban or teorban is a Ukrainian Musical instrument that combines the features of the Baroque Lute with those of the Psaltery.

Dictionary

theorbo

-noun

  1. (music) a baroque lute having an extra set of open base strings.
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