| The Pogues | |
|---|---|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Pogue Mahone |
| Origin | Kings Cross, London, England |
| Genre(s) | Folk rock Celtic punk Celtic fusion |
| Years active | 1982—1996 2001—present |
| Website | www.pogues.com |
| Members | |
| Shane MacGowan James Fearnley Spider Stacy Jeremy 'Jem' Finer Andrew Ranken Phil Chevron Terry Woods Darryl Hunt |
|
| Former members | |
| Cait O'Riordan Joe Strummer Jamie Clarke Dave Coulter James McNally |
|
The Pogues are a band of mixed Irish and English background, playing traditional Irish music with influences from punk rock, formed in 1982 and fronted by Shane MacGowan. Kings Cross is an area of London partly in the London Borough of Camden and partly in the London Borough of Islington. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of Folk music and rock music. Celtic punk is Punk rock mixed with traditional Celtic music. Celtic fusion is an umbrella term for modern music which incorporates influences considered "Celtic" or Celtic music which incorporates modern music Shane Patrick Lysaght MacGowan (born 25 December 1957 is a musician and singer best known as the original singer and songwriter of The Pogues. James Fearnley (born 9 October 1954 Worsley) is an English musician Peter "Spider" Stacy (born 14 December, 1958 in Eastbourne) is an English musician Jeremy "Jem" Finer (born July 25, 1955) is an English musician and composer Andrew Ranken (born 13 November 1953 in London) is an English Drummer, best known as the Percussionist for the English- Philip Chevron (born Philip Ryan 17 June 1957 in Dublin) is an Irish Singer, Songwriter and Guitarist Terry Woods (born 4 December 1947 in Dublin) is an Irish folk musician, specialising in playing the Mandolin and Darryl Hunt (born 4 May, 1950 in Hampshire) is an English musician most famous as the bassist of The Pogues from 1986 Caitlín O'Riordan (born 4 January 1965 is a British musician John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002 better known as Joe Strummer, was the co-founder lyricist Rhythm guitarist and lead singer of the James McNally is a member of the band Afro Celt Sound System and was previously a member of the band The Pogues. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Irish Music is the generic term for music that has been created in various genres on the entire island of Ireland, North and South of the border Shane Patrick Lysaght MacGowan (born 25 December 1957 is a musician and singer best known as the original singer and songwriter of The Pogues. They reached international prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s, until MacGowan left the band in 1991 due to drinking problems. They continued with first Joe Strummer and then Spider Stacy on vocals before breaking up in 1996. John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002 better known as Joe Strummer, was the co-founder lyricist Rhythm guitarist and lead singer of the Peter "Spider" Stacy (born 14 December, 1958 in Eastbourne) is an English musician [1] The band began performing together again in 2001, though they have yet to record new music.
Their politically-tinged music was influenced by The Clash,[2] yet used traditional Irish instruments such as the tin whistle, banjo, cittern, mandolin, accordion, and others. For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were The tin whistle, also called the tinwhistle, whistle, pennywhistle or Irish whistle, is a simple six-holed Woodwind instrument The banjo is a Stringed instrument developed by enslaved Africans in the United States, adapted from several African instruments The cittern (occasionally spelled " cithern " is a stringed instrument of the Lute / Guitar family dating from the Renaissance. A mandolin is a musical instrument in the Lute family (plucked or strummed The accordion is a portable box-shaped Musical instrument of the hand-held Bellows -driven free-reed aerophone family sometimes referred to as a Squeezebox In the later incarnations of the band, after the departure of Shane MacGowan, rock instruments such as the electric guitar would become more prominent. The first of The Pogues' albums, Red Roses for Me, borrows much from the punk tradition of MacGowan's previous band The Nipple Erectors (later dubbed "The Nips"). Red Roses for Me was the first full length album by the London -based band The Pogues and was released in 1984. The Nipple Erectors were an English Punk rock band formed in London in 1977 and are notable as Pogues Frontman
The Pogues were founded in King's Cross,[3] a district of North London, in 1982 as Pogue Mahone—pogue mahone being the Anglicisation of the Irish póg mo thóin, meaning "kiss my arse". Kings Cross is an area of London partly in the London Borough of Camden and partly in the London Borough of Islington. North London is the northern part of London, England. The area it covers is defined differently for a range of purposes Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Arse is an informal English term referring to the Buttocks, which is commonly used in English speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, [4]
The band specialised in Irish folk music, often playing with the energy of the punk rock scene in which several of the members had their roots. The folk music of Ireland (also known as Irish traditional music, Irish trad, Irish folk music, and other variants is the generic term for music that has
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The roots of The Pogues were formed when MacGowan (vocals), Peter "Spider" Stacy (tin whistle), and Jem Finer (banjo) were together in an occasional band called The Millwall Chainsaws in the late 1970s after MacGowan and Stacy met in the toilets at a Ramones gig at The Roundhouse in 1977. Peter "Spider" Stacy (born 14 December, 1958 in Eastbourne) is an English musician The tin whistle, also called the tinwhistle, whistle, pennywhistle or Irish whistle, is a simple six-holed Woodwind instrument Jeremy "Jem" Finer (born July 25, 1955) is an English musician and composer The banjo is a Stringed instrument developed by enslaved Africans in the United States, adapted from several African instruments The Ramones were an American rock band often regarded as the first Punk rock group The Roundhouse is an arts venue in London, England. The Roundhouse has hosted notable performers Morrissey, The Stranglers, Sonic Youth [5] MacGowan was already with The Nips, though when they broke up in 1980 he concentrated a bit more on the still unstructured Millwall Chainsaws, who changed their name to The New Republicans. The Nipple Erectors were an English Punk rock band formed in London in 1977 and are notable as Pogues Frontman During this period MacGowan and Finer auditioned unsuccessfully for a license to busk at Covent Garden. [6] In 1982 James Fearnley (accordion) joined MacGowen, Stacy, and Finer, initially calling the band The Men They Couldn't Hang, before settling on Stacy's suggestion of Pogue Mahone. James Fearnley (born 9 October 1954 Worsley) is an English musician The accordion is a portable box-shaped Musical instrument of the hand-held Bellows -driven free-reed aerophone family sometimes referred to as a Squeezebox The new group played their first gig at The Pindar Of Wakefield on 4 October 1982. [7]
They later added Cait O'Riordan (bass) and Andrew Ranken (drums). Caitlín O'Riordan (born 4 January 1965 is a British musician The electric bass guitar (also called electric bass, or simply bass; ˈbeɪs as in "base" is a Stringed instrument played primarily with the Andrew Ranken (born 13 November 1953 in London) is an English Drummer, best known as the Percussionist for the English- The drum is a member of the percussion group technically classified as a Membranophone. The band played London pubs and clubs,[8] and released a single, "Dark Streets of London,"[9] on their own, self-named label, gaining a small reputation - especially for their live performances. They came to the attention of the media and Stiff Records when they opened for The Clash on their 1984 tour. Stiff Records is a Record label created in London in 1976 by entrepreneurs Dave Robinson and Andrew Jakeman (aka Jake Riviera [1] Shortening their name to "The Pogues" (partly due to BBC censorship following complaints from Gaelic speakers in Scotland) they released their first album Red Roses for Me on Stiff that October. Red Roses for Me was the first full length album by the London -based band The Pogues and was released in 1984.
The band gained more attention when the UK Channel 4's influential music show The Tube made a video of their version of "Waxie's Dargle" for the show. "The Waxies' Dargle" is a traditional Irish folk song about an annual outing by Dublin candlemakers (waxies The performance - featuring Spider Stacy repeatedly smashing himself over the head with a beer tray (in the manner of Bob Blackman's infamous "Mule Train/Mule Tray") - became a favourite with the viewers, but Stiff refused to release it as a single, feeling it was too late for it to help Red Roses for Me (in fact their record label, Stiff, was by then in deep financial trouble). Nevertheless, it remained a favourite request for the show for many years.
Phil Chevron (guitar) joined the group soon after, then with the aid of punk and New Wave forefather Elvis Costello they recorded the follow up, Rum, Sodomy and the Lash, in 1985. Philip Chevron (born Philip Ryan 17 June 1957 in Dublin) is an Irish Singer, Songwriter and Guitarist The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles New Wave is a Rock music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the 1980s Elvis Costello (born Declan Patrick MacManus 25 August 1954 is an English Musician and Singer-songwriter, with Irish ancestry Rum Sodomy & the Lash is the second album by the Anglo-Irish musical group The Pogues, released in 1985 The album title is a famous comment falsely attributed to Winston Churchill who was supposedly describing the "true" traditions of the British Royal Navy. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) [10] The album cover featured The Raft of the Medusa, with the faces of the characters in Théodore Géricault's painting replaced with those of the band members. The Raft of the Medusa (Le Radeau de la Méduse is a work by the French painter Théodore Géricault, and one of the icons of French Romanticism. Théodore Géricault ( September 26, 1791 &ndash January 26, 1824) was an important French painter and lithographer known for The album shows the band moving away from covers to original material. Shane MacGowan came into his own as a songwriter with this disc, offering up poetic story-telling, such as "The Sick Bed of Cúchulainn" and "The Old Main Drag", as well as definitive interpretations of Ewan MacColl's "Dirty Old Town" and Eric Bogle's "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" (this had previously been covered by Shane's fellow punk contemporaries The Skids in 1981). Serglige Con Culainn ( Old Irish: "The Sick-Bed" or "Wasting Sickness of Cúchulainn " also known as Oenét Emire Ewan MacColl ( 25 January, 1915 - 22 October, 1989) was a British Folk singer, Songwriter, Socialist Eric Bogle (born 23 September, 1944 in Peebles, Scotland) is a folk Singer-songwriter. The Skids were an Art-punk / Punk rock and new wave band from Dunfermline, Scotland, founded in 1977 by Stuart
The band failed to take advantage of the momentum created by the strong artistic and commercial success of their second album. They first refused to record another album (offering up the four-track EP Poguetry in Motion instead); O'Riordan married Costello and left the band, to be replaced by bassist Darryl Hunt; and they added a multi-instrumentalist in Terry Woods, formerly of Steeleye Span. Poguetry in Motion is an EP by The Pogues and their first single to make the UK Top 40. Darryl Hunt (born 4 May, 1950 in Hampshire) is an English musician most famous as the bassist of The Pogues from 1986 Terry Woods (born 4 December 1947 in Dublin) is an Irish folk musician, specialising in playing the Mandolin and Steeleye Span is a British Electric folk band formed in 1969 and remaining active today Looming over the band at this period (as throughout their entire career) was the increasingly erratic behaviour of their vocalist and principal songwriter, Shane MacGowan. Their record label, Stiff Records, went bankrupt soon after the 1987 release of the single "The Irish Rover" (with the Dubliners). Stiff Records is a Record label created in London in 1976 by entrepreneurs Dave Robinson and Andrew Jakeman (aka Jake Riviera The Dubliners are an Irish folk band founded in 1962. Formation and history The Dubliners formed in 1962
The band remained stable enough to record If I Should Fall from Grace with God in 1988 (with its Christmas hit duet with Kirsty MacColl "Fairytale of New York", which was voted "the best Christmas song ever" in VH1 UK polls in 2004) and 1989's Peace and Love. If I Should Fall from Grace with God is a 1987 album by The Pogues. Kirsty Anna MacColl ( 10 October, 1959 &ndash 18 December, 2000) was an English Singer-songwriter. " Fairytale of New York " is a popular Christmas song by Irish Folk-rock group The Pogues, and featuring the English VH1 UK is a music television channel from MTV Networks Europe. Peace and Love is a 1989 album by The Pogues, their fourth full-length studio production [11] The band was at the peak of its commercial success, with both albums making the top 5 in the UK (numbers 3 and 5 respectively), but MacGowan was increasingly unreliable. He failed to turn up for the opening dates of their 1988 tour of America, and prevented the band from promoting their next album, Hell's Ditch, so in 1991 the band sacked him. Hell's Ditch is the fifth full-length album by The Pogues, and the last to feature front man Shane MacGowan as a member [12] Vocal duties were for a time handled by Joe Strummer, before Stacy finally took over permanently. John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002 better known as Joe Strummer, was the co-founder lyricist Rhythm guitarist and lead singer of the After Strummer's departure, the remaining seven Pogues recorded Waiting for Herb, which contained the band's third and final top twenty single, "Tuesday Morning", which became their best-selling single internationally. Terry Woods and James Fearnley then left the band and were replaced by David Coulter and James McNally respectively. Within months of their departures, ill health forced Phil Chevron to leave the band; he was replaced by his former guitar technician, Jamie Clarke. This line up recorded the band's seventh (and final) studio album, Pogue Mahone. The album was a commercial failure, and, following Jem Finer's decision to leave the band in 1996, the remaining members decided it was time to call it a day.
After the Pogues' break-up, the three remaining long-term members (Spider Stacy, Andrew Ranken and Darryl Hunt) started a new band called The Wisemen. The band played mainly new Stacy-penned tracks, though Darryl Hunt also contributed songs, and the band's live set included a few Pogues songs. First Ranken then Hunt left the band, the latter going on to become singer/songwriter in an indie band called Bish, whose self-titled debut album was released in 2001. Ranken has gone on to play with a number of other bands, including hKippers, The Municipal Waterboard and, most recently, The Mysterious Wheels. In addition to The Wisemen (later renamed The Vendettas), Spider Stacy continued to write and record music with various bands, including a short stint with "Spider Stacy's Pogue Mahone", with Stacy fronting Pogues tribute band, Boys from the County Hell. A tribute act is a Music group, Singer, or Musician who specifically plays the music of a well-known music act often one which has disbanded or ceased Shane MacGowan founded Shane MacGowan and The Popes in 1992. Shane MacGowan and The Popes is a band formerly led by Shane MacGowan of The Pogues, who play a blend of rock, and Irish folk, sometimes referred His autobiography A Drink With Shane MacGowan, co-written with his journalist girlfriend Victoria Mary Clarke, was released in 2001. A Drink with Shane MacGowan is a 2001 autobiographical book of interviews between Shane MacGowan, lead singer and frontman for the Irish band The Pogues Jem Finer went into experimental music, playing a big part in a project known as "Longplayer", a piece of music designed to play continuously for 1,000 years without repeating itself. Longplayer is a piece of Music that is designed to last for one thousand years. In 2005, Finer released the album Bum Steer with DB Bob (as DM Bob and Country Jem). James Fearnley moved to the United States shortly before leaving the Pogues. Philip Chevron reformed his former band The Radiators. Terry Woods formed The Bucks with Ron Kavana, releasing the album Dancin' To The Ceili Band in 1994. Later, he formed The Woods Band, releasing the album Music From The Four Corners of Hell in 2002.
The band, including MacGowan, re-formed for a Christmas tour in 2001 and performed nine shows in the UK and Ireland in December 2004. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In 2002 Q magazine named The Pogues as one of the "50 Bands To See Before You Die". Q is a Music Magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom, with a circulation of 130179 as of June 2007 In July 2005, the band — again including MacGowan — played at the annual Guilfest festival in Guildford before flying out to Japan where they played three dates. Japan is the last place they all played together before MacGowan was originally sacked in 1991, and they have a strong following there. They played a date in Spain in early September. The reunited Pogues played dates in the UK with support from the Dropkick Murphys in late 2005, and re-released their 1987 Christmas classic "Fairytale of New York" on 19 December, which went straight in at #3 in the UK Singles charts on Christmas Day 2005, showing the song's enduring popularity. Dropkick Murphys are a Celtic punk band formed in Quincy, Massachusetts, U On 22 December 2005 the BBC broadcast a live performance (recorded the previous week) on the Jonathan Ross Christmas show with Katie Melua filling in for the late Kirsty MacColl, the first time the band had played the song live on television. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jonathan Stephen Ross OBE (born 17 November 1960 in London, England) is a triple BAFTA -winning British Kirsty Anna MacColl ( 10 October, 1959 &ndash 18 December, 2000) was an English Singer-songwriter. The following week they performed live on the popular music show CD:UK. CDUK was a UK Television Music show It was launched on 29 August 1998 on ITV, in conjunction with
Shane MacGowan wrote a blog for The Guardian website in 2006, detailing his thoughts on the current tour. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. [13]
The band was awarded the lifetime achievement award at the annual Meteor Ireland Music Awards in February 2006. The Meteor Ireland Music Awards (colloquially called "The Meteors") are the national Music Awards of Ireland. In March 2006, the band played their first U. S. dates with Shane in over 15 years. The band played a series of sold-out concerts in Washington D.C., Atlantic City, Boston, and New York. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The City of New York Later they played a series of highly acclaimed and sold out gigs during mid-October 2006 in San Francisco, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles, and toured Glasgow, Manchester, Birmingham, London, Dublin, and Nottingham in mid-December 2006. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. They began a second U. S. tour in March of 2007, once again to coincide (and conclude) with a Roseland Ballroom New York City show on Saint Patrick's Day. The Roseland Ballroom (also referred to as Roseland Dance City) is a catering hall/music venue/dance hall in a converted Ice skating rink with a colorful ballroom Saint Patrick's Day (Lá ’le Pádraig or Lá Fhéile Pádraig) colloquially St 2007 has proved to be the most prolific year of touring since the reunion. A tour of the west coast of America and eleven dates in the UK in December complement the headlining festival appearances made in the summer across Europe (Sweden, Belgium and Spain). They continue to be in huge demand, often selling out very large venues, despite criticism of selling out, and claims that arenas and festivals do not suit the band's sound.
Guitarist Phil Chevron has stated there were no plans to record new music or release a new album. Chevron said that one way to keep enjoying what they were doing was to avoid making a new album, although he did say that there still is a possibility in the future for new music, but certainly not in the near future. Terry Woods has commented that MacGowan has been writing, and most of it sounds good. However on the pages of The Pogues message board, Chevron revealed that The Pogues are preparing a box set of unreleased tracks for release in June 2008.
The band has received mixed reviews of its recent performances. Reviewing a March 2008 concert, The Washington Post described MacGowan as "puffy and paunchy," but said the singer "still has a banshee wail to beat Howard Dean's, and the singer's abrasive growl is all a band this marvelous needs to give its amphetamine-spiked take on Irish folk a focal point. " The reviewer continued: "The set started off shaky, MacGowan singing of `goin' where streams of whiskey are flowin,' and looking like he'd arrived there already. He grew more lucid and powerful as the evening gathered steam, through two hours and 26 songs, mostly from the Pogues' first three (and best) albums. " [14]
"Fairytale of New York" was released as a single in 1987 and reached #1 in the Irish charts and #2 in the British charts over Christmas (the time of peak sales). " Fairytale of New York " is a popular Christmas song by Irish Folk-rock group The Pogues, and featuring the English The song has become a festive classic in the UK and Ireland over the years, and was voted the best Christmas song of all time three years running in 2004[15], 2005[16] and 2006 in polls by music channel VH1 UK, despite not achieving Christmas Number One when it was released. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world VH1 UK is a music television channel from MTV Networks Europe. Each year record companies compete for the Christmas number one single spot on the British charts. It was also voted as the 27th greatest song never to reach UK#1 in another VH1 poll, and also voted as the 84th greatest song of all time by BBC Radio 2 listeners in their "Sold on Song" top 100 poll. In 2007 the record was briefly censored by the BBC because of the word "faggot" being deemed potentially offensive to gays. Following protests from listeners, including the mother of Kirsty MacColl, the censorship was lifted.
| Year | Title | Chart positions | Album | ||||
| U.S. Hot 100 | U.S. Modern Rock | U.S. Club Play | U.K. Singles | Irish Singles Chart | |||
| 1984 | "Dark Streets of London" | - | - | - | - | - | Red Roses for Me |
| "Boys from the County Hell" | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1985 | "A Pair of Brown Eyes" | - | - | - | #71 | - | Rum, Sodomy and the Lash |
| "Sally MacLennane" | - | - | - | #51 | - | ||
| "Dirty Old Town" | - | - | - | #62 | #27 | ||
| 1986 | Poguetry in Motion (EP) | - | - | - | #29 | #11 | - |
| "Haunted" | - | - | - | #42 | #7 | Sid and Nancy Soundtrack | |
| 1987 | "Irish Rover" (Featuring The Dubliners) | - | - | - | #8 | #1 | - |
| "Fairytale of New York" (Featuring Kirsty MacColl) | - | - | - | #2 | #1 | If I Should Fall from Grace with God | |
| 1988 | "If I Should Fall from Grace with God" | - | - | - | #58 | #4 | |
| "Fiesta" | - | - | - | #24 | #11 | ||
| 1989 | "Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah" | - | #17 | #36 | #43 | #6 | Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah |
| "Misty Morning, Albert Bridge" | - | - | - | #41 | #8 | Peace and Love | |
| 1990 | "Summer in Siam" | - | - | - | #64 | #21 | Hell's Ditch |
| "Jack's Heroes" (Featuring The Dubliners) | - | - | - | #63 | #4 | Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah | |
| 1991 | "Sunny Side of the Street" | - | #23 | - | - | - | Hell's Ditch |
| "Rainy Night in Soho (Remix)" | - | - | - | #67 | #24 | Poguetry in Motion | |
| "Fairytale of New York" (Re-Issue) | - | - | - | #36 | #10 | If I Should Fall from Grace with God | |
| 1992 | "Honky Tonk Woman" | - | - | - | #56 | - | Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah |
| 1993 | "Tuesday Morning" | - | #11 | - | #18 | #26 | Waiting for Herb |
| "Once Upon a Time" | - | - | - | #66 | - | ||
| 2005 | "Fairytale of New York" (Re-Release) | - | - | - | #3 | #3 | If I Should Fall from Grace with God |
| 2006 | "Fairytale of New York" (Re-entry on Downloads alone) | - | - | - | #6 | - | |
| 2007 | "Fairytale of New York" (Re-entry on Downloads alone) | - | - | - | #4 | #3 | |