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The Oresteia is a trilogy of Greek tragedies written by Aeschylus which concerns the end of the curse on the House of Atreus. A trilogy is a set of three works of art usually Literature, Film, or Video games, that are connected and can be seen either as a single work or three The theatre of ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical Culture that flourished in ancient Greece between c Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright A curse (also called execration) is any manner of Adversity thought to be inflicted by any supernatural power (such as a spell, a Prayer, an In Greek mythology, King Atreus ( Greek: Ατρεύς Atreús) (fearless of Mycenae was the son of Pelops and Hippodamia Though originally written as tetralogy, it is the only surviving example of a trilogy of ancient Greek plays; the fourth play, Proteus, a satyr play that would have been performed as finale, has not survived. A tetralogy is a compound work that is made up of four ( Numerical prefix tetra-) distinct works The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca In Greek mythology, Proteus (Πρωτεύς is an early sea-god one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" whose name suggests the Satyr plays were an ancient Greek form of tragicomedy similar to the modern-day Burlesque style The Oresteia was originally performed at the Dionysia festival in Athens in 458 BC, where it won first prize. The Dionysia was a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of the god Dionysus, the central event of which was the performance of tragedies Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Events By place Greece Pleistoanax succeeds his father Pleistarchus as king of Sparta. Overall, this trilogy emblemizes the shift from a monarchal system of vendetta in Argos to a democratic system of litigation in Athens. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A feud (ˈfjuːd (referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud or vendetta) is a long-running argument or fight between parties&mdashoften through Guilt Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system In law a lawsuit is a civil action brought before a Court in which the party commencing the action the Plaintiff, seeks a legal or equitable remedy

Contents

Agamemnon

Agamemnon

"The Murder of Agamemnon" by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin
Written by Aeschylus
Chorus Elders of Argos
Characters watchman
Clytemnestra
herald
Agamemnon
messenger
Cassandra
Aegisthus
soldiers
servants
Setting Argos, before the royal palace
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Introduction

Agamemnon details the homecoming of Agamemnon, King of Argos, from the Trojan War. Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae In Greek mythology, Cassandra ( Greek: Κασσάνδρα "she who entangles men" (also known as Alexandra) was the daughter of King In Greek mythology, Aegisthus ( Ancient Greek:, " goat strength " &mdash also transliterated as Aegisthos In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her Waiting at home for him is his wife, Clytemnestra, who has been planning his murder as revenge for the sacrifice of their daughter, Iphigenia. Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king 112 Iphigenia is an Asteroid. Iphigeneia (Eng /ɪfədʒə'naɪə/, also Iphigenia Furthermore, in the ten years of Agamemnon's absence, Clytemnestra has entered into an adulterous relationship with Aegisthus, Agamemnon's cousin and the scion of a dispossessed branch of the family, who is determined to regain the throne he believes should rightfully belong to him

Storyline

The play opens to Clytemnestra awaiting the return of her husband, having been told that the mountaintop beacons have given the sign that Troy has fallen. In Greek mythology, Aegisthus ( Ancient Greek:, " goat strength " &mdash also transliterated as Aegisthos Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or Though she pretends to love her husband, she is furious that he sacrificed their daughter, Iphigenia. 112 Iphigenia is an Asteroid. Iphigeneia (Eng /ɪfədʒə'naɪə/, also Iphigenia This is not made clear here, but it would have been familiar to the audience. A servant stands on top of the roof, reporting that he has been crouching there "like a dog" (kunos diken) for years, "under the instruction of a man-hearted woman". He laments the fortunes of the house, but promises to keep silent: "A huge ox has stepped onto my tongue. " However, when Agamemnon returns, he brings with him Cassandra, an enslaved Trojan princess, as his concubine. In Greek mythology, Cassandra ( Greek: Κασσάνδρα "she who entangles men" (also known as Alexandra) was the daughter of King As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status This serves to anger Clytemnestra further.

The main action of the play is the agon between Clytemnestra and Agamemnon. AGON is a series of Episodic Adventure games for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows by Private Moon Studios. She attempts to persuade Agamemnon to step on a purple (sometimes red) tapestry or carpet to walk into their home. Purple is a general term for the range of shades of Color occurring between Red and Blue. Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength The problem is that this would indicate hubris on Agamemnon's part, and he does not wish to do this. Hubris, sometimes spelled hybris ( Ancient Greek ὕβρις is a term used in modern English to indicate overweening Pride, self-confidence Eventually, for reasons that are still heavily debated, Clytemnestra does convince Agamemnon to cross the purple tapestry to enter the oikos, where she kills him in the bath: she ensnares him in a robe and as he struggles to free himself she hacks him with three strokes of a pelekus. This article is about ancient Greek households For the ecology journal see Oikos (journal. Labrys is the term for a doubleheaded Axe, known to the Classical Greeks as pelekys ( or Sagaris, and to the Romans as a bipennis Agamemnon is murdered in much the same way an animal is killed for sacrifice with three blows, the last strike accompanied by a prayer to a god.

Whilst Clytemnestra and Agamemnon are offstage, Cassandra starts discussing with the chorus whether or not she ought to enter the palace, knowing that she too will be murdered. The Greek chorus ( choros) is believed to have grown out of the Greek Dithyrambs and Tragikon drama in tragic plays of the ancient Cassandra has been cursed by Apollo for rejecting his advances. She has the gift of clairvoyance, but the curse means that no one who hears her prophesies believes them. Clairvoyance (from 17th century French with clair meaning "clear" and voyance meaning "visibility" is the apparent ability to gain In Cassandra's speech, she runs through many gruesome images of the history of the House of Atreus as if she had been a witness of them, and eventually chooses to enter the house knowing that she cannot do anything to avoid her fate. In Greek mythology, King Atreus ( Greek: Ατρεύς Atreús) (fearless of Mycenae was the son of Pelops and Hippodamia The chorus, in this play a group of the elders of Argos, hear the death screams of Agamemnon, and frantically debate on a course of action.

A platform is soon rolled out displaying the gruesome dead bodies of Agamemnon and Cassandra, along with Clytemnestra, who attempts to explain her action. Later, Aegisthus struts out and delivers an arrogant speech to the chorus, who nearly enter into a brawl with Aegisthus and his henchmen. However, Clytemnestra halts the dispute, saying that "There is pain enough already. Let us not be bloody now. " The play closes with the chorus reminding the usurpers that Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, will surely return to exact vengeance. "Usurp" redirects here You might be also looking for WikipediaChanging username/Usurpations. In Greek mythology, Orestes (in English /ɔ'ɹɛstiːz/ and in Greek,) was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon

The Libation Bearers

The Libation Bearers
Written by Aeschylus
Chorus Trojan slave women
Characters Orestes
Electra
servant
Clytaemnestra
Pylades
Cilissa
Aegisthus
attendants
Setting Argos, at the tomb of Agamemnon
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Introduction

The Libation Bearers (also known as Choephoroe) is the second play of the Oresteia. Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or In Greek mythology, Electra ( Greek:Ηλέκτρα was an Argosian princess and daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king In Greek mythology, Pylades (ˈpɪlədiːz Gk Πυλάδης is the son of King Strophius of Phocis and is mostly known for his strong friend- or In Greek mythology, Aegisthus ( Ancient Greek:, " goat strength " &mdash also transliterated as Aegisthos Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae It deals with the reunion of Agamemnon's children, Electra and Orestes, and their revenge. In Greek mythology, Electra ( Greek:Ηλέκτρα was an Argosian princess and daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra In Greek mythology, Orestes (in English /ɔ'ɹɛstiːz/ and in Greek,) was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon

Storyline

In the palace of Argos, Clytemnestra, who now shares her bed and the throne with her lover Aegisthus, is roused from slumber by a nightmare: she dreamt that she gave birth to a snake, and the snake now feeds from her breast and draws blood along with milk. Alarmed by this, a possible sign of the gods' wrath, she orders her daughter, the princess Electra, whom in the meantime Clytemnestra has reduced to the virtual status of a slave-girl, to pour libations on Agamemnon's grave. A libation (spondee in Greek) is a Ritual pouring of a drink as an offering to a god. A group of women (the libation bearers of the title) are to assist her.

Electra arrives at the grave of her father and comes upon a man by the tombstone, who has just placed a lock of his hair on the stone. As they start to speak, it gradually and rather agonizingly becomes apparent that the man is her brother Orestes (who had been sent away to the royal court of Phocis since infancy for safety reasons), and who has, in her thoughts, been her only hope of revenge. Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture Orestes believes that he is the snake in his mother's dream, so together with Electra they plan to avenge their father by killing their mother Clytemnestra and her new husband, Aegisthus.

Orestes wavers about killing his own mother, but is guided by Apollo and his close friend Pylades, the son of the king of Phocis, that it is the correct course of action. In Greek mythology, Pylades (ˈpɪlədiːz Gk Πυλάδης is the son of King Strophius of Phocis and is mostly known for his strong friend- or Orestes and Pylades pretend to be ordinary travelers from Phocis, and ask for hospitality at the palace. They even tell the Queen that Orestes is dead. Delighted by the news, Clytemnestra sends a servant to summon Aegisthus. Orestes kills the usurper first, and then his mother. As soon as he exits the palace, the Erinyes, being only visible to him, begin to haunt and torture him as he flees in agony. In Greek mythology the Erinyes (Ἐρινύες pl of Ἐρινύς lit The Erinyes do not hunt down Clytemnestra for killing her husband, but they do hunt down Orestes for his crime of matricide as is their function: to them, crimes against blood bonds are far more significant than crimes against marriage bonds. Matricide is the act of Killing one's Mother. As for any type of killing motives can vary a great deal [1]

References in other Greek Dramas

Pietro Pucci of Cornell University argues that in referencing The Libation Bearers in his own Electra, Euripides made a social commentary on the relationship between truth and evidence. Euripides criticized the scene of recognition when Electra realizes that the lock of hair on Agamemnon's tomb belongs to Orestes. In his own play Electra, Euripides has Electra make a scathing remark about the ridiculous notion that one could recognize a brother solely by a lock of hair, a footprint and an article of clothing. [2] What Euripides (presumably purposefully) ignores in Aeschylus' play was the religious significance of the act of placing a lock of hair on a tomb, which was a much more powerful clue as to who left the lock than the actual nature of the hair. Only a friend of Agamemnon's would dare approach his grave and leave a lock of hair, and even more importantly, this ritual had a specific father/ male heir significance. Aeschylus' Electra, therefore, recognized her brother based on her faith in a religious act. Euripides' Electra, on the other hand, judges the situation solely on evidence, and comes to the wrong conclusion that Orestes cannot be present, when in fact the audience knows that he is there and the two characters have just spoken to each other. This commentary suggests that Euripides is referring to the then pertinent argument over evidence and truth, an issue which had no weight when Aeschylus was writing. [3]

The Eumenides

The Eumenides

"Orestes wird von den Furien verfolgt" (Orestes pursued by the Furies) by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Written by Aeschylus
Chorus The Erinyes
Characters Priestess
Apollo
Orestes
Ghost of Clytaemnestra
Athena
Athenian citizens
Setting before the temple of Apollo at Delphi and in Athens
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Introduction

The Eumenides (also known as The Furies) is the final play of the Oresteia, in which Orestes, Apollo, and the Erinyes go before Athena and a jury consisting of the Athenians at the Areopagus (Rock of Ares, a flat rocky hill by the Athenian agora where the homicide court of Athens held its sessions), to decide whether Orestes' murder of his mother, Clytemnestra, makes him worthy of the torment they have inflicted upon him. William-Adolphe Bouguereau (November 30 1825 – August 19 1905 was a French academic painter. Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright In Greek mythology the Erinyes (Ἐρινύες pl of Ἐρινύς lit Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western In Greek mythology the Erinyes (Ἐρινύες pl of Ἐρινύς lit This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met The Agora was an open "place of assembly" in ancient Greek city-states

Storyline

Orestes is tormented by the Erinyes, or Furies, chthonic deities that avenge patricide and matricide. Chthonic (from Greek χθόνιος khthonios "of the earth" from khthōn "earth" pertaining to the Earth; earthy subterranean Patricide is (i the act of killing one's father or (ii a person who kills his or her father Matricide is the act of Killing one's Mother. As for any type of killing motives can vary a great deal He, at the instigation of his sister Electra and the god Apollo, has killed their mother Clytemnestra, who had killed their father, King Agamemnon, who had killed his daughter and their sister, Iphigenia. Orestes finds a refuge and a solace at the new temple of Apollo in Delphi, and the god, unable to deliver him from the Erinyes' unappeasable wrath, sends him along to Athens under the protection of Hermes, while he casts a drowsy spell upon the pursuing Erinyes in order to delay them. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western Hermes ( Greek,, ˈhɝmiːz in Greek mythology, is the Olympian god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them of Shepherds and

Clytemnestra's ghost appears from the woods and rouses the sleeping Erinyes, urging them to continue hunting Orestes. The Erinyes' first appearance on stage is haunting: they hum a tune in unison as they wake up, and seek to find the scent of blood that will lead them to Orestes' tracks. Ancient tradition says that on the play's premiere this struck so much fear and anguish in the audience, that a pregnant woman named Neaira suffered a miscarriage and died on the spot. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined

The Erinyes' tracking down of Orestes in Athens is equally haunting: Orestes has clasped Athena's small statue in supplication, and the Erinyes close in on him by smelling the blood of his slain mother in the air. ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. Supplication (also known as petitioning) is the most common form of Prayer, wherein a person asks a Supernatural Deity to provide something Once they do see him, they can also see rivulets of blood soaking the earth beneath his footsteps.

As they surround him, Athena intervenes and brings in a jury of twelve Athenians to judge her supplicant. Apollo acts as attorney for Orestes, while the Erinyes act as advocates for the dead Clytemnestra. During the trial, Apollo convinces Athena that, in a marriage, the man is more important than the woman, by pointing out that Athena was born only of Zeus and without a mother (Zeus swallows Metis). Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology Before the trial votes are counted, Athena votes in favour of Orestes. After being counted, the votes on each side are equal. Athena then persuades the Erinyes to accept her decision. They eventually submit. (However, in Euripides' Iphigeneia in Tauris, the Erinyes continue to haunt Orestes even after the trial. Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Iphigeneia in Tauris (Ιφιγένεια εν Ταύροις Iphigeneia en Taurois) is a drama by the playwright Euripides, written sometime between ) Athena then renames them Eumenides (The Kindly Ones, a euphemism), and they will now be honored by the citizens of Athens and ensure their prosperity. A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak Athena also declares that henceforth hung juries should result in the defendant being acquitted, as mercy should always take precedence over harshness. Mercy ( Middle English, from Anglo-French merci, from Medieval Latin merced-, merces, from Latin, "price

Proteus

Although Proteus, the satyr play which originally followed the first three plays of The Oresteia, is lost, it is widely believed to have been based on the story told in Book IV of Homer's Odyssey, where Menelaus, Agamemmnon's brother, attempts to return home for Troy. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. The title character, Proteus, the Old Man of the Sea, is described as having been visited by Menelaus in Homer in an attempt to learn his future. In Greek mythology, Proteus (Πρωτεύς is an early sea-god one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" whose name suggests the Scholars have speculated that although the rest of the Oresteia describes mankind's victory over the earth, Proteus may have shown - albeit in a lighter and fairly optimistic vein - that the sea remains as an eternal challenge. [4]

Analysis and themes

That the play ends on a happy note may surprise modern readers, to whom the word tragedy denotes a drama ending in misfortune. Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. The word did not carry this meaning in ancient Athens, and many of the extant Greek tragedies end happily.

Social progress and justice

Worth noting here is the metaphorical aspect of this entire drama. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects Initially, in their role as avengers of bloodshed, the Erinyes are classical equivalents to the Code of Hammurabi and the Torah, which demand “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”. Thus, they initially embody the concept of lex talionis, or “law of retribution”. The phrase " an eye for an eye " ( עין תחת עין) is a quotation from in which a person who has taken the eye of another in a fight is instructed to give

The change from an archaic self-help justice by personal revenge to administration of justice by trial symbolises the passage from a primitive society governed by instincts, to a modern society governed by reason: justice is decided by a jury of peers, representing the citizen body and its values, and the gods themselves sanction this transition by taking part in the judicial procedure, arguing and voting on an equal footing with the mortals. Instinct is the inherent disposition of a living Organism toward a particular Behavior. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. This theme of the polis self-governed by consent through lawful institutions, as opposed to tribalism and superstition, recurs in Greek art and thought. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a The internal social structure of a tribe can vary greatly from case to case but due to the small size of tribes it is always a relatively simple structure with few (if any significant social Superstition ( Latin superstitio, literally "standing over" derived perhaps from standing in awe used in Latin as a unreasonable or excessive belief

The dramatization of societal transformation in this myth (the transition to governance by laws) is both a boast and justification of the then relatively new judicial system. The concept of objective intervention by an impartial entity against which no vengeance could be taken (the state) marked the end of continuous cycles of bloodshed, a transition in Greek society reflected by the transition in their mythology--the Erinyes are a much greater part of older Greek myths than comparatively more recent ones. The reflection of societal struggles and social norms in mythology makes plays like these of special interest today, offering poignant cultural and historical insights.

Philos-aphilos

"Philos-aphilos" (love-in-hate) is a vigorous force throughout the trilogy. All of the bloodshed throughout the play is “murder committed not against an external enemy but against a part of the self. ” [5] This can be interpreted literally: Orestes slays his mother, his own flesh and blood; Aegisthus is Clytemnestra’s accomplice in the murder of his cousin Agamemnon.

“A part of the self” can also be interpreted more figuratively as a significant other, such as a spouse; thus, Clytemnestra’s feelings for Agamemnon are characterized as ‘philos-aphilos’ as well. As Richmond Lattimore defined it thus, “the hate gains intensity from the strength of the original love when that love has been stopped or rejected. ” Clytemnestra’s love for Agamemnon has been quashed by his sacrifice of Iphigeneia and his return with Cassandra as a mistress. Likewise, Orestes’ sentiments toward his mother are intensified by anger at her murder of his father and resentment at the fact that she chose her lover over her children – essentially, they are “the price for which she bought herself this man. ” These conflicting feelings are embodied in Clytemnestra’s dream about nursing the snake. [6]

Lattimore also draws a parallel between the Oresteia and Hamlet, suggesting that the sensation of ‘philos-aphilos’ engendered by Prince Hamlet’s emotional connections to his mother, Queen Gertrude, and to Ophelia, who are both on the side of King Claudius – himself a close blood relative who might have held Hamlet’s affection and regard before usurping the throne – are what make the play a tragedy. Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 Prince Hamlet is the protagonist in Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet. Ophelia is a Fictional character in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. King Claudius is a Fictional character from William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet. [7]

See also

The Oresteia in the arts and popular culture

Translations

References

  1. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus I: Oresteia – Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides. Line 212. Grene, David and Lattimore, Richard, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1953.
  2. ^ Euripides Heautontimoroumenos Pietro Pucci. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 98. (1967), pp. 365-371. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0065-9711%281967%2998%3C365%3AEH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8
  3. ^ Euripides Heautontimoroumenos Pietro Pucci. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 98. (1967), pp. 365-371. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0065-9711%281967%2998%3C365%3AEH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8
  4. ^ Robert Fagles and W. B Stanford: A Reading of the Oresteia: The Serpent and the Eagle, Introduction to Penguin Classics edition of the Oresteia, 1979
  5. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus I: Oresteia – Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides. Grene, David and Lattimore, Richard, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1953.
  6. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus I: Oresteia – Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides. Grene, David and Lattimore, Richard, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1953.
  7. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus I: Oresteia – Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides. Grene, David and Lattimore, Richard, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1953.


Plays by Aeschylus
Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright The Persians (Πέρσαι Persai) is an Athenian Tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus. The Seven against Thebes (Επτά επί Θήβας Epta epi Thēbas) is a mythic narrative whose classic statement is found in the play by Aeschylus (467 BCE The Suppliants (Ικέτιδες / Hiketides; also translated as "The Suppliant Maidens" is a play by Aeschylus. Prometheus Bound (Προμηθεύς Δεσμώτης / Promētheus Desmōtēs) is an Ancient Greek tragedy.
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