Exhausted crews at the finish of the 2002 Boat Race. Cambridge are on the left of the picture.
The Boat Race is a rowing race in England between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. The Tideway is a name given to the part of the River Thames in England that is subject to Tides This stretch of water is downstream from the Teddington The counties of England are territorial divisions of England for the purposes of administrative political and geographical demarcation GB coxless pair of Toby Garbett & Rick Dunn at Henley Royal Regatta 2004 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Oxford University Boat Club ( OUBC) is the rowing club of the University of Oxford, England, located on the River Thames at The Cambridge University Boat Club ( CUBC) is the rowing club of the University of Cambridge, England, located on the River Cam at It is rowed annually each spring on the Thames in London. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The event is a popular one, not only with the alumni of the universities, but also with rowers in general and the public. An estimated quarter of a million people watch the race live from the banks of the river, around seven to nine million people on TV in the UK, and an overseas audience estimated by the Boat Race Company of around 120 million[1] (although other estimates [2] put the audience at a much lower 5 million). The first race was in 1829 and it has been held annually since 1856, with the exception of the two world wars. A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations
Members of both teams are traditionally known as blues and each boat as a "Blue Boat", with Cambridge in light blue and Oxford dark blue. A University Sporting Blue is an award earned by sportsmen and sportswomen at Cambridge, Oxford, and some other universities for competing at the highest level of The Blue Boat is the highest level boat representing the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge in the Universities' annual rowing clash on
Course
The course is 4 miles and 374 yards (6,779 m) from Putney to Mortlake, passing Hammersmith and Barnes; it is sometimes referred to as the Championship Course, and follows an S shape, east to west. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States A yard (abbreviation yd) is a unit of Length in several different systems including English units Imperial units and United Putney is a district of south-west London in the London Borough of Wandsworth. Mortlake is a district of London, England and part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Hammersmith is an urban centre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in West London, approximately 5 miles (8km west of Charing Cross on Barnes is an affluent riverside London suburb in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. The stretch of the River Thames between Mortlake and Putney in London, England is a well-established course for rowing races most The start and finish are marked by the University Boat Race Stones on the south bank. The University Boat Race Stones are two small stone markers on the southern bank of the River Thames in west London, one 129m upstream of Putney Bridge The clubs' presidents toss a coin (the 1829 sovereign) before the race for the right to choose which side of the river (station) they will row on: their decision is based on the day's weather conditions and how the various bends in the course might favour their crew's pace. The north station ('Middlesex') has the advantage of the first and last bends, and the south ('Surrey') station the longer middle bend. Middlesex is one of the 39 historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties.
Competing for the fastest current
During the race the coxes compete for the fastest current, which lies at the deepest part of the river, frequently leading to clashes of blades and warnings from the umpire. In rowing, oars are used to propel the boat Oars differ from Paddles in that they use a fixed Fulcrum to transfer power from the handle to the blade A referee is a person who has authority to make decisions about play in many Sports Officials in various sports are known by a variety of titles including referee A crew that gets a lead of more than a boat's length can cut in front of their opponent, making it extremely difficult for the losing crew to overtake back. For this reason the tactics of the race are generally to go fast early on, and few races have a change of the lead after half-way (though this happened in 2003 and again in 2007).
The race is rowed upstream, but is timed to start on the incoming flood tide so that the crews are rowing with the fastest possible current. [3] If a strong wind is blowing from the west it will be against the tide in places along the course, causing the water to become very rough. The conditions are sometimes such that an international regatta would be cancelled, but the Boat Race has a tradition of proceeding even in potential sinking conditions. A regatta is a term used to describe either a Boat race or series of boat races Several races have featured one, or both, of the crews sinking. This happened to Cambridge in 1859 and 1978, and to Oxford in 1925 and 1951. Both boats sank in 1912, and the race was re-run, and in 1984 Cambridge sank after crashing into a stationary barge while warming up before the race. [4][5] Cambridge's sinking in 1978 was named in 79th place on Channel 4's list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.
The race is for heavyweight eights (i. e. , for eight rowers with a cox steering, and no restrictions on weight). In a crew, the coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who sits in the Stern (except in Bowloaders facing the bow steers the boat and Female coxes are permitted, the first to appear in the Boat Race being Sue Brown for Oxford in 1981. In fact female rowers would be permitted in the men's boat race, though the reverse is not true.
During the race the crews pass various traditional landmarks, visible from the river:
| Landmark |
Coordinates |
Comments |
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Putney
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Oxford boats from Westminster School Boat Club (left), and Cambridge from King's College School Boat Club (right). A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. The Royal College of St Peter in Westminster, almost always known as Westminster School, is one of Britain 's leading boys' Independent schools with King's College School's Boat Club is the rowing club of King's College School, Wimbledon, London, England. Both clubs are near the Start, just downstream of the Black Buoy. |
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The Start by Putney Bridge
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51°28′02″N 0°12′50″W / 51.467319, -0.213756 (Boat Race start) |
The University Stone lies on the south bank. Putney Bridge is a Bridge crossing of the River Thames in west London, linking Putney on the south side with Fulham to the north The winner of the toss chooses their station (the Surrey station has won 10 out of the last 15 races). In the straight section after the start the Middlesex crew tries to hold the fastest water on the centre line of the river. |
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The Black Buoy
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51°28′16″N 0°13′16″W / 51.471211, -0.221132 (The Black Buoy) |
Roughly marks the end of the Putney Boat Houses. The Black Buoy has now been painted yellow to avoid collisions. |
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Fulham Football Club
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51°28′30″N 0°13′18″W / 51.474895, -0.221655 (Fulham Football Club) |
'Craven Cottage': crews stay wide (preferring the Surrey bank) round the bend as the area in front of the football ground (known as 'the Fulham flats') is shallow, with slack water. Fulham Football Club is an English football team based in Fulham, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. [7]. |
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The Mile Post
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51°28′43″N 0°13′37″W / 51.47852, -0.226987 (The Mile Post) |
Marked by a bust of Steve Fairbairn. Steve Fairbairn ( 25 August 1862 – 16 May 1938) was a Rower and an influential rowing coach notably at Jesus College Boat Club A traditional timing point in the Boat Race. The Middlesex bank water continues to be shallow and slack all the way to Hammersmith Bridge. [7] |
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The Crabtree
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51°28′55″N 0°13′25″W / 51.482041, -0.223482 (The Crabtree) |
This section is called the "Crabtree Reach" after the Crabtree Tavern pub on the Middlesex bank (just to the right of the camera). |
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Harrods Furniture Depository
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51°29′05″N 0°13′41″W / 51.484633, -0.227956 (Harrods' Furniture Repository) |
Previously the warehouse for the famous shop, now apartments. Harrods is a Department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London, England. For the next 8-9 minutes the bend will be in Surrey's favour. The deep water channel now lies close to the Surrey bank. [7] |
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Hammersmith Bridge
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51°29′17″N 0°13′50″W / 51.488129, -0.230536 (Hammersmith Bridge) |
Coxes aim for the second lamp-post from the left which marks the deepest part of the river and therefore the fastest line. Hammersmith Bridge is a crossing of the River Thames in west London, just south of the Hammersmith town centre area of the London Borough of Hammersmith 80%-85% of boats ahead at Hammersmith Bridge have won, though only 50% in the last 6 years. The turning point comes once the crews are under Hammersmith Bridge. |
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St Paul's School
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51°29′20″N 0°14′09″W / 51.488983, -0.235855 (St Paul's School) |
1. St Paul's School is the name of many schools with St Paul's School in London, (founded 1509 being the oldest 80 miles have been rowed and the direction and perhaps the wind and water conditions are about to change. The next 3-4 minutes are Surrey's last major opportunity to kill the Middlesex crew off. |
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Chiswick Eyot ("eight")
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51°29′15″N 0°14′45″W / 51.487596, -0.245814 (Chiswick Eyot) |
An uninhabited river island. Chiswick Eyot (ˈtʃɪzɪk ˈeɪt is a small narrow uninhabited Island in the River Thames in England The river is straight again, and the deepest water is half-way between the Eyot and the Surrey bank. [7] |
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Fuller's Brewery
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51°29′14″N 0°15′02″W / 51.487182, -0.250411 (Chiswick Eyot) |
Just visible to crews, behind the eyot. Fuller's ( Fuller Smith and Turner plc) ( is a regional Brewing company founded in 1845 at the Griffin Brewery in Chiswick, West The most exposed section of the course with the risk of wind problems. |
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Chiswick Pier
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51°28′57″N 0°15′03″W / 51.482452, -0.250937 (Chiswick Pier) |
2. 87 miles have been rowed. If there are wind problems the inside of the Middlesex bend may offer calmer water. |
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The Crossing
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51°28′44″N 0°15′02″W / 51.47879, -0.250583 (The Crossing) |
Marks the end of the long Surrey bend. The deep water channel is in the centre of the river. [7] |
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The Bandstand
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51°28′36″N 0°15′08″W / 51.476572, -0.252149 (The Bandstand) |
The deep water channel lies close to the Middlesex bank at this point, and water near the Surrey bank is shallow. [7] |
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Barnes Railway Bridge
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51°28′22″N 0°15′14″W / 51.472736, -0.253758 (Barnes Railway Bridge) |
Crews must pass through the centre arch. Barnes Railway Bridge crosses the River Thames in London in a northwest to southeast direction at Barnes. 95% of boats leading here have won. Only one boat has won since 1945 when trailing at Barnes Bridge: Oxford came from behind this late in 2002. The Barnes Bridge corner is very tight: if both crews are level this is a real test for the coxes. |
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Stag Brewery
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51°28′14″N 0°15′59″W / 51.470474, -0.266376 (Stag Brewery) |
3. 94 miles have been rowed. Previously a Watneys brewery, now producing Budweiser beer. Budweiser is an American-style lager and is one of the most popular beers in the United States. |
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The Finish by Chiswick Bridge
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51°28′22″N 0°16′05″W / 51.472861, -0.268151 (The Boat Race Finish) |
The finish, just before Chiswick Bridge is marked by a stone on the south bank and a post on the north bank. Chiswick Bridge crosses the River Thames in London in a North-East to South-West direction Chiswick Bridge crosses the River Thames in London in a North-East to South-West direction |
In the arms of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, which covers much of the course, two griffin supporters hold oars, one light blue, one dark, in reference to the Boat Race. The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames ( is a London borough in south west London, England, which forms part of Outer London. These colours are highly unusual in English heraldry. In Heraldry, tinctures are the colours used to Emblazon a Coat of arms.
Previous Courses
The course for the main part of the races' history has been from Putney to Mortlake, but there have been a few other courses:
In addition, there were four unofficial boat races held during World War II away from London — 1940 (Henley-on-Thames), 1943 (Sandford-on-Thames), 1944 (River Great Ouse, Ely), and 1945. Henley-on-Thames is a town on the north side of the River Thames in south Oxfordshire, England, about 10 miles downstream and north-east from Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Sandford-on-Thames is a Village on the River Thames in Oxfordshire, England, a few miles south of the city of Oxford. The River Great Ouse is a River in the east of England. It is 150 miles (240 km long which makes it the major navigation in East Anglia, and the fourth- Ely (, rhyming with "freely" is a Cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England. As none of those competing were awarded blues, these races are not included in the official list.
History
The tradition was started in 1829 by Charles Merivale, a student at St John's College, Cambridge, and his schoolfriend Charles Wordsworth who was at Oxford. Charles Merivale ( March 8, 1808 - December 27, 1893) was an English Historian and churchman for many years dean of St John's College, an institution known formally as The Master Fellows and Scholars of the College of St John the Evangelist in the University of Cambridge is a The Reverend Charles Wordsworth, MA ( August 22, 1806 - December 5, 1892) Scottish bishop was the son of the Rev Cambridge challenged Oxford to a race, and the challenge was repeated the next year. The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The tradition continues, with the loser challenging the winner to a re-match annually.
The race in 1877 was declared a dead heat. Legend in Oxford has it that the judge, "Honest John" Phelps, was asleep under a bush as the crews came by leading him to announce the result as a "dead heat to Oxford by four feet", but this is not borne out by contemporary reports. The Times said:
Oxford, partially disabled, were making effort after effort to hold their rapidly waning lead, while Cambridge, who, curiously enough, had settled together again, and were rowing almost as one man, were putting on a magnificent spurt at 40 strokes to the minute, with a view of catching their opponents before reaching the winning-post. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. Thus struggling over the remaining portion of the course, the two eights raced past the flag alongside one another, and the gun fired amid a scene of excitement rarely equalled and never exceeded. Cheers for one crew were succeeded by counter-cheers for the other, and it was impossible to tell what the result was until the Press boat backed down to the Judge and inquired the issue. John Phelps, the waterman, who officiated, replied that the noses of the boats passed the post strictly level, and that the result was a dead heat.
Media Coverage
The event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic As of the 2005 race, the BBC handed over broadcasting rights to ITV, after 66 years. Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent
The most famous commentary on The Boat Race featured BBC radio commentator John Snagge who, his voice filled with excitement during the 1949 staging of the event, reported: "I can't see who's in the lead but it's either Oxford or Cambridge". John Derrick Mordaunt Snagge OBE ( 8 May[[ 904]] &ndash 25 March[[ 996]] was a long-time British newsreader and Commentator [8]
The race which took place on March 30, 1895 became the subject of one of the world's first motion pictures directed by Birt Acres. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race is an 1895 British short Black-and-white silent documentary film directed Birt Acres ( July 23, 1854 &ndash1918 born in Richmond, Virginia, USA of English parents was a photographer and film pioneer
The Competitors
Although the contest is strictly between amateurs and the competitors must be students of the university for whom they race, the training schedules each team undertakes are very gruelling. Typically each team trains for six days a week for six months before the event.
Such is the competitive spirit between the universities it is common for Olympic standard rowers to compete, notably including four times Olympic gold medallist Matthew Pinsent who rowed for Oxford in 1990, 1991, and 1993. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Sir Matthew Clive Pinsent CBE (born 10 October, 1970) is an English rowing champion four-time Olympic gold medallist Olympic Gold medallists from 2000 - Tim Foster (Oxford 1997), Luka Grubor (Oxford 1997), Andrew Lindsay (Oxford 1997, 1998, 1999) and Kieran West (Cambridge 1999, 2001, 2006, 2007) - and 2004 - Ed Coode (Oxford 1998) have also raced for their university. Final results for the Rowing events at the 2000 Summer Olympics: The event is probably most noted for Steve Redgrave 's winning his fifth Olympic gold medal in Timothy "Tim" Foster (born 19 January 1970) is a British Rower. Kieran Martin West MBE (born 18 September, 1977) is a British rower and Olympic champion. Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre and featured 550 competitors taking part in 14 events Ed Coode MBE (born June 19, 1975 in Indian Queens, Cornwall) is a British rower, twice World Champion and Olympic Gold medalist Other famous participants in the race include Andrew Irvine (Oxford 1923), Lord Snowdon (Cambridge 1950), David Rendel (Oxford 1974), Colin Moynihan (Oxford 1977), and Hugh Laurie (Cambridge 1980). Andrew "Sandy" Comyn Irvine (born 8 April 1902; died 8 or 9 June 1924) was an English mountaineer who took Antony Charles Robert Armstrong-Jones 1st Earl of Snowdon GCVO RDI (born 7 March 1930) is an English photographer and Emmy Award David Digby Rendel (born 15 April 1949) is a British politician Colin Berkeley Moynihan 4th Baron Moynihan (born September 13 1955 is a former Olympic coxswain who became a politician James Hugh Calum Laurie, OBE (born June 11, 1959) is an English Actor, Comedian, Writer and Musician
Academic Status
There are no sporting scholarships at Oxford or Cambridge, so in theory every student must obtain a place at their university on their academic merits, but there have been unproven accusations that these students are admitted to the universities for their rowing skill without meeting the normal academic standards.
From 1978 to 1983 the race was won every year by Oxford crews that included Boris Rankov, who was then a graduate student at Oxford and recognised as a powerhouse of the crews. Boris Rankov is a professor of Roman history at Royal Holloway, University of London. Although Rankov was a bona fide student (and is now a professor at the University of London), this led to the establishment of an informal rule ('The Rankov Rule'), to which the teams have adhered ever since, that no rower may compete in the boat race more than four times as an undergraduate, and four times as a graduate. The Boat Race, also known as the University Boat Race and The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, is a rowing race in England between the Oxford University [9][10]
In order to protect the status of the race as a competition between genuine students, the Boat Race organising committee in July 2007 refused to award a blue to 2006 and 2007 Cambridge oarsman Thorsten Engelmann, as he did not complete his academic course and instead returned to the German national rowing team to prepare for the Beijing Olympics. Thorsten Engelmann (born July 20, 1981 in Berlin) is a German rower. [11] This has caused a debate about a change of rules, and one suggestion appears to be that only students that are enrolled in courses lasting at least two years should be eligible to race. [12]
Evidence suggests that participants in the boat race are indeed academically capable: the 2005 Cambridge crew, for example, contained four Ph.D students, including a fully qualified medical doctor and a veterinarian. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation.
Standard of the Crews
The question whether the Boat Race crews are up to the standard of international crews is difficult to judge, since the Boat Race crews train for a long-distance race early in the season, so their training schedule is quite different for crews training for international regattas over 2000 metres that take place later in the year.
The Boat Race crews do race against selected club and international crews in the build-up to the race, and are competitive against them, but again these matches are over various non-standard distances, against crews that might not have been together as long as the Oxbridge crews.
In 2007 Cambridge were entered in the London Head of the River Race where they should have been measured directly against the best crews in Britain and beyond. The Head of the River Race ( HORR) is a processional rowing race held annually on the River Thames in London, England, on the However, the event was called off after several crews were sunk or swamped in rough conditions. Cambridge were fastest of the few crews who did manage to complete the course. [13]
Sponsorship
The Boat Race has been sponsored since 1976, with the money spent mainly on equipment and travel during the training period and some being passed to the womens' and lightweight rowing clubs. The Henley Boat Races are a number of rowing races between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. The sponsors do not have their logos on the boats or kit during the race, but provide branded training gear and have some naming rights. Boat Race sponsors have included Ladbrokes, Beefeater Gin, Aberdeen Asset Management, and Xchanging, who will sponsor the race until 2012. Ladbrokes plc ( is a British based Gambling company It is based in Rayners Lane in Harrow London. Beefeater Gin is a brand of Gin bottled and distributed in the United Kingdom, by the company of James Burrough Aberdeen Asset Management plc ( is an international investment management group managing assets for both institutions and private individuals from offices around the world Xchanging is a fast-growing international pure play business process outsourcing (BPO company with blue-chip customers [14][15] In a renewal of the deal with Xchanging, the crews have agreed to wear the sponsor's logo on their kit during the race, in exchange for increased funding.
Oxford Mutinies
There have been two instances where oarsmen have rebelled against the leadership of the Boat Club President and their coach. Both have involved Oxford University Boat Club and in both cases American oarsmen played a pivotal role.
1959
Oxford in Autumn 1958 had a large and talented squad. It included eleven returning Blues plus Yale oarsmen Reed Rubin and Charlie Grimes, a gold medallist at the 1956 Olympics. Charles Livingston Grimes ( July 9, 1935 &ndash February 5, 2007) was an American competition rower and Olympic champion Ronnie Howard was elected OUBC President by the College Captains, beating Rubin. In 1958, Howard had rowed in the Isis crew coached by H.R.A. "Jumbo" Edwards, which had frequently beaten the Blue Boat in training. Hugh Robert Arthur Edwards ( November 17, 1906 &ndash December 21, 1972) also know as Jumbo Edwards attended Christ Church
Howard's first act was to appoint Edwards as coach. Edwards was a coach with a strong record, but he also imposed strict standards of obedience, behaviour and dress on the triallists which many of them found childish. As an example, Grimes withdrew from the squad after Edwards insisted he remove his "locomotive driver's hat" in training.
With selection for the crew highly competitive, the squad split along the lines of the presidential election. A group of dissidents called a press conference, announcing that they wanted to form a separate crew, led by Rubin and with a different coach. They then wished to race off with Howard's crew to decide who would face Cambridge.
Faced with this challenge, Ronnie Howard returned to the College Captains and asked for a vote of confidence in his selected crew and the decision not to race off with the Rubin crew. He won the vote decisively and the Cambridge president also declared that his crew would only race the Howard eight.
Three of the dissidents returned and Oxford went on to win by six lengths. [16]
1987
In 1987, another disagreement arose amongst the Oxford team. [17] A number of top class American oarsmen refused to row when a fellow American was dropped in preference for the Scottish President, Donald Macdonald. They became embroiled in a conflict with Macdonald and with coach Dan Topolski over his training and selection methods. For the stand-up comedian and actor see Dan Antopolski Daniel (Dan Topolski (born June 4, 1945) is an Author, former Rower This eventually led most of the Americans to protest what they perceived to be the president's abuse of power, by withdrawing six weeks before the race was due to start. As Gavin Stewart, the stroke and mainstay of the winning Oxford eight, stated:
As for the Americans starting the 'mutiny', well they didn't. The 'mutiny' happened because the squad had lost respect for Donald Macdonald as president, not least because he made it clear that he had a guaranteed seat. . . The spark was the decision to set aside the result of a trial between Macdonald and one of the Americans (which Macdonald lost), giving them both seats and dropping another (British) rower. The Americans began by supporting British rowers, not the other way round.
To the surprise of many, Oxford, with a crew partially composed of oarsmen from the reserve team, went on to win the race. One aspect of the race was Topolski's tactic, communicated to the cox while the crews were on the start, for Oxford to take shelter from the rough water in the middle of the river at the start of the race, ignoring conventional wisdom that centre stream is fastest even if rowing conditions are poor.
A further surprise was that the captains of the Oxford college boat clubs, who had voted in support of Macdonald and Topolski and precipitated the Americans' withdrawal during the mutiny, voted one of those Americans, Chris Penney, as OUBC president for 1988, a break with the tradition that the president is a returning Blue (the other candidate being Tom Cadoux-Hudson, who was a British member of the 1987 winning crew). The Oxford University Boat Club ( OUBC) is the rowing club of the University of Oxford, England, located on the River Thames at
Topolski wrote a book entitled True Blue: Oxford Boat Race Mutiny on the incident. A movie based on the book, True Blue, was released in 1996. Topolski's account was seen by some as one-sided, and Ali Gill, who had been a member of the university women's Boat Club at the time of the mutiny, wrote a book The Yanks at Oxford to put the other side of the story.
Reported facts of the "mutiny" still differ greatly depending on the source, and with the historians having been personally involved in the events or the small community in which they occurred, a definitive, unbiased version has never been agreed upon. Macdonald and the Americans have refused to contribute to any debate on the event, including a 2007 BBC radio programme to mark the 20th anniversary.
Recent Years
Approaching
Barnes Bridge in the 2003 Boat Race: Oxford ultimately won by only one foot
Cambridge cross the finish line ahead of Oxford in the 2007 Boat Race, viewed from Chiswick Bridge
The 2008 Boat Race finish (Oxford Winners)
Recent years have seen especially dramatic races. Barnes Railway Bridge crosses the River Thames in London in a northwest to southeast direction at Barnes. In 2002, the favoured Cambridge crew led with only a few hundred metres to go, when a Cambridge oarsman (Sebastian Mayer) collapsed from exhaustion and Oxford rowed through to win by three-quarters of a length. They did so on the outside of the last river bend, a feat last accomplished in 1952. Few observers expected the 2003 race to match the 2002 for excitement. Cambridge were substantially heavier and appeared to be the favourites. Two days prior to the race, however, the Cambridge crew suffered a collision on the river in which oarsman Wayne Pommen was injured. With a replacement in Pommen's seat, Cambridge went on to lose to a determined Oxford crew by a record slim margin of one foot. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit In that year, there were two sets of brothers rowing: Matt Smith and David Livingston for Oxford, and Ben Smith and James Livingston for Cambridge. All four had been pupils together at Hampton School in south-west London. Hampton School is an independent, formerly Direct grant, day school for boys located in Hampton London, England. Cambridge gained revenge in 2004 in a race marred by dramatic clashes of oars in the early stages, and the unseating of Oxford's bowman.
The 2006 race was won by Oxford, despite Cambridge having started as strong favourites. Despite rough rain, Cambridge had made a tactical decision not to use a pump to remove excess water in the boat. Oxford did use a pump and overtook Cambridge to win. Cambridge had in fact introduced pumps as early as 1987 (the year of the Oxford mutiny, and a day of rough conditions).
In 2007 Cambridge were strong favourites based on the team members' individual successes, and 9 lb heavier per man on average. The Cambridge crew had five returning blues compared to Oxford's one. Furthermore, the international achievement of Cambridge's rowers far exceeded that of Oxford's: the World Champion stern pair of Germans Thorsten Engelmann (the heaviest ever boat race oarsman at 110. Thorsten Engelmann (born July 20, 1981 in Berlin) is a German rower. 4 kg) and Sebastian Schulte; Olympic Gold medallist Kieran West MBE and GB medal winner Tom James. Kieran Martin West MBE (born 18 September, 1977) is a British rower and Olympic champion. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. For the rugby union player see Tom James (rugby player Tom James (born 11 March 1984 in Cardiff) is a Welsh rower Olympic Champion and victorious
Although Oxford rowed strongly as underdogs at the beginning, the light blues showed their class by holding Oxford while they had the advantage, and pushing on with tidier rowing from Chiswick steps. They rowed on to win by a length and a quarter in a time of 17 minutes and 49 seconds. The heavily-fancied Cambridge crew did not win by the margin expected by many, thanks in part to a strong row from Oxford.
It was speculated by 2006 Oxford winning president Barney Williams that the race was won by Cambridge while Oxford still had their lead. For the boxer see Battling Levinsky Barney Guillermo Williams (born March 13, 1977 in San Martín de los Around Hammersmith Bridge the Cambridge crew (with their backs to Oxford) had no view of their rivals and the calm orders delivered from Cambridge coxswain Rebecca Dowbiggin "they're throwing the kitchen sink at this boys", and "keep loose, loose, loose. Hammersmith Bridge is a crossing of the River Thames in west London, just south of the Hammersmith town centre area of the London Borough of Hammersmith Rebecca Dowbiggin ( April 11, 1983, St Albans, England) was the 13th female to cox Cambridge in The Boat Race, the annual . . " ensured that they stayed in contention despite a push from Oxford going into Hammersmith. Beyond this point the advantage of the Surrey station to Oxford had been lost and the race was Cambridge's.
Other Oxford/Cambridge Boat Races
Although the heavyweight men's eights are the main draw, the two universities compete in other rowing boat races. The main boat race is preceded by a race between the two reserve crews (called Isis for Oxford and Goldie for Cambridge), which in 2008 was won by Isis.
The women's eights, women's reserve eights, men's lightweight eights, men's lightweight reserve eights, and women's lightweight eights race in the Henley Boat Races a week before the men's heavyweight races. The Henley Boat Races are a number of rowing races between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.
Build-up
Training for the boat race officially begins in September, before the start of term. The first tests are in November at the British Indoor Rowing Championships where each university sends around 20 rowers to compete. The British Indoor Rowing Championships ( BIRC) is an Indoor rowing event organised by Concept2. Everyone races 2 km on an indoor rower with the club presidents using adjacent machines. An indoor rower, or rowing machine, is a machine used to simulate the action of Watercraft rowing for the purpose of exercise or training for rowing. Both universities also send crews to the Head of the River Fours race in London which is raced over the reverse Boat Race course, that is to say the Championship course from Mortlake to Putney. The Fuller's Head of the River Fours ( HOR4s) is a processional rowing race held annually on the Thames in London on the 4¼ mile (6
In December, the coaches put out Trial Eights where two crews from the same university race each other over the full boat race course. These crews are given names such as Kara and Whakamanawa (Māori words for strength and honour, Cambridge 2004) or Cowboys and Indians (Oxford 2004). This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation.
Over the Christmas period the squads go on training camps abroad, where final places for the blue boats are decided. After the final blue boat crews have been decided they race against the top crews from the UK and abroad (e. g. in recent years they have raced Leander, Molesey, and the German international crew). The Leander Club, founded in 1818 is one of the oldest rowing clubs in the world Molesey Boat Club is a rowing club on the River Thames in England. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. These races are only over part of the course (from Putney to Chiswick Eyot). Chiswick Eyot (ˈtʃɪzɪk ˈeɪt is a small narrow uninhabited Island in the River Thames in England
In case of injury or illness, each university has ten extra rowers, eight in the reserve boats Isis and Goldie, and two as the spare pair. Isis and Goldie race 30 mins before the Blue Boat event over the same course. As for the spare pair, in the week before the main event they race each other from the mile post to university stone (i. e. from a point one mile into the Championship Course back to the Boat Race start). In the final week, there is also an official weigh in and the average crew weights announced. The perceived slight advantage of being the heavier crew leads to the practice of drinking large volumes of water directly before the weigh in order to artificially increase weight for a short period of time. [18]
Popular Culture
"Boat race" became such a popular phrase that it was incorporated into Cockney rhyming slang, for "face". The term Cockney has both geographical and linguistic associations Rhyming slang is a form of Slang in which a word is replaced either by another word or phrase that rhymes with it or by the first word of such a phrase in which
Results
Overall Race Wins
- Cambridge: 79 wins
- Oxford: 74 wins
- Dead heats: 1
Reserve Race
- Cambridge (Goldie): 28 wins
- Oxford (Isis): 16 wins
Unofficial wartime races
Full Results by Year
| Date |
Winner |
Time |
Oxford Wins |
Cambridge Wins |
Reserve Race |
| June 10, 1829 |
Oxford |
14:03 |
1 |
0 |
|
| June 17, 1836 |
Cambridge |
36:00 |
1 |
1 |
|
| April 3, 1839 |
Cambridge |
31:00 |
1 |
2 |
|
| April 15, 1840 |
Cambridge |
29:03 |
1 |
3 |
|
| April 14, 1841 |
Cambridge |
32:03 |
1 |
4 |
|
| June 11, 1842 |
Oxford |
30:01 |
2 |
4 |
|
| March 15, 1845 |
Cambridge |
23:03 |
2 |
5 |
|
| April 3, 1846 |
Cambridge |
21:05 |
2 |
6 |
|
| April 29, 1849 |
Cambridge |
22:00 |
2 |
7 |
|
| December 15, 1849 |
Oxford |
foul |
3 |
7 |
|
| April 3, 1852 |
Oxford |
21:36 |
4 |
7 |
|
| April 8, 1854 |
Oxford |
25:29 |
5 |
7 |
|
| March 15, 1856 |
Cambridge |
25:45 |
5 |
8 |
|
| April 4, 1857 |
Oxford |
22:05 |
6 |
8 |
|
| March 27, 1858 |
Cambridge |
21:23 |
6 |
9 |
|
| April 15, 1859 |
Oxford |
24:04 |
7 |
9 |
|
| March 31, 1860 |
Cambridge |
26:05 |
7 |
10 |
|
| March 23, 1861 |
Oxford |
23:03 |
8 |
10 |
|
| April 12, 1862 |
Oxford |
24:04 |
9 |
10 |
|
| March 28, 1863 |
Oxford |
23:06 |
10 |
10 |
|
| March 19, 1864 |
Oxford |
21:04 |
11 |
10 |
|
| April 8, 1865 |
Oxford |
21:24 |
12 |
10 |
|
| March 24, 1866 |
Oxford |
25:35 |
13 |
10 |
|
| April 13, 1867 |
Oxford |
22:39 |
14 |
10 |
|
| April 4, 1868 |
Oxford |
20:56 |
15 |
10 |
|
| March 17, 1869 |
Oxford |
20:04 |
16 |
10 |
|
| April 6, 1870 |
Cambridge |
22:04 |
16 |
11 |
|
| April 1, 1871 |
Cambridge |
23:01 |
16 |
12 |
|
| March 23, 1872 |
Cambridge |
21:15 |
16 |
13 |
|
| March 29, 1873 |
Cambridge |
19:35 |
16 |
14 |
|
| March 28, 1874 |
Cambridge |
22:35 |
16 |
15 |
|
| March 20, 1875 |
Oxford |
22:02 |
17 |
15 |
|
| April 8, 1876 |
Cambridge |
20:02 |
17 |
16 |
|
| March 24, 1877 |
Dead Heat |
24:08 |
17 |
16 |
|
| April 13, 1878 |
Oxford |
22:15 |
18 |
16 |
|
| April 5, 1879 |
Cambridge |
21:18 |
18 |
17 |
|
| March 22, 1880 |
Oxford |
21:23 |
19 |
17 |
|
| April 8, 1881 |
Oxford |
21:51 |
20 |
17 |
|
| April 1, 1882 |
Oxford |
20:12 |
21 |
17 |
|
| March 15, 1883 |
Oxford |
21:18 |
22 |
17 |
|
| April 7, 1884 |
Cambridge |
21:39 |
22 |
18 |
|
| March 28, 1885 |
Oxford |
21:36 |
23 |
18 |
|
| April 3, 1886 |
Cambridge |
22:03 |
23 |
19 |
|
| March 26, 1887 |
Cambridge |
20:52 |
23 |
20 |
|
| March 24, 1888 |
Cambridge |
20:48 |
23 |
21 |
|
| March 30, 1889 |
Cambridge |
20:14 |
23 |
22 |
|
| March 26, 1890 |
Oxford |
22:03 |
24 |
22 |
|
| March 21, 1891 |
Oxford |
21:48 |
25 |
22 |
|
| April 9, 1892 |
Oxford |
19:01 |
26 |
22 |
|
| March 22, 1893 |
Oxford |
18:45 |
27 |
22 |
|
| March 17, 1894 |
Oxford |
21:39 |
28 |
22 |
|
| March 30, 1895 |
Oxford |
20:05 |
29 |
22 |
|
| March 28, 1896 |
Oxford |
20:01 |
30 |
22 |
|
| April 3, 1897 |
Oxford |
19:12 |
31 |
22 |
|
| March 26, 1898 |
Oxford |
22:15 |
32 |
22 |
|
| March 25, 1899 |
Cambridge |
21:04 |
32 |
23 |
|
| March 31, 1900 |
Cambridge |
18:45 |
32 |
24 |
|
| March 30, 1901 |
Oxford |
22:31 |
33 |
24 |
|
| March 22, 1902 |
Cambridge |
19:09 |
33 |
25 |
|
| April 1, 1903 |
Cambridge |
19:33 |
33 |
26 |
|
| March 26, 1904 |
Cambridge |
21:37 |
33 |
27 |
|
| April 1, 1905 |
Oxford |
20:35 |
34 |
27 |
|
| April 7, 1906 |
Cambridge |
19:25 |
34 |
28 |
|
| March 16, 1907 |
Cambridge |
20:26 |
34 |
29 |
|
| April 4, 1908 |
Cambridge |
19:02 |
34 |
30 |
|
| April 3, 1909 |
Oxford |
19:05 |
35 |
30 |
|
| March 23, 1910 |
Oxford |
20:14 |
36 |
30 |
|
| April 1, 1911 |
Oxford |
18:29 |
37 |
30 |
|
| April 1, 1912 |
Oxford |
22:05 |
38 |
30 |
|
| March 13, 1913 |
Oxford |
20:53 |
39 |
30 |
|
| March 28, 1914 |
Cambridge |
20:23 |
39 |
31 |
|
| March 28, 1920 |
Cambridge |
21:11 |
39 |
32 |
|
| March 30, 1921 |
Cambridge |
19:45 |
39 |
33 |
|
| April 1, 1922 |
Cambridge |
19:27 |
39 |
34 |
|
| March 24, 1923 |
Oxford |
20:54 |
40 |
34 |
|
| April 5, 1924 |
Cambridge |
18:41 |
40 |
35 |
|
| March 28, 1925 |
Cambridge |
21:05 |
40 |
36 |
|
| March 27, 1926 |
Cambridge |
19:29 |
40 |
37 |
|
| April 2, 1927 |
Cambridge |
20:14 |
40 |
38 |
|
| March 31, 1928 |
Cambridge |
20:25 |
40 |
39 |
|
| March 23, 1929 |
Cambridge |
19:24 |
40 |
40 |
|
| April 12, 1930 |
Cambridge |
19:09 |
40 |
41 |
|
| March 21, 1931 |
Cambridge |
19:26 |
40 |
42 |
|
| March 19, 1932 |
Cambridge |
19:11 |
40 |
43 |
|
| April 1, 1933 |
Cambridge |
20:57 |
40 |
44 |
|
| March 17, 1934 |
Cambridge |
18:03 |
40 |
45 |
|
| April 6, 1935 |
Cambridge |
19:48 |
40 |
46 |
|
| April 4, 1936 |
Cambridge |
21:06 |
40 |
47 |
|
| March 24, 1937 |
Oxford |
22:39 |
41 |
47 |
|
| April 2, 1938 |
Oxford |
20:03 |
42 |
47 |
|
| April 1, 1939 |
Cambridge |
19:03 |
42 |
48 |
|
| March 30, 1946 |
Oxford |
19:54 |
43 |
48 |
|
| March 29, 1947 |
Cambridge |
23:01 |
43 |
49 |
|
| March 27, 1948 |
Cambridge |
17:05 |
43 |
50 |
|
| March 26, 1949 |
Cambridge |
18:57 |
43 |
51 |
|
| April 1, 1950 |
Cambridge |
20:15 |
43 |
52 |
|
| March 26, 1951 |
Cambridge |
20:05 |
43 |
53 |
|
| March 29, 1952 |
Oxford |
20:23 |
44 |
53 |
|
| March 28, 1953 |
Cambridge |
19:54 |
44 |
54 |
|
| April 3, 1954 |
Oxford |
20:23 |
45 |
54 |
|
| March 26, 1955 |
Cambridge |
19:01 |
45 |
55 |
|
| March 24, 1956 |
Cambridge |
18:36 |
45 |
56 |
|
| March 30, 1957 |
Cambridge |
19:01 |
45 |
57 |
|
| April 5, 1958 |
Cambridge |
18:15 |
45 |
58 |
|
| March 28, 1959 |
Oxford |
18:52 |
46 |
58 |
|
| April 2, 1960 |
Oxford |
18:59 |
47 |
58 |
|
| April 1, 1961 |
Cambridge |
19:22 |
47 |
59 |
|
| April 7, 1962 |
Cambridge |
19:46 |
47 |
60 |
|
| March 23, 1963 |
Oxford |
20:47 |
48 |
60 |
|
| March 28, 1964 |
Cambridge |
19:18 |
48 |
61 |
|
| April 3, 1965 |
Oxford |
18:07 |
49 |
61 |
Isis |
| March 26, 1966 |
Oxford |
19:12 |
50 |
61 |
Isis |
| March 25, 1967 |
Oxford |
18:52 |
51 |
61 |
Goldie |
| March 30, 1968 |
Cambridge |
18:22 |
51 |
62 |
Goldie |
| April 5, 1969 |
Cambridge |
18:04 |
51 |
63 |
Goldie |
| March 28, 1970 |
Cambridge |
20:22 |
51 |
64 |
Goldie |
| March 27, 1971 |
Cambridge |
17:58 |
51 |
65 |
Goldie |
| April 1, 1972 |
Cambridge |
18:36 |
51 |
66 |
Goldie |
| March 7, 1973 |
Cambridge |
19:21 |
51 |
67 |
Goldie |
| April 6, 1974 |
Oxford |
17:35 |
52 |
67 |
Goldie |
| March 29, 1975 |
Cambridge |
19:27 |
52 |
68 |
Isis |
| March 20, 1976 |
Oxford |
16:58 |
53 |
68 |
Isis |
| March 19, 1977 |
Oxford |
19:28 |
54 |
68 |
Goldie |
| March 25, 1978 |
Oxford |
18:58 |
55 |
68 |
Goldie |
| March 17, 1979 |
Oxford |
20:33 |
56 |
68 |
Goldie |
| April 5, 1980 |
Oxford |
19:02 |
57 |
68 |
Isis |
| April 4, 1981 |
Oxford |
18:11 |
58 |
68 |
Isis |
| March 27, 1982 |
Oxford |
18:21 |
59 |
68 |
Isis |
| April 2, 1983 |
Oxford |
19:07 |
60 |
68 |
Isis |
| March 18, 1984 |
Oxford |
16:45 |
61 |
68 |
Goldie |
| April 6, 1985 |
Oxford |
17:11 |
62 |
68 |
Isis |
| March 29, 1986 |
Cambridge |
17:58 |
62 |
69 |
Isis |
| March 28, 1987 |
Oxford |
19:59 |
63 |
69 |
Goldie |
| April 2, 1988 |
Oxford |
17:35 |
64 |
69 |
Goldie |
| March 25, 1989 |
Oxford |
18:27 |
65 |
69 |
Isis |
| March 31, 1990 |
Oxford |
17:22 |
66 |
69 |
Goldie |
| March 30, 1991 |
Oxford |
16:59 |
67 |
69 |
Goldie |
| April 4, 1992 |
Oxford |
17:44 |
68 |
69 |
Goldie |
| March 27, 1993 |
Cambridge |
17:00 |
68 |
70 |
Goldie |
| March 26, 1994 |
Cambridge |
18:09 |
68 |
71 |
Goldie |
| April 1, 1995 |
Cambridge |
18:04 |
68 |
72 |
Goldie |
| April 6, 1996 |
Cambridge |
16:58 |
68 |
73 |
Goldie |
| March 29, 1997 |
Cambridge |
17:38 |
68 |
74 |
Goldie |
| March 28, 1998 |
Cambridge |
16:19 |
68 |
75 |
Isis |
| April 3, 1999 |
Cambridge |
16:41 |
68 |
76 |
Goldie |
| March 25, 2000 |
Oxford |
18:04 |
69 |
76 |
Isis |
| March 24, 2001 |
Cambridge |
17:44 |
69 |
77 |
Goldie |
| March 30, 2002 |
Oxford |
16:54 |
70 |
77 |
Isis |
| April 6, 2003 |
Oxford |
18:06 |
71 |
77 |
Goldie |
| March 28, 2004 |
Cambridge |
18:47 |
71 |
78 |
Isis |
| March 27, 2005 |
Oxford |
16:42 |
72 |
78 |
Goldie |
| April 2, 2006 |
Oxford |
18:26 |
73 |
78 |
Goldie |
| April 7, 2007 |
Cambridge |
17:49 |
73 |
79 |
Goldie |
| March 29, 2008 |
Oxford |
20:52 |
74 |
79 |
Isis |
Statistics
- Course record: Cambridge 1998 - 16 minutes, 19 seconds (average speed 24. Henley-on-Thames is a town on the north side of the River Thames in south Oxfordshire, England, about 10 miles downstream and north-east from Sandford-on-Thames is a Village on the River Thames in Oxfordshire, England, a few miles south of the city of Oxford. The River Great Ouse is a River in the east of England. It is 150 miles (240 km long which makes it the major navigation in East Anglia, and the fourth- Ely (, rhyming with "freely" is a Cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. 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Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. 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Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 9 km/h, 15. 5 mph)(but note that the race is rowed on a tidal course, making direct comparisons in-valid)
- Heaviest rower: Thorsten Engelmann, Cambridge 2007, 17 st 6 lb 4oz (110. Thorsten Engelmann (born July 20, 1981 in Berlin) is a German rower. 8 kg; 244. 3 lb)
- Lightest rower: Alfred Higgins, Oxford 1882, 9 st 6. 5 lb (60. 1 kg; 132. 5 lb)
- Heaviest crew: Oxford 2005, 15 st 6 lb (98 kg; 216 lb) average
- Tallest rower: Josh West, Cambridge 1999/2000/2001/2002, 6 ft 9. Joshua West (born 25 March 1977 in Santa Fe New Mexico, United States) is a British Rower who attended Yale 5 in (2. 07 m)
- Tallest crew: Cambridge 1999, 6 ft 6. 3 in (1. 98 m) average
See also
Notes and references
External links
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