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The Big Lebowski

Theatrical poster
Directed by Joel & Ethan Coen
Produced by Joel & Ethan Coen
Written by Ethan Coen
Joel Coen
Starring Jeff Bridges
John Goodman
Steve Buscemi
Julianne Moore
David Huddleston
Music by Carter Burwell
Cinematography Roger Deakins
Editing by Tricia Cooke
Roderick Jaynes
Distributed by Gramercy Pictures
Release date(s) March 8, 1998 (U. Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers Jeffrey Leon Bridges (born December 4, 1949) is a four-time Academy Award -nominated American Actor and Musician. John Stephen Goodman (born June 20 1952 is a Golden Globe - and Emmy -winning American Actor. Steven Vincent "Steve" Buscemi (bʊˈsɛmi born December 13, 1957) is an Emmy - and Golden Globe -nominated American Julianne Moore (born December 3 1960 is an Academy - and BAFTA -nominated and Emmy - and Golden Globe -winning American Actress David William Huddleston (born September 17, 1930) is an American actor Carter Burwell (born November 18, 1955, in New York City) is a Composer of Film scores He graduated from King School Roger Deakins (born May 24, 1949) is a BAFTA Award -winning English Cinematographer best known for his work on the films of the Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers PolyGram Filmed Entertainment ( PFE) (aka PolyGram Films and PolyGram Pictures) was a London -based Anglo - Dutch Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) S. A. )
Running time 118 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $15,000,000
Gross revenue $17,451,873 (USA)
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile

The Big Lebowski is a 1998 American comedy film written and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The year 1998 in film involved some significant events Events February 14 - Sharon Stone marries Phil Bronstein United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century Comedy film is a genre of Film in which the main emphasis is on humor. Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers The film follows a few days in the life of Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski (Jeff Bridges), a burned-out, unemployed Californian slacker, after he is mistaken for a millionaire with the same name. Jeffrey Leon Bridges (born December 4, 1949) is a four-time Academy Award -nominated American Actor and Musician. The term slacker is commonly used to refer to a person who avoids work or (primarily in North American English an educated person who is antimaterialistic and viewed While The Big Lebowski is not directly based on Raymond Chandler's novel The Big Sleep, Joel Coen has said that "[we] wanted to do a Chandler kind of story – how it moves episodically, and deals with the characters trying to unravel a mystery. Raymond Thornton Chandler ( July 23, 1888 &ndash March 26, 1959) was an American Author of crime stories and novels The Big Sleep is a 1939 novel by Raymond Chandler, with two film versions one filmed in 1945, and another filmed in 1978. As well as having a hopelessly complex plot that's ultimately unimportant. "[1]

The Dude is mostly inspired by Jeff Dowd, a member of the Seattle Seven, and a friend of the Coen brothers, Pete Exline, a Vietnam War veteran. Jeff Dowd (born November 20 1949) is an American Film producer and political activist best known as a member of the " Seattle Seven The Seattle Liberation Front, or SLF, was a radical anti- Vietnam War organization in Seattle Washington, in the United States. Walter (John Goodman), the Dude's best friend, was based on a good friend of Exline's named Lew Abernathy, and on John Milius, a fellow filmmaker. John Stephen Goodman (born June 20 1952 is a Golden Globe - and Emmy -winning American Actor. John Frederick Milius (born April 11, 1944) is an American Screenwriter, director, and producer of Motion pictures The original score was composed by Carter Burwell, a veteran of all the Coen Brothers' films. A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film Carter Burwell (born November 18, 1955, in New York City) is a Composer of Film scores He graduated from King School Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers T-Bone Burnett, who also worked with the Coens on O Brother, Where Art Thou? (and later The Ladykillers), is credited as music bibliographer. T-Bone Burnett is an American songwriter musician and producer O Brother Where Art Thou? is a Comedy Film made by the Coen Brothers. The Ladykillers is a 2004 Remake of the 1955 Ealing comedy of the same name.

The Big Lebowski did not do well at the box office, grossing only USD $17 million domestically, just above its $15 million budget. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been However, it received generally positive reviews from critics. The film, known for its idiosyncratic characters, surreal dream sequences, unconventional dialogue and eclectic soundtrack, has become a cult classic and has been called "the first cult film of the Internet era. Idiosyncrasy, from Greek ιδιοσυγκρασία idiosunkrasia, "a peculiar temperament" "habit of body" ( idios "one's own" A cult film is a Film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. "[2] Fans' devotion to the film has even spawned the Lebowski Fest, an annual festival that started in Louisville, Kentucky in 2002, and has since expanded to several other cities. Lebowski Fest is an annual festival begun in 2002 in Louisville Kentucky celebrating Joel and Ethan Coen’s 1998 Cult film The Big Lebowski The film's cult status is set to be cemented further with the release of a 10th Anniversary Edition DVD on September 9, 2008. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Contents

Plot

Set in 1991, Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski (Jeff Bridges) is surprised by two thugs in his home in Venice, California, attempting to collect a debt Lebowski's supposed wife owes to Jackie Treehorn (Ben Gazzara). Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Jeffrey Leon Bridges (born December 4, 1949) is a four-time Academy Award -nominated American Actor and Musician. Venice is a district in western Los Angeles California. It is known for its Canals Beaches and Circus -like Ocean Front Walk, Biagio Anthony “Ben” Gazzara (born August 28, 1930) is an American Actor in Television and Motion pictures. After the thugs rough up the Dude and urinate on his rug, which, in the words of the Dude and his friends, "really tied the room together," the Dude points out that they're looking for a different person of the same name. The next day, the Dude seeks compensation for his rug from the other Jeffrey Lebowski, the titular "Big" Lebowski, a wheelchair-bound millionaire, and is met with a gruff refusal. After craftily stealing one of the Big Lebowski's rugs, the Dude meets Bunny Lebowski (Tara Reid), the Big Lebowski's nymphomaniacal trophy wife on his way off the property. Tara Reid (born November 8 1975 is an US Actress. She is known for her roles in the films The Big Lebowski (1998 American Pie Hypersexuality is the desire to engage in Human sexual behavior at a level high enough to be considered clinically significant A trophy wife is commonly used to describe any wife who is considered a Status symbol.

Days later, the Big Lebowski contacts the Dude, revealing that Bunny has been kidnapped and asks him to act as a courier for the million-dollar ransom, the Dude being in the unique position of being able to identify the rug-soiling thugs, the suspected kidnappers. A courier is a Person or company employed to deliver Messages packages and Mail. Back at his apartment, the Dude naps on his new, stolen rug, only to have his apartment burgled again, the criminals knocking him unconscious. Following a musical dream sequence, the Dude wakes up on his bare wooden floor, his new rug missing. Soon after, when Bunny's kidnappers call to arrange the ransom exchange, Walter Sobchak (John Goodman), the Dude's unstable friend and bowling teammate, convinces the Dude to keep the money and gives the kidnappers a "ringer" suitcase filled with dirty underwear. John Stephen Goodman (born June 20 1952 is a Golden Globe - and Emmy -winning American Actor. Bowling is a Game / Sport in which players attempt to score points by rolling a Bowling ball along a flat surface either into objects called pins The exchange is bungled however and the kidnappers escape, at which point they decide, "Fuck it, let's go bowling. " Later that night, the Dude's car is stolen, along with the briefcase filled with money. The Dude receives a message from the Big Lebowski's daughter, Maude (Julianne Moore), who admits to stealing the Dude's rug which he stole from the "Big" Lebowski's home, as it has sentimental value for her. Julianne Moore (born December 3 1960 is an Academy - and BAFTA -nominated and Emmy - and Golden Globe -winning American Actress At her art studio, she explains that Bunny is a porn starlet working under producer Jackie Treehorn and confirms the Dude's suspicion that Bunny probably kidnapped herself. She asks the Dude to recover the ransom, as it was illegally withdrawn by her father from a family-run charitable foundation for orphans, offering him a finder's fee in exchange for his services. In the United States, a finder's fee is the compensation given to an intermediary in a Business transaction

The Dude (Jeff Bridges) talking to the "Big Lebowski" (David Huddleston) about compensation for the rug
The Dude (Jeff Bridges) talking to the "Big Lebowski" (David Huddleston) about compensation for the rug

The Big Lebowski angrily confronts the Dude over his failure to hand over the money. Jeffrey Leon Bridges (born December 4, 1949) is a four-time Academy Award -nominated American Actor and Musician. David William Huddleston (born September 17, 1930) is an American actor The Dude claims that he made the pay-off as agreed, but the Big Lebowski responds by handing the Dude an envelope sent to him by the kidnappers which contains a severed toe, presumably Bunny's.

The Dude is enjoying a relaxing bath when he receives a message that his car has been found. Mid-message, three German nihilists invade the Dude's apartment, identify themselves as the kidnappers, and interrogate and threaten him for the ransom money. The Nihilist movement was a Russian Anarchist movement in the 1860s which rejected existing authorities and values The Dude returns to Maude's studio, where she identifies the German nihilists as Bunny's friends and pornographic co-stars. The Dude picks up his car from the police, and based on evidence he finds in the front seat, he and Walter track down the supposed thief, who turns out to be a stubborn teenager. Upon returning home without any clue about the whereabouts of the ransom money, Jackie Treehorn's thugs return to bring the Dude to Treehorn's beach house in Malibu, where Treehorn inquires about the whereabouts of Bunny. When the Dude confesses he has no such information, Treehorn drugs the Dude's drink and he passes out, leading to a second, more elaborate dream sequence, starting as the opening credits of a movie named "Gutterballs". Upon awakening once again, the Dude finds himself in a police car and then in front of the sheriff of Malibu, who berates him for coming to Malibu and ruining the peace. The Dude arrives home and is greeted by Maude Lebowski, who hopes to conceive a child with him. During post-coital conversation with Maude, the Dude finds out that, despite appearances, her father has no money of his own, as Maude's late mother was the rich one, and she left her money exclusively to the family charity. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract In a flash, the Dude unravels the whole scheme: When the Big Lebowski heard that Bunny was kidnapped, he used it as a pretense for an embezzlement scheme, in which he withdrew the ransom money from the family charity, kept it for himself, gave an empty briefcase to the Dude (who would be the fall guy on whom he pinned the theft), and was content to let the kidnappers kill Bunny. Fall Guy ( Katmata koshin kyoku, 蒲田行進曲 is a 1982 Japanese film directed by Kinji Fukasaku.

Meanwhile, it has by now become clear that the kidnapping was itself a ruse. While Bunny took an unannounced trip, the nihilists (her friends) alleged a kidnapping in order to get money from her husband. (It is left unclear whether and to what extent Bunny was an active collaborator in this scheme). The Dude and Walter arrive at the Big Lebowski residence, finding Bunny back at home, having returned from her trip. They confront the Big Lebowski with their version of the events, which he counters but does not deny. The affair apparently over, the Dude and his bowling teammates are once again confronted by the nihilists, who have set the Dude's car on fire. They are still demanding the million dollars, despite the fact that the Dude does not have the money and Bunny has not even been kidnapped. Walter viciously fights them off, biting and severing an ear out of one of them, but their third teammate, Donny (Steve Buscemi), suffers a fatal heart attack. Steven Vincent "Steve" Buscemi (bʊˈsɛmi born December 13, 1957) is an Emmy - and Golden Globe -nominated American They take his ashes to a beach, where Walter offers a lengthy eulogy complete with Vietnam War references. A eulogy is a speech or writing in Praise of a person or thing He scatters Donny's ashes, but a gust of wind blows much of the ashes onto the Dude's face. Upset, the Dude lashes out at Walter. Walter apologizes and hugs the Dude, before suggesting, "Fuck it, man. Let's go bowling. " As the movie nears its end, the Dude sums up his situation and philosophy with the phrase, "The Dude abides".

Cast and characters

The Dude (Jeff Bridges), Donny (Steve Buscemi), and Walter (John Goodman)
The Dude (Jeff Bridges), Donny (Steve Buscemi), and Walter (John Goodman)

Minor Characters

Production

Origins

The Dude is mostly inspired by Jeff Dowd, a man the Coen brothers met while they were trying to find distribution for the feature film, Blood Simple. David Thewlis (né Wheeler; born 20 March 1963 is an English Film, Television and stage Actor, as well as a Mark Pellegrino (born April 9, 1965) is an American Actor of Film and Television who has been acting steadily since Jimmie Dale Gilmore (born May 6, 1945) is a country singer songwriter actor recording artist and producer currently living in Austin, Jack Kehler is an Actor. He is sometimes credited as Jack Keeler. Domenick Jack Irrera (born 1947 originally from Philadelphia, is a Stand-up comedian. Mike Gomez (born April 18, 1951 in Dallas Texas, US) is an American Actor. Marshall Manesh (born August 16, 1950) is an Iranian /American actor Leon Russom (born December 6, 1941) is an American Emmy -nominated actor Aimee Mann (born September 8, 1960) is an American, rock Guitarist, bassist, Singer, and noted Songwriter Jerry Haleva (born May 26, 1946) is an American actor and political lobbyist known for his physical similarities to late former Iraqi leader Saddam Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Warren Keith is a character actor who has been featured in many contemporary films and has an active career on stage in San Francisco in the late 1990s and since 2000 Jeff Dowd (born November 20 1949) is an American Film producer and political activist best known as a member of the " Seattle Seven Blood Simple is a 1985 Neo-noir Crime film. It was the directorial debut of Joel and Ethan Coen, and the first major film of [5] Dowd had been a member of the Seattle Seven, liked to drink White Russians, and was known as "The Dude". The Seattle Liberation Front, or SLF, was a radical anti- Vietnam War organization in Seattle Washington, in the United States. [5] The Dude was also partly based on a friend of the Coen brothers, Pete Exline, a Vietnam War veteran who reportedly lived in a dump of an apartment and was proud of a little rug that "tied the room together". [6] He knew Barry Sonnenfeld from New York University and he introduced Exline to the Coen brothers while they were trying to raise money for Blood Simple. Barry Sonnenfeld (born April 1 1953) is an Emmy Award -winning American Filmmaker and Television director New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. [5] Exline became friends with the Coens and, in 1989, told them all kinds of stories from his own life, including ones about his friend Lew Abernathy (one of the inspirations for Walter), a fellow Vietnam vet who later became a private investigator and helped him track down and confront a high school kid who stole his car. [5] Like in the final film, Exline's car was impounded by the Los Angeles Police Department and Abernathy found an 8th grader's homework under the passenger seat. [5] Exline also belonged to an amateur softball league but the Coens changed it to bowling in the movie because "it's a very social sport where you can sit around and drink and smoke while engaging in inane conversation", Ethan said in an interview. [6] The Coens met filmmaker John Milius when they were in Los Angeles making Barton Fink and incorporated his love of guns and the military into the character of Walter. John Frederick Milius (born April 11, 1944) is an American Screenwriter, director, and producer of Motion pictures Barton Fink is a 1991 Film by Joel and Ethan Coen. It tells the story of Barton Fink ( John Turturro) a young intense and rather awkward writer [6]

According to Julianne Moore, the character of Maude was based on artist Carolee Schneemann "who worked naked from a swing" and Yoko Ono. Carolee Schneemann (born October 12, 1939 in Fox Chase Pennsylvania) is an American visual artist known for her discourses on the body born in Tokyo on February 18 1933 is a Japanese Artist and Musician. [6] The character of Jesus Quintana was inspired, in part, by a performance the Coens had seen John Turturro give in 1988 at the Public Theater in a play called Ma Puta Vita in which he played a pederast-type character, "so we thought, let's make Turturro a pederast. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) It'll be something he can really run with," Joel said in an interview. [6]

The film's overall structure was influenced by the detective fiction of Raymond Chandler. Raymond Thornton Chandler ( July 23, 1888 &ndash March 26, 1959) was an American Author of crime stories and novels Ethan said, "We wanted something that would generate a certain narrative feeling – like a modern Raymond Chandler story, and that's why it had to be set in Los Angeles . . . We wanted to have a narrative flow, a story that moves like a Chandler book through different parts of town and different social classes". [6] The use of the Stranger's voiceover also came from Chandler as Joel remarked, "He is a little bit of an audience substitute. In the movie adaptation of Chandler it's the main character that speaks offscreen, but we didn't want to reproduce that though it obviously has echoes. It's as if someone was commenting on the plot from an all-seeing point of view. And at the same time rediscovering the old earthiness of a Mark Twain". Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist [7]

The significance of the bowling culture was, according to Joel, "important in reflecting that period at the end of the Fifties and the beginning of the Sixties. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 That suited the retro side of the movie, slightly anachronistic, which sent us back to a not-so-far-away era, but one that was well and truly gone nevertheless". [7]

Screenplay

The Big Lebowski was written around the same time as Barton Fink but when the Coens wanted to make it, John Goodman was taping episodes for the Roseanne television program and Jeff Bridges was making the Walter Hill film, Wild Bill and they decided to make Fargo in the meantime. Roseanne is an American sitcom broadcast on ABC from 1988 to 1997 starring Stand-up comedian Roseanne Fargo is a 1996 American Film produced directed and written by brothers Ethan and Joel Coen. [6] According to Ethan, "the movie was conceived as pivoting around that relationship between the Dude and Walter", which sprang from the scenes between Barton Fink and Charlie Meadows in Barton Fink. [7] They also came up with the idea of setting the film in contemporary L. A. because the people who inspired the story lived in the area. [8] When Pete Exline told them about the homework in a baggie incident, the Coens thought that that was very Raymond Chandler-esque and decided to integrate elements of the author's fiction into their script. Joel Coen cites Robert Altman's contemporary take on Chandler with The Long Goodbye as a primary influence on their film in the sense that The Big Lebowski "is just kind of informed by Chandler around the edges". Robert Bernard Altman (February 20 1925 – November 20 2006 was an American Film director known for making films that are highly naturalistic, but with The Long Goodbye ( 1973) is a film adaptation of Raymond Chandler 's novel The Long Goodbye. [9] When they started writing the script, the Coens wrote only 40 pages and then let it sit for a while before finishing it. This is the normal writing process for the Coens because they often "encounter a problem at a certain stage, we pass to another project, then we come back to the first script. That way we've already accumulated pieces for several future movies". [7] In order to liven up a scene that they thought as too heavy on exposition, they added an "effete art-world hanger-on", known as Knox Harrington, late in the screenwriting process. [10] In the original script, the Dude's car was the one Dowd used to have – a Chrysler LeBaron but it was not big enough to fit John Goodman so the Coens changed it to a Ford Torino. The Chrysler LeBaron was introduced in 1977 as Chrysler 's lowest priced model and the name was used on various Chryslers until 1995 The Ford Torino was an intermediate car produced by the Ford Motor Company for the North American market between 1968 and 1976 [5]

Pre-production

Polygram and Working Title Films, who had funded Fargo, backed The Big Lebowski with a budget of $15 million. PolyGram was the name from 1972 of the Major label recording company started by Philips as a holding company for its music interests in 1945 Working Title Films is a British film production company based in London, England. In casting the film, Joel remarked, "we tend to write both for people we know and have worked with, and some parts without knowing who's going to play the role. In The Big Lebowski we did write for John [Goodman] and Steve [Buscemi], but we didn't know who was getting the Jeff Bridges role". [11] In preparation for his role, Bridges met Dowd but actually "drew on myself a lot from back in the Sixties and Seventies. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. I lived in a little place like that and did drugs, although I think I was a little more creative than the Dude". [6] The actor went into his own closet with the film's wardrobe person and picked out clothes that he had that the Dude might wear. [3] He wore his character's clothes home because most of them were his own. [12] The actor also adopted the same physicality as Dowd, including the slouching and his ample belly. [5] Originally, Goodman wanted a different kind of beard for Walter but the Coen brothers insisted on the "Gladiator" or what they called the "Chin Strap" and he thought it would go well with his flat-top haircut. [3] Bridges, Goodman, and Buscemi were trained for the bowling scenes by Barry Asher who can be seen in the last shot of the film throwing a strike. [3]

For the look of the film, the Coens wanted to avoid the usual retro 1960s clichés like lava lamps, Day-Glo posters, and Grateful Dead music[13] and for it to be "consistent with the whole bowling thing, we wanted to keep the movie pretty bright and poppy," Joel said in an interview. The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in the San Francisco Bay Area. [6] For example, the star motif featured predominantly throughout the movie started with the film's production designer Richard Heinrichs' design for the bowling alley. According to Joel, he "came up with the idea of just laying free-form neon stars on top of it and doing a similar free-form star thing on the interior". This carried over to the film's dream sequences. "Both dream sequences involve star patterns and are about lines radiating to a point. In the first dream sequence, the Dude gets knocked out and you see stars and they all coalesce into the overhead nightscape of L. A. The second dream sequence is an astral environment with a backdrop of stars," remembers Heinrichs. [6] For Jackie Treehorn's Malibu beach house, he was inspired by late 1950s and early 1960s bachelor pad-style furniture. The Coen brothers told Heinrichs that they wanted Treehorn's beach party to be Inca-themed with a "very Hollywood-looking party in which young, oiled-down, fairly aggressive men walk around with appetizers and drinks. So there's a very sacrificial quality to it". [14]

Cinematographer Roger Deakins discussed the look of the film with the Coens during pre-production. Roger Deakins (born May 24, 1949) is a BAFTA Award -winning English Cinematographer best known for his work on the films of the They told him that they wanted some parts of the film to have a real and contemporary feeling and other parts, like the dream sequences, to have a very stylized look. [15] Bill and Jacqui Landrum did all of the choreography for the film. For his dance sequence, Jack Kehler went through three, three-hour rehearsals. [3] The Coen brothers offered him three to four choices of classical music for him to pick from and he settled on "Pictures at an Exhibition". At each rehearsal, he went through each phase of the song. [3]

Principal photography

Actual filming took place over an eleven-week period with location shooting in and around L. A. , including all of the bowling sequences at the Hollywood Star Lanes (for three weeks in Santa Monica)[16] and the Dude's Busby Berkeley-esque dream sequences in a converted airplane hanger. Busby Berkeley ( November 29, 1895 – March 14, 1976) born William Berkeley Enos in Los Angeles California, was a highly [17] According to Joel, the only time they ever directed Bridges "was when he would come over at the beginning of each scene and ask, 'Do you think the Dude burned one on the way over?' I'd reply 'Yes' usually, so Jeff would go over in the corner and start rubbing his eyes to get them bloodshot". [6] Julianne Moore was sent the script while working on The Lost World: Jurassic Park. The Lost World Jurassic Park (commonly referred to as The Lost World or Jurassic Park 2) is a 1997 American Science She worked only two weeks on the film, early and late during the production that went from January to April 1997[18] while Sam Elliott was only on set for two days and did many takes of his final speech. [3]

Deakins describes the look of the fantasy scenes as being very crisp, monochromatic, and highly lit in order to afford greater depth of focus. However, with the Dude's apartment, Deakins said, "it's kind of seedy and the light's pretty nasty" with a grittier look. The visual bridge between these two different looks was how he photographed the night scenes. Instead of adopting the usual blue moonlight or blue street lamp look, he used a very orange sodium-light effect. [19] The Coen brothers shot a lot of the film with wide-angle lens because, according to Joel, it made it easier to hold focus for a greater depth and it made camera movements more dynamic. [20]

To achieve the point-of-view of a rolling bowling ball the Coen brothers mounted a camera, "on something like a barbecue spit", according to Ethan, and then dolly it along the lane. The challenge for them was figuring out the relative speeds of the forward motion and the rotating motion. CGI was used to create the vantage point of the thumb hole in the bowling ball. [18]

Soundtrack

The Big Lebowski: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The Big Lebowski: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack cover
Soundtrack by Various artists
Released February 24, 1998
Genre Rock, classical, jazz, country, folk, pop
Length 51:43
Label Mercury
Producer T-Bone Burnett, Joel Coen, Ethan Coen
Professional reviews
Coen Brothers film soundtracks chronology
Fargo
(1996)		 The Big Lebowski
(1998)		 O Brother, Where Art Thou?
(2000)

The original score was composed by Carter Burwell, a veteran of all the Coen Brothers' films. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music Mercury Records is a Record label operating as a standalone company in the UK and as part of the Island Def Jam Music Group in the US and are both subsidiaries of In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing T-Bone Burnett is an American songwriter musician and producer Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers allmusic (previously All Music Guide) is a Metadata database about music owned by All Media Guide. Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers Fargo is a 1996 American Film produced directed and written by brothers Ethan and Joel Coen. O Brother Where Art Thou? is the Soundtrack of music from the 2000 American Comedy film O Brother Where Art Thou? A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film Carter Burwell (born November 18, 1955, in New York City) is a Composer of Film scores He graduated from King School Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers The Coens asked T-Bone Burnett to pick songs for the soundtrack of the film. T-Bone Burnett is an American songwriter musician and producer They knew that they wanted different genres of music from different times but, as Joel remembers, "T-Bone even came up with some far-out Henry Mancini and Yma Sumac". [21] Burnett was going to be credited on the film as "Music Supervisor" but asked his credit to be "Music Archivist" because he "hated the notion of being a supervisor; I wouldn't want anyone to think of me as management". [21]

For Joel, "the original music, as with other elements of the movie, had to echo the retro sounds of the Sixties and early Seventies". [7] Music defines each character. For example, "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" by Bob Nolan was chosen for the Stranger at the time the Coens wrote the screenplay, as was "Lujon" by Henri Mancini for Jackie Treehorn. "The German nihilists are accompanied by techno-pop and Jeff Bridges by Creedence. So there's a musical signature for each of them", remarked Ethan in an interview. [7]

Soundtrack album track listing

  1. "The Man in Me" — written and performed by Bob Dylan
  2. "Her Eyes Are A Blue Million Miles" — written and performed by Captain Beefheart
  3. "My Mood Swings" — written by Elvis Costello and Cait O'Riordan; performed by Costello
  4. "Ataypura" — written by Moises Vivanco; performed by Yma Sumac
  5. "Traffic Boom" — written and performed by Piero Piccioni
  6. "I Got It Bad & That Ain't Good" — written by Duke Ellington and Paul Francis Webster; performed by Nina Simone
  7. "Stamping Ground" — written by Louis T. Hardin; performed by Moondog with orchestra
  8. "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)" — written by Mickey Newbury; performed by Kenny Rogers & The First Edition
  9. "Walking Song" — written and performed by Meredith Monk
  10. "Glück das mir verblieb" from Die tote Stadt — written and conducted by Erich Wolfgang Korngold; performed by Ilona Steingruber, Anton Dermota and the Austrian State Radio Orchestra
  11. "Lujon" — written and performed by Henry Mancini. " The Man in Me " is a Song from Bob Dylan 's 1970 Album New Morning. Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major Clear Spot is the seventh Album by Captain Beefheart & the Magic Band originally released on LP in 1972 in a clear plastic sleeve Don Van Vliet (born Donald Glen Vliet on January 15 1941, in Glendale California, U Elvis Costello (born Declan Patrick MacManus 25 August 1954 is an English Musician and Singer-songwriter, with Irish ancestry Caitlín O'Riordan (born 4 January 1965 is a British musician Piero Piccioni ( December 6 1921 - July 23 2004) was an Italian Pianist, Organist, conductor, Composer Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29 1899 &ndash May 24 1974 was an American Composer, Pianist, and Bandleader. Paul Francis Webster ( December 20, 1907 – March 18, 1984) was an American lyricist who won three Academy Awards Eunice Kathleen Waymon, better known by her Stage name Nina Simone ( IPA: ninɐ sʌmɞnɑ (February 21 1933 – April 21 2003 was a fifteen-time Moondog was the Pseudonym of Louis Thomas Hardin ( May 26, 1916 &ndash September 8, 1999) a blind American composer musician Moondog was the Pseudonym of Louis Thomas Hardin ( May 26, 1916 &ndash September 8, 1999) a blind American composer musician " Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In " is a song written by Mickey Newbury. Mickey Newbury ( May 19, 1940 - September 29, 2002) was an American Songwriter for Acuff-Rose Music, a critically Kenneth Ray "Kenny" Rogers (born August 21, 1938, in Houston Texas) is an American Country music Singer-songwriter The First Edition (later known as Kenny Rogers and The First Edition) was a Rock band, stalwart members being Kenny Rogers ( vocals & Meredith Jane Monk (born November 20, 1942, in New York) is an American Composer, performer director vocalist film-maker Glück das mir verblieb ( German for My happiness that remained) is an Aria from the opera Die Tote Stadt by Erich Wolfgang Korngold Die tote Stadt ( German: The Dead City) is an Opera in three acts by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Erich Wolfgang Korngold ( May 29, 1897 &ndash November 29, 1957) was an Academy Award -winning 20th century Film and Kammersänger Anton Dermota ( June 4, 1910 &ndash June 22, 1989) was a Slovene Tenor. Henry Mancini ( April 16, 1924 &ndash June 14, 1994) was an Academy Award winning American Composer, conductor
  12. "Hotel California" — written by Don Henley, Glenn Frey and Don Felder; performed by The Gipsy Kings
  13. "Technopop (Wie Glauben)" — written and performed by Carter Burwell
  14. "Dead Flowers" — written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards; performed by Townes van Zandt

Other music in the film

Reception

The Big Lebowski received its world premiere at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 1998 at the 1,300 capacity Eccles Theater. The Sundance Film Festival is a Film festival that takes place annually in the state of Utah, in the United States. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Reportedly, there were a few walkouts and Peter Howell, in his review for the Toronto Star, wrote, "It's hard to believe that this is the work of a team that won an Oscar last year for the original screenplay of Fargo. The Toronto Star is Canada 's highest-circulation newspaper though its print edition is distributed almost entirely within the province of Ontario. There's a large amount of profanity in the movie, which seems a weak attempt to paper over dialogue gaps". [22] The film was also screened at the 1998 Berlin Film Festival[23] before opening in North America on March 6, 1998 in 1,207 theaters. The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) It grossed USD $5. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 5 million on its opening weekend, grossing $17 million domestically, just above its $15 million budget. [24]

Reviews have been mostly positive. The Big Lebowski currently has a rating of 76% on Rotten Tomatoes (58% for their "Cream of the Crop" designation). Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. Todd McCarthy in Variety magazine wrote, "One of the film's indisputable triumphs is its soundtrack, which mixes Carter Burwell's original score with classic pop tunes and some fabulous covers". Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman [25] USA Today gave the film three out of four stars and felt that the Dude was "too passive a hero to sustain interest," but that there was "enough startling brilliance here to suggest that, just like the Dude, those smarty-pants Coens will abide". USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. [26] In his review for the Washington Post Desson Howe praised the Coens and "their inspired, absurdist taste for weird, peculiar Americana – but a sort of neo-Americana that is entirely invented – the Coens have defined and mastered their own bizarre subgenre. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D No one does it like them and, it almost goes without saying, no one does it better". [27] Janet Maslin praised Bridges' performance in her review for the New York Times: "Mr. Janet Maslin (born 1948 is an American Journalist. She is best known as a film and literary critic for The New York Times Bridges finds a role so right for him that he seems never to have been anywhere else. Watch this performance to see shambling executed with nonchalant grace and a seemingly out-to-lunch character played with fine comic flair". [28] Andrew Sarris, in his review for the New York Observer, wrote, "The result is a lot of laughs and a feeling of awe toward the craftsmanship involved. Andrew Sarris, born on October 31, 1928 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, is a U The New York Observer is a weekly newspaper first published in New York City on September 22, 1987, by Arthur L I doubt that there'll be anything else like it the rest of this year". [29]

However, Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote in the Chicago Reader, "To be sure, The Big Lebowski is packed with show-offy filmmaking and as a result is pretty entertaining. The Chicago Reader is an Alternative newsweekly in Chicago, Illinois, USA But insofar as it represents a moral position–and the Coens' relative styling of their figures invariably does–it's an elitist one, elevating salt-of-the-earth types like Bridges and Goodman . . . over everyone else in the movie". [30] Dave Kehr, in his review for the Daily News, criticized the film's premise as a "tired idea, and it produces an episodic, unstrung film". [31] The Guardian criticized the film as "a bunch of ideas shoveled into a bag and allowed to spill out at random. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. The film is infuriating, and will win no prizes. But it does have some terrific jokes". [32]

Legacy

Steve Palopoli wrote about the film's emerging cult status in July 2002. [33] He first realized that the film had a cult following when he attended a midnight screening in 2000 at the New Beverly Cinema in L. A cult following is a group of fans devoted to a specific area of Pop culture. A. Palopoli witnessed people quoting dialogue from the film to each other. [5] Soon after the article appeared, the programmer for local midnight film series in Santa Cruz decided to screen The Big Lebowski and on the first weekend they had to turn away several hundred people. The theater held the film over for six weeks which had never happened before. [34]

Two-disc 10th Anniversary Edition DVD cover artwork
Two-disc 10th Anniversary Edition DVD cover artwork

DVD

Universal Studios released a "Collector's Edition" DVD on October 18, 2005 with extra features that included and "Introduction by Mortimer Young", "Jeff Bridges' Photography", "Making of The Big Lebowski", and "Production Notes". Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In addition, a limited edition "Achiever’s Edition Gift Set" also included The Big Lebowski Bowling Shammy Towel, four Collectible Coasters that included photographs and quotable lines from the movie, and eight Exclusive Photo Cards from Jeff Bridges’ personal collection. [35] A "10th Anniversary Edition" will be released on September 9, 2008 and will feature all of the extras from the "Collector's Edition" and "The Dude's Life: Strikes and Gutters . Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common . . Up's and Downs . . . The Dude Abides", Theatrical Trailer (from the first DVD release), "The Lebowski Fest: An Achiever's Story", "Flying Carpets and Bowling Pin Dreams: The Dream Sequences of the Dude", "Interactive Map", "Jeff Bridges Photo Book",and a "Photo Gallery". There will be both a standard release and a Limited Edition which features "Bowling Ball Packaging" and is individually numbered. [36]

Lebowski fest

Main article: Lebowski Fest

An annual festival, the Lebowski Fest, began in Louisville, Kentucky in 2002 with 150 fans showing up, and has since expanded to several other cities. Lebowski Fest is an annual festival begun in 2002 in Louisville Kentucky celebrating Joel and Ethan Coen’s 1998 Cult film The Big Lebowski [37] The Festival's main event each year is a night of unlimited bowling with various contests including costume, trivia, hardest and farthest traveled contests. Held over a weekend, events typically include a pre-fest party with bands the night before the bowling event as well as a day long outdoor party with bands, vendor booths, games. Various celebrities from the film have even attended some of the events, including Jeff Bridges attending the Los Angeles event. Jeffrey Leon Bridges (born December 4, 1949) is a four-time Academy Award -nominated American Actor and Musician. [37] The British equivalent, inspired by Lebowski Fest, is known as The Dude Abides and is held in London. [38]

References

  1. ^ "An Interview with the Coen Brothers, Joel and Ethan about The Big Lebowski", IndieWire, 1998. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland  
  2. ^ Russell, Will. "Hey Dude: The Lebowski Festival", The Independent, August 15, 2007. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli  
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Green, Bill; Ben Peskoe, Will Russell, Scott Shuffitt. "I'm A Lebowski, You're A Lebowski", Bloomsbury, 2007, pp. Bloomsbury is an area of central London in the south of the London Borough of Camden, developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into  25-72.  
  4. ^ Coen, Joel (Writer, Director) and Ethan Coen (Writer, Producer). (2005-10-18). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid The Big Lebowski (Collector's Edition) [DVD]. Universal Studios. Retrieved on 2007-12-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Event occurs at (Special Feature Interview).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Green 2007, p. 87-111.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bergan, Ronald. "The Coen Brothers", Thunder's Mouth Press, 2000.  
  7. ^ a b c d e f Ciment, Michel; Hubert Niogret. "The Logic of Soft Drugs", Postif, May 1998. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)  
  8. ^ Robertson, William Preston; Tricia Cooke. "The Big Lebowski: The Making of a Coen Brothers Film", W.W. Norton, 1998, pp. W W Norton & Company is an American book publishing company that has remained independent since its founding  41.  
  9. ^ Robertson 1998, p. 43.
  10. ^ McCarthy, Phillip. "Coen Off", Sydney Morning Herald, March 27, 1998]]. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates  
  11. ^ Woods, Paul A. "Joel & Ethan Coen: Blood Siblings", Plexus, 2000.  
  12. ^ Carr, Jay. "The Big Easy", Boston Globe, March 1, 1998]]. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant  
  13. ^ Robertson 1998, p. 95.
  14. ^ Robertson 1998, p. 91.
  15. ^ Robertson 1998, p. 77.
  16. ^ Wloszcyna, Susan. "Another Quirky Coen Toss Turning Their Sly Style to Lebowski", USA Today, March 5, 1998]]. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a  
  17. ^ Levine, Josh. "The Coen Brothers: The Story of Two American Filmmakers", ECW Press, 2000. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.  
  18. ^ a b Arnold, Gary. "Siblings' Style Has No Rivals", Washington Times, March 6, 1998. The Washington Times is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published in Washington D Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)  
  19. ^ Robertson 1998, p. 79.
  20. ^ Robertson 1998, p. 82.
  21. ^ a b Altman, Billy. "A Music Maker Happy to Be Just a Conduit", New York Times, February 24, 2002. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule  
  22. ^ Howell, Peter. "Coens' latest doesn't hold together The Big Lebowski is more sprawling than large", Toronto Star, January 19, 1998. The Toronto Star is Canada 's highest-circulation newspaper though its print edition is distributed almost entirely within the province of Ontario. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)  
  23. ^ "Berlinale 1998: Pix in official selection", Variety, February 9, 1998 – February 15, 1998. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)  
  24. ^ "The Big Lebowski", Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.  
  25. ^ McCarthy, Todd. "The Big Lebowski", Variety, January 20, 1998. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.  
  26. ^ Wloszczyna, Susan. "The Big Lebowski: Coen humor to spare", USA Today, March 6, 1998. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)  
  27. ^ Howe, Desson. "The Big Lebowski: Rollin' a Strike", Washington Post, March 6, 1998. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)  
  28. ^ Maslin, Janet. "A Bowling Ball's-Eye View of Reality", New York Times, March 6, 1998. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.  
  29. ^ Sarris, Andrew. "A Cubist Coen Comedy", New York Observer, March 8, 1998. The New York Observer is a weekly newspaper first published in New York City on September 22, 1987, by Arthur L Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.  
  30. ^ Rosenbaum, Jonathan. "L.A. Residential", Chicago Reader, March 6, 1998. The Chicago Reader is an Alternative newsweekly in Chicago, Illinois, USA Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.  
  31. ^ Kehr, Dave. "Coen Brothers' Latest is a Big Letdownski", Daily News, March 6, 1998. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)  
  32. ^ "Meanwhile, The Big Lebowski should have stayed in the bowling alley . . . ", The Guardian, April 24, 1998. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)  
  33. ^ Palopoli, Steve. "The Last Cult Picture Show", Metro Santa Cruz, July 25-31, 2002. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama  
  34. ^ Green 2007, p. 130.
  35. ^ Foster, Dave. "The Big Lebowski CE in October", DVD Times, August 27, 2005. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.  
  36. ^ Foster, Dave. "The Big Lebowski 10th AE (R1) in September", DVD Times, April 6, 2008. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.  
  37. ^ a b Hoggard, Liz. "Get with the Dude's vibe", The Guardian, July 22, 2007. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.  
  38. ^ Hodgkinson, Will. "Dude, let's go bowling", The Guardian, May 11, 2005. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.  

Bibliography

External links

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