81 mercury ← thallium → lead In ↑ Tl ↓ Uut Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	thallium, Tl, 81
Chemical series	poor metals
Group, Period, Block	13, 6, p
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	204.3833(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	11. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Indium (ˈɪndiəm is a Chemical element with chemical symbol In and Atomic number 49 Ununtrium (juːˈnʌntriəm or /əˈnʌntriəm/ is the temporary name of a Synthetic element in the Periodic table that has the temporary symbol Uut and This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 85  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	11. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 22  g·cm−3
Melting point	577 K (304 °C, 579 °F)
Boiling point	1746 K (1473 °C, 2683 °F)
Heat of fusion	4. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 14  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	165  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 26. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 32  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 882 977 1097 1252 1461 1758
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	3, 1 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 62 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 589. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron 4 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1971 kJ/mol
	3rd: 2878 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	190  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	156  pm
Covalent radius	148  pm
Van der Waals radius	196 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	???
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 0. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 18 µ Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 46. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 1  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 29. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 9  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 818 m/s
Young's modulus	8  GPa
Shear modulus	2. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 8  GPa
Bulk modulus	43  GPa
Poisson ratio	0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 45
Mohs hardness	1. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 2
Brinell hardness	26. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece 4  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-28-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of thallium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 203Tl 29. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Thallium ( Tl) has 25 Isotopes which have Atomic masses that range from 184 to 210 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 524% 203Tl is stable with 122 neutrons 204Tl syn 119 Ms (3. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 78 y) β- 0. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 764 204Pb ε 0. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the 347 204Hg 205Tl 70. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum 476% 205Tl is stable with 124 neutrons
References

Thallium (pronounced /ˈθæliəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Tl and atomic number 81. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton ^[1] This soft gray malleable poor metal resembles tin but discolors when exposed to air. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Approximately 60-70% of thallium production is used in the electronics industry, and the rest is used in the pharmaceutical industry and in glass manufacturing. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many ^[2] It is also used in infrared detectors. An infrared detector is a Photodetector that reacts to Infrared (IR Radiation. ^[3] Thallium is highly toxic and is used in rat poisons and insecticides, and its use has been cut back or eliminated in many countries. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Rodenticides are a category of Pest control Chemicals intended to kill Rodents Single feed baits are chemicals sufficiently An insecticide is a Pesticide used against Insects in all developmental forms It is used in murders and has the nicknames "The Poisoner's Poison" and "Inheritance powder" (alongside arsenic). Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33

Contents 1 Notable characteristics 2 Occurrence and production 3 Applications 4 History 5 Occurrence 6 Isotopes 7 Compounds 8 Toxicity 9 Treatment and internal decontamination 10 Famous uses as a poison 10.1 In fiction 11 See also 12 References 13 External links

Notable characteristics

Thallium is very soft and malleable and can be cut with a knife. It has a metallic luster, but when exposed to air, it quickly tarnishes with a bluish-gray tinge that resembles lead. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly (It is preserved by keeping it under oil). A heavy layer of oxide builds up on thallium if left in air. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element In the presence of water, thallium hydroxide is formed. In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen

Occurrence and production

Thallium occurs naturally in the minerals crookesite, lorandite, hutchinsonite, and pyrites. Crookesite is a Selenide mineral composed of Copper and Selenium with variable Thallium and Silver. Lorandite is a Thallium Arsenic Sulfosalt with formula TlAsS2 Hutchinsonite is a Sulfosalt mineral of Thallium, Arsenic and Lead with formula (TlPb2As5S9 ^[2]

Thallium metal is obtained as a by-product in the production of sulfuric acid by roasting of pyrites, and also in the smelting of lead and zinc ores. ^[2]

Applications

The odorless and tasteless thallium sulfate was once widely used as rat poison and ant killer. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Thallium(I sulfate ( Tl2SO4) archaically known as thallous sulfate, is the Sulfate salt of Thallium. Rodenticides are a category of Pest control Chemicals intended to kill Rodents Single feed baits are chemicals sufficiently Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order Since 1975, this use in the United States and many other countries is prohibited due to safety concerns. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[2] Other uses:

• thallium sulfide's electrical conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light therefore making this compound useful in photocells. Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of Photosensors or photodetectors are Sensors of Light or other Electromagnetic energy
• Thallium(III) salts, as thallium trinitrate or triacetate, are useful reagents in organic synthesis performing different transformations in aromatics, ketones, olefins, among others.
• thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials, because they are harder than other common infrared optics, and because they have transmission at significantly longer wavelengths. A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating The trade name KRS-5 refers to this material.
• thallium oxide has been used to manufacture glasses that have a high index of refraction. Thallium oxide is the general name of several Oxides of Thallium. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium
• used in semiconductor materials for selenium rectifiers,
• used as a dopant for sodium iodide crystals in gamma radiation detection equipment, such as scintillation counters,
• high-density liquid used for sink-float separation of minerals,
• used in the treatment of ringworm and other skin infections. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a crystal or semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical Sodium iodide is a white Crystalline Salt with Chemical formula Na[[Iodine I]] used in radiation detection treatment of Iodine deficiency Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions A scintillation counter measures Ionizing radiation. The Sensor, called a Scintillator, consists of a transparent Crystal, usually phosphor A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Ringworm (also called serpigo) is an infection of the skin characterized by a reddish to brownish raised or bumpy patch of skin that may be lighter in the center Dermatitis is a Blanket term meaning any " Inflammation of the skin" (e However this use has been limited due to the narrow margin that exists between toxicity and therapeutic benefit.
• radioactive thallium-201 (half-life of 73 hours) is used for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine, particularly in stress tests used for risk stratification in patients with coronary artery disease A(CAD). Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Nuclear medicine is a branch of Medicine and Medical imaging that uses the nuclear properties of matter in diagnosis and therapy Coronary artery disease (CAD (or atherosclerotic Heart disease) is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls ^[4][5] This isotope of thallium can be generated using a transportable generator which is similar to the technetium cow. A technetium-99m generator, or colloquially a technetium cow or moly cow, is a device used to extract the metastable isotope 99mTc of Technetium ^[6] The generator contains lead-201 (half life 9. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly 33 hours) which decays by electron capture to the thallium-201. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the The lead-201 can be produced in a cyclotron by the bombardment of thallium with protons or deuterons by the (p,3n) and (d,4n) reactions. A cyclotron is a type of Particle accelerator. Cyclotrons accelerate Charged particles using a high- Frequency, alternating Voltage (potential The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a Stable isotope of Hydrogen with a Natural abundance in the Oceans of Earth ^[7]
• combined with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, thallium has been used in the production of high-density glasses that have low melting points in the range of 125 and 150 °C. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Selenium (səˈliniəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic number 34 represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78 Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. These glasses have room temperature properties that are similar to ordinary glasses and are durable, insoluble in water and have unique refractive indices. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium
• an 8. 5% thallium amalgam is used in thermometers and switches for use in low temperatures, because it freezes at -58 °C (pure mercury freezes at -38 °C). ^[2]
• thallium is used in the electrodes in dissolved oxygen analyzers. An electro-galvanic fuel cell is an electrical device used to measure the concentration of Oxygen gas in Scuba diving and Medical equipment ^[2]
• thallium is a constituent of the alloy in the anode plates in magnesium seawater batteries. ^[2]

In addition, research activity with thallium is ongoing to develop high-temperature superconducting materials for such applications as magnetic resonance imaging, storage of magnetic energy, magnetic propulsion, and electric power generation and transmission. Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance A magnetic sail or magsail is a proposed method of Spacecraft propulsion which would use a static magnetic field to deflect charged particles radiated by the Electricity generation is the process of converting non-electrical Energy to Electricity.

History

Thallium (Greek θαλλός, thallos, meaning "a green shoot or twig")^[8] was discovered by Sir William Crookes in 1861 in England while he was making spectroscopic determinations for tellurium on residues from a sulfuric acid plant. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Sir William Crookes, OM, FRS (17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919 was an English Chemist and Physicist. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The name comes from Thallium's bright green spectral emission lines. Green is a Color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a Wavelength of roughly 520–570- nm. A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range compared In 1862 Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy isolated the metal independently of each other.

Occurrence

Although the metal is reasonably abundant in the Earth's crust at a concentration estimated to be about 0. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 7 mg/kg, mostly in association with potassium minerals in clays, soils, and granites, it is not generally considered to be commercially recoverable from those forms. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. The major source of commercial thallium is the trace amounts found in copper, lead, zinc, and other sulfide ores. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining

Thallium is found in the minerals crookesite TlCu₇Se₄, hutchinsonite TlPbAs₅S₉, and lorandite TlAsS₂. Crookesite is a Selenide mineral composed of Copper and Selenium with variable Thallium and Silver. Hutchinsonite is a Sulfosalt mineral of Thallium, Arsenic and Lead with formula (TlPb2As5S9 Lorandite is a Thallium Arsenic Sulfosalt with formula TlAsS2 It also occurs as trace in pyrites and extracted as a by-product of roasting this ore for sulfuric acid production. The metal can be obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc rich ores. Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of Extractive metallurgy. Manganese nodules found on the ocean floor also contain thallium, but nodule extraction is prohibitively expensive and potentially environmentally destructive. Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the Sea bottom formed of concentric layers of Iron and Manganese "Ocean Floor" redirects here For the 2001 song by Audio Adrenaline, see Lift (Audio Adrenaline album. In addition, several other thallium minerals, containing 16% to 60% thallium, occur in nature as sulfide or selenide complexes with antimony, arsenic, copper, lead, and silver, but are rare, and have no commercial importance as sources of this element. Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen See also: Category:Thallium minerals.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of thallium

Thallium has 25 isotopes which have atomic masses that range from 184 to 210. Thallium ( Tl) has 25 Isotopes which have Atomic masses that range from 184 to 210 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass ²⁰³Tl and ²⁰⁵Tl are the only stable isotopes, and ²⁰⁴Tl is the most stable radioisotope, with a half-life of 3. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 78 years.

²⁰²Th (half life 12. 23 days) can be made in a cyclotron,^[9] while ²⁰⁴Th (half life 3. 78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor. Neutron activation is the process in which Neutron radiation induces Radioactivity in materials and occurs when atomic nuclei capture Free neutrons This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled ^[10]

Compounds

Fluorides: TlF, TlF₃
Chlorides: TlCl, TlCl₂, TlCl₃
Bromides: TlBr, Tl₂Br₄
Iodides: TlI, TlI₃
Hydrides: none listed
Oxides: Tl₂O, Tl₂O₃
Sulfides: Tl₂S
Selenides: Tl₂Se
Tellurides: none listed
Nitrides: none listed

Toxicity

Thallium and its compounds are very toxic, and should be handled with great care[1]. Contact with skin is dangerous, and adequate ventilation should be provided when melting this metal[2]. Thallium(I) compounds have a high aqueous solubility and are readily absorbed through the skin. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Exposure to them should not exceed 0. 1 mg per m² of skin in an 8-hour time-weighted average (40-hour work week). For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here Thallium is a suspected human carcinogen. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation

Part of the reason for thallium's high toxicity is that, when present in aqueous solution as the univalent thallium(I) ion (Tl⁺), it exhibits some similarities with essential alkali metal cations, particularly potassium (as the atomic radius is almost identical). Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 It can thus enter the body via potassium uptake pathways. However, other aspects of thallium's chemistry are very different from that of the alkali metals (e. g. , its high affinity for sulfur ligands due to the presence of empty d-orbitals), and so this substitution disrupts many cellular processes (for instance, thallium may attack sulfur-containing proteins such as cysteine residues and ferredoxins). Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Not to be confused with Cystine, its oxidized dimer Cysteine (abbreviated as Cys or C) is an α- Amino acid with Ferredoxins (from Latin ferrum: Iron + Redox, often abbreviated "fd" are Iron-sulfur proteins that mediate Electron

Thallium's toxicity has led to its use (now discontinued in many countries) as a rat and ant poison. Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order

Among the distinctive effects of thallium poisoning are loss of hair (which led it to its initial use as a depilatory before its toxicity was properly appreciated) and damage to peripheral nerves (victims may experience a sensation of walking on hot coals). Alopecia or hair loss is the medical description of the loss of hair from the head or body sometimes to the extent of Baldness. Hair removal describes any method of removing Hair, especially from the human body Thallium was once an effective murder weapon before its effects became understood, and an antidote (prussian blue) discovered. Prussian blue is a very dark blue colorfast non-toxic Pigment – one of the first synthetic Dyes – which was discovered accidentally in Berlin in 1704

Treatment and internal decontamination

One of the main methods of removing thallium (both radioactive and normal) from humans is to use Prussian blue, which is a solid ion exchange material which absorbs thallium and releases potassium. Prussian blue is a very dark blue colorfast non-toxic Pigment – one of the first synthetic Dyes – which was discovered accidentally in Berlin in 1704 Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 The prussian blue is fed by mouth to the person, and it passes through their digestive system and comes out in the stool. Human Feces (also faeces &mdash see spelling differences) also known as stools, is the waste product of the human digestive system and varies significantly ^[11]

Famous uses as a poison

• In 1953, Australian Caroline Grills was sentenced to life in prison after three family members and a close family friend died. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Caroline Grills, born Caroline Mickelson (1890 - October 1960 was an Australian Serial killer. Authorities found thallium in tea that she had given to two additional family members. ^[12]
• In 1957, Nikolai Khokhlov, a former KGB assassin, was poisoned with thallium. Nikolai Evgenievich Khoklov (1922-2007 was a KGB officer who defected to the United States in 1953 KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty ^[13] Khokhlov fell ill with stomach cramps and nausea and within days his hair had fallen out and he was covered with marks on his skin. He fled the Soviet Union to Germany where doctors suspected thallium poisoning and tried every known antidote without success. Khokhlov was then taken to the US hospital and treated with hydrocortisone, steroids, and blood and plasma transfusions and he eventually recovered. Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex)
• In 1971, thallium was the main poison that Graham Frederick Young used to poison around 70 people in the English village of Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, of which 2 died. Graham Frederick Young ( September 7 1947 – August 1 1990) was a British murderer who fatally Poisoned three people (his Bovingdon is a large Village in the Chiltern Hills, in Hertfordshire, England, close to the Town of Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of
• Zhu Ling (1973) the victim of an unsolved 1995 thallium poisoning case in Beijing, China. Zhu Ling ( b 1973) photo is best known as the victim of an unsolved 1995 Thallium Poisoning case in Beijing, China In 1994, Zhu Ling was a sophomore in Class Wuhua2 (Physical Chemistry) at Tsinghua University in Beijing She began to show strange and debilitating symptoms at the end of 1994, when she reported experiencing acute stomach pain, along with extensive hair loss ultimately she was diagnosed on Usenet with poisoning by thallium . Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system To this date speculation of the true poisoner is still discussed by many Chinese expatriates overseas
• In 1988, members of the Carr family from Alturas, Polk County, Florida fell ill from what appeared to be thallium poisoning. Peggy Carr, the mother, died slowly and painfully from the poison. Her son and stepson were critically ill but eventually recovered. The Carr's neighbor, George J. Trepal, a chemist and member of Mensa, was convicted of murdering Mrs. Mensa is the largest oldest and most famous high-IQ society in the world Carr and attempting to murder her family and sentenced to death. The thallium was slipped into bottles of Coca-Cola at the Carr's home and Trepal's. ^[14]

• In June 2004, 25 Russian soldiers earned Honorable Mention Darwin Awards after becoming ill from thallium exposure when they found a can of mysterious white powder in a rubbish dump on their base at Khabarovsk in the Russian Far East. A Darwin Award is a Tongue-in-cheek "honor" named after Evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin. Khabarovsk (Хаба́ровск xʌ'barɘfsk) is the administrative center and the largest city of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. Oblivious to the danger of misusing an unidentified white powder from a military dump site, the conscripts added it to tobacco, and used it as a substitute for talcum powder on their feet. Baby powder is an Astringent powder used for preventing rashes on the area covered by a Diaper (see Diaper rash) ^[15]
• In 2005, a 17 year old girl in Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan, admitted to attempting to murder her mother by lacing her tea with thallium, causing a national scandal. is a city located in eastern Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Outline Numazu is at the top of the Izu Peninsula, which is a leisure destination WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines--> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region on Honshū Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ^[16]
• In February 2007, two Americans, Marina and Yana Kovalevsky, a mother and daughter, visiting Russia were hospitalized due to thallium poisoning. Both had emigrated from the Soviet Union to the United States in 1989 and had made several trips to Russia since then. ^[17]
• In February 2008, members of Iraqi air force club and some of their children were poisoned by cake laced with thallium. ^[18] Two of the children died.

In fiction

• Agatha Christie, who worked as a pharmacist, used thallium as the agent of murder in her detective fiction novel The Pale Horse — the first clue to the murder method coming from the hair loss of the victims. Agatha Mary Clarissa Lady Mallowan, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 &ndash 12 January 1976 commonly known as Agatha Christie, was an English Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. Detective fiction is a branch of Crime fiction in which a Detective (or detectives either professional or amateur investigate a crime usually Murder The Pale Horse is a work of Detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on November 6 1961

• In Nigel Williams' 1990 novel The Wimbledon Poisoner, Henry Far uses thallium to baste a roast chicken in a failed attempt to murder his wife. Nigel Williams (born January 20, 1948 in Cheadle, near Stockport, Cheshire) is a British Novelist, Screenwriter The Wimbledon Trilogy consists of three books written by Nigel Williams set in Wimbledon London and published by Faber & Faber: The

• Thallium figures prominently in the 1995 film The Young Poisoner's Handbook, a dark comedy loosely based on the life of Graham Frederick Young. The Young Poisoner's Handbook is a 1995 British - German - French -produced Black comedy film based on the life of Graham Frederick Young ( September 7 1947 – August 1 1990) was a British murderer who fatally Poisoned three people (his

• "Concentrated thallium" is used as the poison of choice of the Wyoming Widow in the 2006 comedy Big Nothing

See also

• Thallium compounds

References

External links

• WebElements.com — Thallium
• Toxicity, Thallium
• Slow-acting killer that was Saddam's favourite instrument of vengeance
• NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Thallium, Elemental
• [3]
• Cyril Wecht, Thallium, Robert Curley
• ATSDR - ToxFAQs
• The Guardian reports: Two Iraqi children die from Thallium poisoning: 9 February 2008
• pure Thallium >=99,99% picture in the element collection from Heinrich Pniok

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