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"Winter's Tale" redirects here. For other uses, see Winter's Tale (disambiguation).
Facsimile of the first page of The Winter's Tale from the First Folio, published in 1623
Facsimile of the first page of The Winter's Tale from the First Folio, published in 1623

The Winter's Tale is a play by William Shakespeare, first published in the First Folio in 1623. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays William Shakespeare ( baptised Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays Although it was listed as a comedy when it first appeared, some modern editors have relabeled the play a romance. As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative Some critics, among them W. W. Lawrence (Lawrence, 9-13), consider it to be one of Shakespeare's "problem plays", because the first three acts are filled with intense psychological drama, while the last two acts are comedic and supply a happy ending. In Shakespeare studies the term " problem plays " normally refers to three plays that William Shakespeare wrote between the late 1590s and the first years of the seventeenth Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of Fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the Hero or Heroine

The play contains the most famous Shakespearean stage direction: Exit, pursued by a bear, describing the death of Antigonus. It is not known whether Shakespeare used a real bear from the London bear-pits, or an actor in bear costume. The Royal Shakespeare Company, in one production of this play, used a large sheet of silk which moved and created shapes, to symbolise both the bear and the gale in which Antigonus is travelling.

Nevertheless, the play has occasionally been extremely popular, and enjoyed theatrical productions in various forms and adaptations by some of the leading theatre practitioners in Shakespeare performance history, beginning with David Garrick in his adaptation called Florizel and Perdita (first performed in 1784 and published in 1756), and again in the nineteenth century, when the third "pastoral" act was widely popular. David Garrick (born 19 February 1717 in Hereford &ndash 20 January 1779) was an English Actor, Playwright, In the second half of the twentieth century The Winter's Tale, in its entirety and drawn largely from the First Folio text, was often performed, with varying degrees of success, for the first time since it was first performed in London in 1611. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays

Contents

Sources

Autolycus (1836) by Charles Robert Leslie
Autolycus (1836) by Charles Robert Leslie

The main plot of The Winter's Tale is taken from Robert Greene's pastoral romance Pandosto, published in 1590. Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative Pandosto The Triumph of Time is a novel written by the English author Robert Greene, first published in 1588. Shakespeare's changes to the plot are uncharacteristically slight, especially in light of the romance's undramatic nature, and Shakespeare's fidelity to it gives The Winter's Tale its most distinctive feature: the sixteen-year gap between the third and fourth acts. William Shakespeare ( baptised William Shakespeare ( baptised

There are minor changes in names, places, and minor plot details, but the largest change is in the survival of Hermione. The equivalent character in Pandosto dies after being accused of adultery. This change, while presumably intended to create the last scene's coup de théâtre involving the statue, creates a distinctive thematic divergence from Pandosto. Robert Greene follows the usual ethos of Hellenistic romance, in which the return of a lost prince or princess restores order and provides a sense of closure that evokes Providence's control. Ethos (ˈiːθɒs (grc ἦθος ἔθος plurals ethe (ἤθη ethea (ἤθεα is a Greek word originally meaning "accustomed As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative In Theology, Divine Providence, or simply Providence, is the sovereignty superintendence or agency of God over events in people's lives and throughout Shakespeare, by contrast, foregrounds the restoration of the older, indeed aged, generation in the reunion of Leontes and Hermione. William Shakespeare ( baptised

It has been suggested that the use of a pastoral romance from the 1590s indicates that at the end of his career, Shakespeare felt a renewed interest in the dramatic contexts of his youth. Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative William Shakespeare ( baptised Minor influences also suggest such an interest. As in Pericles, he uses a chorus to advance the action in the manner of the naive dramatic tradition; the use of a bear in the scene on the Bohemian seashore is almost certainly indebted to Mucedorus,[1] a chivalric romance revived at court around 1610. Pericles Prince of Tyre is a play written at least in part by William Shakespeare and included in modern editions of his collected works despite questions The Greek chorus ( choros) is believed to have grown out of the Greek Dithyrambs and Tragikon drama in tragic plays of the ancient Mucedorus is an Elizabethan play, enormously popular in its own era and after that was at one time attributed to William Shakespeare.

One modern historian, Eric Ives, believes that the play is really a parody of the fall of Queen Anne Boleyn, who was beheaded on false charges of adultery on the orders of her husband Henry VIII in 1536. Eric William Ives, OBE (born 12 July 1931) is a well-respected British historian and an expert on the Tudor period (1485 - 1603 Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of There are numerous parallels between the two stories - including the fact that one of Henry's closest friends, Sir Henry Norreys, was beheaded as one of Anne's supposed lovers and he refused to confess in order to save his life – claiming that everyone knew the Queen was innocent. If this theory is followed then Perdita becomes a dramatic presentation of Anne's only daughter, Queen Elizabeth I.

Date and text

According to Dr. Samuel A. Tannenbaum, "scholars had been disputing for considerably more than half a century whether The Winter's Tale was one of Shakespeare's earliest plays or one of his latest. "[2] Charles Barrell assigned a latest date of 1594 [1], while many critics believe the play is one of Shakespeare's later works, possibly written in 1610 or 1611. [3]

The play was not published until the First Folio of 1623, in which it is the fourteenth and last play in the section of Comedies. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays However, some researchers, including Charles Barrell and A. R. Cairncross, believe that a pirated version of the play was listed in the Stationers Register on May 22, 1594, under the title "a Wynters nightes pastime". Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. [2]

Performance

The earliest recorded performance of the play was at Court on November 5, 1611. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) The play was also acted at Whitehall during the festivities preceding Princess Elizabeth's marriage to Frederick V on February 14, 1613. The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Later Court performances occurred on April 7, 1618 January 18, 1623, and January 16, 1634 (all dates new style). Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year

The Winter's Tale was not soon revived during the Restoration, unlike many other Shakespearean plays. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored It was performed in 1741 at Goodman's Fields and in 1742 at Covent Garden. WikipediaWikiProject Opera --> The Royal Opera House is an Opera house and major performing Adaptations, titled The Sheep-Shearing and Florizal and Perdita, were acted at Covent Garden in 1754 and at Drury Lane in 1756. The Theatre Royal Drury Lane is a West End theatre in Covent Garden, in the City of Westminster, a borough of London. [4]

The most famous recent production was staged by Peter Brook in London in 1951 and starred John Gielgud as Leontes. Peter Stephen Paul Brook CH, CBE (born 21 March 1925) is a British theatre and Film director and innovator London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Sir Arthur John Gielgud, OM, CH ( 14 April, 1904 – 21 May 2000) known as Sir John Gielgud, was an Other notable stagings featured John Philip Kemble in 1811, Samuel Phelps in 1845, and Charles Kean in an 1856 production that was famous for its elaborate sets and costumes. John Philip Kemble ( February 1, 1757 &ndash February 26, 1823) was an English Actor. Samuel Phelps (1804-1878 was an English Actor, born in Devonport. Charles John Kean ( January 18, 1811 - January 22, 1868) was born at Waterford Ireland, the son of the Actor Edmund Johnston Forbes-Robertson played Leontes memorably in 1887, and Herbert Beerbohm Tree took on the role in 1906. Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson ( January 16, 1853 – November 6, 1937) was an English Actor and theatre manager Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ( 17 December 1852 – 2 July 1917) was an English Actor -manager The longest-running Broadway production starred Jessie Royce Landis and ran for 39 performances in 1946. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Jessie Royce Landis ( November 25, 1896 - February 2, 1972) was an American actress. In 1980, David Jones (director), former Associate Artistic Director of the Royal Shakespeare Company chose to launch his new theatre company at the Brooklyn Academy of Music with The Winter's Tale starring Brian Murray supported by Jones' new company at BAM. David Hugh Jones (19 February 1934 – 19 September 2008 was a British stage television and film director The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC is a British Theatre company Brooklyn Academy of Music ( BAM) is a major performing arts venue in Brooklyn, a borough of New York City, known as a center for progressive and avant garde [5] In 1983, the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted a production based on the First Folio text at The Shakespeare Center in Manhattan. The Riverside Shakespeare Company of New York City was founded in 1977 as a professional (AEA theatre company on the Upper West Side of New York City by W Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays The Shakespeare Center was the home of the Riverside Shakespeare Company, an Equity professional theatre company in New York City beginning in 1982 when the then six-year-old In 1993 Adrian Noble won a Globe Award for Best Director for his Royal Shakespeare Company adaptation, which then was successfully brought to the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1994. Adrian Keith Noble (born Chichester, Sussex, England, 19 July 1950) is a Theatre director, and was also the Artistic The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC is a British Theatre company Brooklyn Academy of Music ( BAM) is a major performing arts venue in Brooklyn, a borough of New York City, known as a center for progressive and avant garde [6]

There have been four film versions, three silent films and a 1968 version starring Laurence Harvey as Leontes. Laurence Harvey ( October 1, 1928 – November 25, 1973) was an Academy Award -nominated Lithuanian born actor who achieved

A BBC production was televised 1981. It was produced by Jonathan Miller, directed by Jane Howell and starred Jeremy Kemp as Leontes. Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller, CBE (born 21 July 1934) is a British Neurologist, Theatre and Opera director Jeremy Kemp (born 3 January 1935) is an English actor He is perhaps best known for his role as PC Bob Steele in the BBC Television

Characters

Florizel and Perdita by Charles Robert Leslie.
Florizel and Perdita by Charles Robert Leslie. Charles Robert Leslie (1794-1859 English genre painter was born in London on 19 October 1794.

Leontes, King of Sicilia. King Leontes is the father of Perdita and husband to Queen Hermione in Shakespeare 's comedy The Winter's Tale.
Mamillius, his son.
Camillo, Sicilian Lord.
Antigonus, Sicilian Lord.
Cleomenes, Sicilian Lord.
Dion, Sicilian Lord.
Other Sicilian Lords.
Sicilian Gentlemen.
Officers of a Court of Judicature.
Polixenes, King of Bohemia.
Florizel, his son. Florizel is a fictional character in Shakespeare 's The Winter's Tale.
Archidamus, a Bohemian Lord.
A Mariner.
Gaoler.
An Old Shepherd, reputed father of Perdita.
Clown, his son.
Servant to the Old Shepherd.
Autolycus, a rogue.
Time, as Chorus.
Hermione, Queen to Leontes.
Perdita, daughter to Leontes and Hermione. Perdita is one of the heroines of William Shakespeare 's play The Winter's Tale.
Paulina, wife to Antigonus.
Emilia, a lady attending on the Queen.
Other Ladies, attending on the Queen.
Mopsa, shepherdess.
Dorcas, shepherdess.

Synopsis

John Fawcett as Autolycus in "The Winter's Tale" (1828) by Thomas Charles Wageman
John Fawcett as Autolycus in "The Winter's Tale" (1828) by Thomas Charles Wageman

Following a brief setup scene the play begins with the appearance of two childhood friends: Leontes, King of Sicilia, and Polixenes, the King of Bohemia. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Polixenes is visiting the kingdom of Sicilia, and is enjoying catching up with his old friend. However, after nine months, Polixenes yearns to return to his own kingdom to tend to affairs and see his son. Leontes desperately attempts to get Polixenes to stay longer, but is unsuccessful. Leontes then decides to send his wife, Queen Hermione, to try to convince Polixenes. Hermione agrees and with three short speeches is successful. Leontes is puzzled as to how Hermione convinced Polixenes so easily, and Leontes suddenly goes insane and suspects that his pregnant wife has been having an affair with Polixenes and that the child is a bastard. In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the Leontes orders Camillo, a Sicilian Lord, to poison Polixenes.

When Camillo instead warns Polixenes and they both flee to Bohemia, Leontes arrests Hermione on charges of adultery and conspiracy against his life. She gives birth to a daughter in prison, and Leontes orders Antigonus, a Sicilian courtier, to dispose of the infant. At Hermione's trial, the Oracle at Delphos pronounces her innocent, but Leontes defies the oracle; he immediately receives word that his young son, Mamillius, has died of grief. The Delphic Sibyl was a legendary figure who made prophecies in the sacred precinct of Apollo at Delphi, on the slopes of Mount Parnassus. Hermione faints and is reported to have died. Leontes laments his poor judgment and promises to grieve for his dead wife and son every day.

Antigonus is sent by Leontes to abandon Hermione's newborn daughter on the seacoast of Bohemia. Hermione appears to Antigonus in a dream and tells him to name the child "Perdita" (derived from the Latin word for "lost"). He wishes to take pity on the child, but is chased away in one of Shakespeare's most famous stage directions: "Exit, pursued by a bear. " Fortunately, Perdita is rescued by a shepherd and his son also known as "Clown". Perdita is one of the heroines of William Shakespeare 's play The Winter's Tale.

Time enters and announces the passage of sixteen years. Father Time (known as Pakiž in some countries is a Personification of Time. Leontes has spent the sixteen years mourning his wife and children. In Bohemia, Polixenes and Camillo attend a sheep-shearing festival (in disguise) only to discover that the young Prince Florizel (Polixenes' son) plans to marry a shepherd's beautiful young daughter (Perdita, who knows nothing of her royal heritage). Polixenes objects to the marriage and threatens the young couple, so they flee to Sicilia with the help of Camillo. Polixenes pursues them. Eventually, with a bit of help from a comical rogue named Autolycus, Perdita's heritage is revealed and she reunites with her father. The kings are reconciled and both approve of Florizel and Perdita's marriage. They all go to see a statue of Hermione kept by Paulina, a lady of Hermione's court, the widow of Antigonus, and Hermione's most ardent defender. The statue apparently comes to life and is then revealed to be the real Hermione, who went into hiding to await the fulfilment of the oracle's prophecy and be reunited with her daughter.

Debates

Perdita by Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys
Perdita by Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys

The statue

While the language Paulina uses in the final scene evokes the sense of a magical ritual, one often-overlooked moment in 5. Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys (born Antonio Frederic Augustus Sands) ( 1 May 1829 — 25 June 1904) but usually known as 2 shows us the far likelier case - that Paulina hid Hermione at a remote location to protect her from Leontes' wrath and that the re-animation of Hermione does not derive from any magic. When the Third Gentleman announces that the members of the court have gone to Paulina's dwelling to see the statue, the Second Gentleman offers this exposition: "I thought she had some great matter there in hand, for she [Paulina] hath privately twice or thrice a day, ever since the death of Hermione, visited that removed house" (5. 2. 104-106). What's more, Leontes is surprised that the statue is wrinkled, unlike the Hermione he remembers. Paulina answers his concern by claiming that the age-progression attests to the "carver's excellence", which makes her look "as [if] she lived now. " Hermione later asserts that her desire to see her daughter allowed her to endure 16 years of sequestration. Hermione, after her unveiling, says to Perdita, "thou shalt hear that I, / Knowing by Paulina that the oracle / Gave hope thou wast in being, have preserved / Myself to see the issue" (5. 3. 126-129)

The seacoast of Bohemia

Shakespeare's fellow playwright Ben Jonson ridiculed the presence in the play of a seacoast and a desert in Bohemia, since the kingdom of Bohemia (which roughly corresponds to the modern-day Czech Republic) had neither a coast (being landlocked) nor a desert. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, [7] However, it has been noted that the Bohemian seacoast was present in Shakespeare's source, the romance Pandosto by Robert Greene. Also, for a period around 1275 A. D. , because the kingdom of Bohemia at one time stretched to the Adriatic, it was, in fact, possible to sail from a kingdom of Sicily to the seacoast of Bohemia. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the [8] A similar situation existed for a time in the later 1500s—a fact noted by some Oxfordian scholars [See: Shakespearean authorship], who find it significant that the Earl of Oxford was traveling in the Adriatic region during this brief span of time. The Shakespeare authorship question is the debate dating back to the early 18th century about whether the works attributed to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon

Also, in 1891, Edmund O. von Lippmann pointed out that 'Bohemia' was also a rare name for Apulia in southern Italy. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest [9] More influential was Thomas Hanmer's 1744 argument that Bohemia is a printed error for Bithynia, an ancient nation in Asia Minor;[10] this theory was adopted in Charles Kean's influential nineteenth century production of the play, which featured a resplendent Bythinian court. Thomas Hanmer is the name of a number of notable people Sir Thomas Hanmer 2nd Baronet (1612-1678 Member of Parliament (MP for Flint 1640 and Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Charles John Kean ( January 18, 1811 - January 22, 1868) was born at Waterford Ireland, the son of the Actor Edmund

Also, the pastoral genre is not known for precise verisimilitude, and, like the assortment of mixed references to ancient religion and contemporary religious figures and customs, this possible inaccuracy may have been included to underscore the play's fantastical and chimeric quality. Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos As Andrew Gurr puts it, Bohemia may have been given a seacoast "to flout geographical realism, and to underline the unreality of place in the play". [11]

Another theory explaining the existence of the seacoast in Bohemia is suggested in Shakespeare's chosen title of the play. A winter's tale is something associated with parents telling children stories of legends around a fireside: by using this title it is implying to the audience not to take these details too seriously. [12]

Who is "A man. . . Dwelt by a Church-yard"?

Top left corner of page 282 from the First Folio of The Winter's Tale..
Top left corner of page 282 from the First Folio of The Winter's Tale. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays [13].

What, exactly is "The Winter's Tale" referred to in the title? One possible answer was suggested in a 1983 production of the uncut First Folio script of The Winter's Tale by the Riverside Shakespeare Company at The Shakespeare Center, in which the director, W. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays The Riverside Shakespeare Company of New York City was founded in 1977 as a professional (AEA theatre company on the Upper West Side of New York City by W The Shakespeare Center was the home of the Riverside Shakespeare Company, an Equity professional theatre company in New York City beginning in 1982 when the then six-year-old Stuart McDowell, posited an answer to who the man is in the story told by Mamillius, and hence, what, exactly is The Winter's Tale. The production, which combined modern (Grace Kelly's Monaco) and historical (pastoral 18th century England) periods, staged a magical transformation when Mamillius begins to recount "the winter's tale" to his mother, Hermione. According the program note, the concept arose from the moment in the First Folio text when Mamillius is asked to "tell's a Tale", to which the boy responds with "There was a man. . . dwelt by a Church-yard. . . " (See photo, right) According to the Riverside program, McDowell's interpretation posited that these eight words - the entirety of "A sad Tale" that's "best for Winter" - are nothing less than a prophesy concerning Leontes (in this tale told by Mamillius, who subsequently reappears in the role of "Time" in Act IV, i. ) Leontes would some day virtually dwell by a graveyard (i. e. , church-yard), mourning the passing of Hermione and Mamillius for whose deaths he had himself to blame. [14]

Leontes: Once a day I'll visit

The chapel where they lie, and tears shed there
Shall be my recreation. . . [15]

Hermione is resurrected magically at the play's end, when Mamillius' (who also played the role of Time in the Riverside production) "sad tale. . . best for Winter" draws to a conclusion. . [16] The director noted in the program that:

In searching for the meaning of the story that Mamillius starts to tell, but is interrupted by his half-crazed father, I could find none: no historical or dramaturgical resource revealed what exactly The Winter's Tale was, or who the man in the story was who 'dwelt by a Church-yard. ' At the same time, I found it fascinating - although undoubtedly a curious accident - that Mamillius's 'Tale for Winter' begins at the top of a new page turn in the First Folio, as if the playwright - several years after his death - is somehow telling us of a transformative moment in this, one of the Bard's most fantastical tales. That's when it occurred to me that the man who dwelt by a churchyard was none other than the father, Leontes, grieving the prophesized loss of his wife and son. The rest of the play, from that moment on, is Mamillius' prophesy, a 'sad tale' that's 'best for Winter'. [17]

References

  1. ^ C. F. Tucker Brooke, The Shakespeare Apocrypha, Oxford, Clarendon press, 1908; pp. 103-26.
  2. ^ Shakespearean Scraps, chapter: "The Forman Notes" (1933). Tannenbaum reports that "Malone had at first decided that it was written in 1594; subsequently he seems to have assigned it to 1604; later still, to 1613; and finally he settled on 1610-11. Hunter assigned it to about 1605. "
  3. ^ F. E. Halliday, A Shakespeare Companion 1564-1964, Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; p. 532.
  4. ^ Halliday, p. 532-3.
  5. ^ "Brooklyn Bets on Rep", T. E. Kalem, Time Magazine, March 3, 1980. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar)
  6. ^ "Critics Notebook", Ben Brantley, The New York Times, April 22, 1994. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)
  7. ^ Ben Jonson, 'Conversations with Drummond of Hawthornden', in Herford and Simpson, ed. Ben Jonson, vol. 1, p. 139.
  8. ^ See J.H. Pafford, ed. John Henry Pyle Pafford ( March 6 1900 &ndash March 11 1996) was Librarian of the University of London Library The Winter's Tale, Arden Edition, 1962, p. 66
  9. ^ Edmund O. von Lippmann, 'Shakespeare's Ignorance?', New Review 4 (1891), 250-4.
  10. ^ Thomas Hanmer, The Works of Shakespeare (Oxford, 1743-4), vol. 2.
  11. ^ Andrew Gurr, 'The Bear, the Statue, and Hysteria in The Winter's Tale, Shakespeare Quarterly 34 (1983), p. 422.
  12. ^ See C. H. Herford, ed. The Winter's Tale, The Warwick Shakespeare edition, p. xv.
  13. ^ Page 282 from the First Folio of Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, reproduced on the program cover of the Riverside Shakespeare Company's production of the play, February 25, 1983. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar)
  14. ^ Seymour Isenberg, "Sunny Winter", in The New York Shakespeare Society Bulletin, (Dr. Bernard Beckerman, Chairman; Columbia University) March 1983, p. 25.
  15. ^ Act III, Sc. ii. (concluding speech of Leontes) in The Winter's Tale, p. 288 in the First Folio text. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies Histories & Tragedies is the first published collection of William Shakespeare 's plays
  16. ^ Seymour Isenberg, "Sunny Winter", in The New York Shakespeare Society Bulletin, (Dr. Bernard Beckerman, Chairman; Columbia University) March 1983, p. 26.
  17. ^ Program note by W. Stuart McDowell for the Riverside Shakespeare Company production of The Winter's Tale, February 25, 1983. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar)

Sources

Verzella, Massimo, “Iconografia femminile in The Winter's Tale”, Merope, XII, 31 (settembre 2001), pp. 49-68;

Verzella, Massimo,“Petrarchism and anti-Petrarchism in The Winter's Tale” in Merope, numero speciale dedicato agli Studi di Shakespeare in Italia, a cura di Michael Hattaway e Clara Mucci, XVII, 46-47 (Set. 2005- Gen. 2006), pp. 161-179.

External links

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