Texas hold 'em (also hold'em, holdem) is the most popular poker game in the casinos and poker card rooms across North America and Europe. Poker is a type of Card game in which players bet on the value of the card combination (" hand " in their possession by placing a bet into [1] Hold 'em is a community card game where each player may use any combination of the five community cards and the player's own two hole cards to make a poker hand, in contrast to poker variants like stud or draw where each player holds a separate individual hand. Community card poker refers to any game of poker that uses community cards (also called "shared cards" or "window cards" which are cards dealt face The card game of Poker has many variations, most of them created in the United States in the mid-1900s Stud poker is any of a number of Poker variants in which each player receives a mix of face-down and face-up cards dealt in multiple betting rounds This article refers to draw poker games Go here for poker terminology relating to drawing cards or drawing hands.
After slow but steady gains in popularity throughout the 20th century, hold 'em's popularity surged in the 2000s due to exposure on television, on the Internet, and in popular literature. During this time hold 'em replaced 7 card stud as the most common game in U. Seven-card stud is a variant of Stud poker. Until the recent increase in popularity of Texas hold 'em, seven-card stud was the most popular poker variant S. casinos, almost totally eclipsing the once popular game. [2] The no-limit betting form is used in the widely televised main event of the World Series of Poker (WSOP) and the World Poker Tour (WPT). This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker World Series of Poker (WSOP is the largest set of Poker tournaments in the world The World Poker Tour (WPT is a series of international Poker tournaments featuring most of the world's professional players
Because each player only starts with two cards and the remaining cards are shared, it presents an opportune game for strategic analysis (including mathematical analysis). Poker strategy is a complex subject This article only attempts to introduce basic strategy concepts In Poker, the probability of many events can be determined by direct calculation Hold 'em's simplicity and popularity have inspired a wide variety of strategy books which provide recommendations for proper play. Most of these books recommend a strategy that involves playing relatively few hands but betting and raising often with the hands one plays. [3]
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Objective
In Texas hold 'em, like all variants of poker, individuals compete for an amount of money contributed by the players themselves (called the pot). The card game of Poker has many variations, most of them created in the United States in the mid-1900s The pot in Poker refers to the sum of money that players wager during a single hand or game according to the betting rules of the variant being Because the cards are dealt randomly and outside the control of the players, each player attempts to control the amount of money in the pot based on the hand the player holds.
The game is divided into a series of hands or deals; at the conclusion of each hand the pot is awarded to one or more players. A hand ends either at the showdown (when the remaining players compare their hands), or when all but one player have folded and abandoned their claims to the pot. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker The pot is then awarded to the player(s) who have not folded and have the best hand. In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played (This is usually only one player, but can be more in the case of a tie. In Poker it is sometimes necessary to split, or divide the pot among two or more players rather than awarding it all to a single player )
The objective of winning players is not winning every individual hand, but rather making mathematically correct decisions regarding when and how much to bet, raise, call or fold. By making such decisions, winning poker players maximize long-term winnings by maximizing their expected utility on each round of betting. In Economics, Game theory, and Decision theory the expected utility theorem or expected utility hypothesis predicts that the "betting preferences" [4]
History
Although little is known about the invention of Texas hold 'em, the Texas State Legislature officially recognizes Robstown, Texas as the game's birthplace, dating the game to the early 1900s. The Texas Legislature is the state legislature of the US state of Texas. Robstown is a city in Nueces County, Texas, United States and a western suburb of Corpus Christi. [5]
After its invention and spread throughout Texas, hold 'em was introduced to Las Vegas in 1967 by a group of Texan gamblers and card players, including Crandell Addington, Doyle Brunson, and Amarillo Slim. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally Crandell Addington (born June 2, 1938 in Graham Texas) is an Entrepreneur and Poker player who is best known as one of the founders Doyle F Brunson (born August 10, 1933) is an iconic American Poker player who has played professionally for over 50 years Thomas Austin Preston Jr (born December 31, 1928 in Johnson Arkansas) known as Amarillo Slim, is a professional gambler famous for [6] Addington said the first time he saw the game was in 1959. "They didn't call it Texas hold 'em at the time, they just called it hold 'em. . . I thought then that if it were to catch on, it would become the game. Draw poker, you only bet twice; hold 'em, you bet four times. This article refers to draw poker games Go here for poker terminology relating to drawing cards or drawing hands. That meant you could play strategically. This was more of a thinking man's game. "[7]
For several years the Golden Nugget Casino in Downtown Las Vegas was the only casino in Las Vegas to offer the game. The Golden Nugget Las Vegas is a casino-hotel located in Las Vegas, Nevada on the Fremont Street Experience. At that time, the Golden Nugget's poker room was "truly a 'sawdust joint,' with. Sawdust is composed of fine particles of Wood. This material is produced from cutting with a Saw, hence its name . . oiled sawdust covering the floors. "[8] Because of its location and decor, this poker room did not receive many rich drop-in clients, and as a result, professional players sought a more prominent location. In 1969, the Las Vegas professionals were invited to play Texas hold 'em at the entrance of the now-demolished Dunes Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The Dunes Hotel was a Paradise Nevada, hotel and casino that operated from May 23, 1955 to January 26, 1993, and was the tenth The Las Vegas Strip (also known as The Strip) is an approximately 4 mile (6 This prominent location, and the relative inexperience of poker players with Texas hold 'em, resulted in a very remunerative game for professional players. [8]
After a disappointing attempt to establish a "Gambling Fraternity Convention", Tom Moore added the first ever poker tournament to the Second Annual Gambling Fraternity Convention held in 1969. This tournament featured several games including Texas hold 'em. In 1970 Benny and Jack Binion acquired the rights to this convention, renamed it the World Series of Poker, and moved it to their casino Binion's Horseshoe Casino in Las Vegas. Lester Ben "Benny" Binion ( November 20, 1904 - December 25, 1989) was a well known American Casino owner and Poker Jack Binion (born 1937 is an American Casino operator Jack is the son of legendary casino magnate Benny Binion and worked for his father at Binion's Horseshoe World Series of Poker (WSOP is the largest set of Poker tournaments in the world Binion's Horseshoe also known as the Horseshoe Casino or simply The Horseshoe was a hotel and casino located in downtown Las Vegas, Nevada After its first year, a journalist, Tom Thackrey, suggested that the main event of this tournament should be no-limit Texas hold 'em. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker The Binions agreed and ever since no-limit Texas hold 'em has been played as the main event. [8] Interest in the Main Event continued to grow steadily over the next two decades. After receiving only 8 entrants in 1972, the numbers grew to over 100 entrants in 1982, and over 200 in 1991. [9][10][11]
During this time, Doyle Brunson's revolutionary poker strategy guide, Super/System was first published. Super/System is one of the most famous and seminal books about how to play Poker. [12] Despite being self-published and priced at $100 in 1978, the book revolutionized the way poker was played. It was one of the first books to discuss Texas hold 'em, and is today cited as one of the most important books on this game. [13] A few years later, Al Alvarez published a book detailing an early World Series of Poker event. Al Alvarez (born London, August 5 1929 is an English Poet, writer and Critic who publishes under the name A World Series of Poker (WSOP is the largest set of Poker tournaments in the world [14] The first book of its kind, it described the world of professional poker players and the World Series of Poker. World Series of Poker (WSOP is the largest set of Poker tournaments in the world It is credited with beginning the genre of poker literature and with bringing Texas hold 'em (and poker generally), for the first time, to a wider audience. [15]
Interest in hold 'em outside of Nevada began to grow in the 1980s as well. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Although California had legal card rooms offering draw poker, Texas hold 'em was prohibited under a statute which made illegal the now unknown game "stud-horse". California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. This article refers to draw poker games Go here for poker terminology relating to drawing cards or drawing hands. However in 1988, Texas hold 'em was declared legally distinct from "stud-horse" in Tibbetts v. Van De Kamp, 271 Cal. Rptr. 792 (1990). Almost immediately card rooms across the state offered Texas hold 'em. [16] (It is often presumed that this decision ruled that hold 'em was a skill game,[17] but the distinction between skill and chance has never entered into California jurisprudence regarding poker. [18]) After a trip to Las Vegas, bookmakers Terry Rogers and Liam Flood introduced the game to European card players in the early 1980s. Terry "Red Menace" Rogers was an Irish Bookmaker, credited with introducing Hold'em Poker to Europe, alongside Liam Flood is an Irish Bookmaker and Poker player Together with Terry Rogers, Flood is credited with introducing Texas hold 'em [19]
The hold 'em explosion
In the first decade of the 21st century, Texas hold 'em experienced a surge in popularity worldwide. [2] Many observers attribute this growth to the synergy of five factors: the invention of online poker, the game's appearance in film and on television, the 2004-05 NHL lockout,[20] the appearance of television commercials advertising online cardrooms, and the 2003 World Series of Poker championship victory by online qualifier Chris Moneymaker. Online poker is the game of Poker played over the Internet. It has been partly responsible for a dramatic increase in the number of poker players worldwide The 2004–05 NHL lockout resulted in the cancellation of what would have been the 88th season of the National Hockey League (NHL The 2003 World Series of Poker (WSOP was held at Binion's Horseshoe. Christopher Bryan Moneymaker (born November 21, 1975 in Atlanta Georgia) is an American Poker player who won the main event [21]
Television and film
Prior to poker becoming widely televised, the movie Rounders (1998), starring Matt Damon and Edward Norton, gave moviegoers a romantic view of the game as a way of life. Joseph Hachem (pronounced "Ha-shem" (جوزف هاشم (born 3 November 1966) is a Lebanese - Australian Poker player known The 2005 World Series of Poker opened play on June 2, continuing through the Main Event No Limit World Championship starting on July 7. Poker television programs have been extremely popular in the last several years especially in North America and Europe. For the 1965 western comedy see The Rounders (1965 film. Rounders is a 1998 film about the underground world of Matthew Paige Damon (born October 8 1970 is an American Actor and Philanthropist. Texas hold 'em was the main game played during the movie and the no-limit variety was described, following Doyle Brunson, as the "Cadillac of Poker". Doyle F Brunson (born August 10, 1933) is an iconic American Poker player who has played professionally for over 50 years A clip of the classic showdown between Johnny Chan and Erik Seidel from the 1988 World Series of Poker was also incorporated into the film. For the actor see Johnny Chan (actor. Johnny Chan ( Traditional Chinese: 陳[[wikt 強|強]] 尼) Erik Seidel (born November 6, 1959 in New York City) is an American professional Poker player from Las Vegas, Nevada The 1988 World Series of Poker (WSOP was held at Binion's Horseshoe. [22]
Hold 'em first caught the public eye as a spectator sport in the United Kingdom with the Late Night Poker TV show in 1999. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Late Night Poker is a British television show in which Poker players mostly professionals or strong amateurs compete in a short series of No-Limit [23] Fueled by the introduction of lipstick cameras, which allowed spectators to see the players' private cards, hold 'em exploded in popularity as a spectator sport in the United States and Canada in 2003. In Poker, a hole cam (or pocket cam is a Camera that displays a player's face-down cards (known as "hole cards" to television viewers The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ESPN's coverage of the 2003 World Series of Poker featured the unexpected victory of Internet player Chris Moneymaker, an amateur player who gained admission to the tournament by winning a series of online tournaments. ESPN, originally an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, is an American Cable television network dedicated to The 2003 World Series of Poker (WSOP was held at Binion's Horseshoe. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Christopher Bryan Moneymaker (born November 21, 1975 in Atlanta Georgia) is an American Poker player who won the main event Moneymaker's victory initiated a sudden surge of interest in the World Series, based on the egalitarian idea that anyone – even a rank novice – can become a world champion. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have [24]
In 2003, there were 839 entrants in the WSOP Main Event,[25] and triple that number in 2004. [26] The crowning of the 2004 WSOP champion, Greg "Fossilman" Raymer, a patent attorney from Connecticut, further fueled the popularity of the event among amateur (and particularly internet) players. The 2004 World Series of Poker (WSOP was held at Binion's Horseshoe after Harrah's Entertainment purchased the casino and the rights to the tournament Gregory Raymer (born June 25, 1964 in Minot, North Dakota) is a professional Poker player A patent attorney is an Attorney who has the specialized qualifications necessary for representing clients in obtaining Patents and acting in all matters and procedures [27] In the 2005 Main Event, an unprecedented 5,619 entrants vied for a first prize of $7,500,000. The 2005 World Series of Poker opened play on June 2, continuing through the Main Event No Limit World Championship starting on July 7. The winner, Joe Hachem of Australia, was a semi-professional player. Joseph Hachem (pronounced "Ha-shem" (جوزف هاشم (born 3 November 1966) is a Lebanese - Australian Poker player known [28] This growth continued in 2006, with 8,773 entrants and a first place prize of $12,000,000 (won by Jamie Gold). Jamie M Gold (born August 25 1969) is an American Television producer, a Talent agent, and Poker player based in [29]
Beyond the World Series, other television shows – including the long running World Poker Tour – are credited with increasing the popularity of Texas hold 'em. The World Poker Tour (WPT is a series of international Poker tournaments featuring most of the world's professional players [30] In addition to its presence on network and general audience cable television,[31] poker has now become a regular part of sports networks' programming in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [32]
Literature
Twenty years after the publication of Alvarez's groundbreaking book, James McManus published a semi-autobiographical book, Positively Fifth Street (2003), which simultaneously describes the trial surrounding the murder of Ted Binion and McManus' own entry into the 2000 World Series of Poker. James "Jim" McManus (b March 22 1951, Manhattan) is an American Poker player teacher and writer living in Lonnie Theodore "Ted" Binion (b November 28 1943 - September 17 1998 was a wealthy U The 2000 World Series of Poker (WSOP was held at Binion's Horseshoe. [33] McManus, a poker amateur, finished 5th in the No-Limit Texas Hold 'em main event, winning over $200,000. [34] In the book McManus discusses events surrounding the World Series, the trial of Sandy Murphy and Rick Tabish, poker strategy, and some history of poker and the world series.
Michael Craig's 2005 book The Professor, the Banker, and the Suicide King details a series of high stakes Texas hold 'em one-on-one games between Texas banker Andy Beal and a rotating group of poker professionals. See also Michael Craig (actor. Michael Craig is an American lawyer and author best known for his 2005 book The Professor The Professor the Banker and the Suicide King Inside the Richest Poker Game of All Time (ISBN 0-446-57769-3 is a 2005 book by Michael Craig detailing Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Andrew "Andy" Beal (born 1952 is a Dallas Texas -based businessman As of 2006, these games were the highest stakes ever played, reaching $100,000–$200,000 fixed limit. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker [35]
Online poker
The ability to play cheaply and anonymously online has been credited as a cause of the increase in popularity of Texas hold 'em. Online poker is the game of Poker played over the Internet. It has been partly responsible for a dramatic increase in the number of poker players worldwide [24] Online poker sites both allow people to try out games and also provide an avenue for entry into large tournaments (like the World Series of Poker) via smaller tournaments known as satellites. Both the 2003 and 2004 winners of the World Series qualified by playing in these tournaments. [36][37]
Although online poker grew from its inception in 1998 until 2003, Moneymaker's win and the appearance of televisions advertisements in 2003 contributed to a tripling of industry revenues in 2004. [38][39]
Rules
- The descriptions below assume a familiarity with the general game play of poker, and with poker hands. Poker is a type of Card game in which players bet on the value of the card combination (" hand " in their possession by placing a bet into In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played For a general introduction to these topics, see poker, poker hands, poker probability, and poker jargon. Poker is a type of Card game in which players bet on the value of the card combination (" hand " in their possession by placing a bet into In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played See also Poker probability (Texas hold 'em and Poker probability (Omaha for probabilities specific to those games
Betting structures
- See the article on betting for a detailed explanation of betting in these variations of hold 'em. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker
Hold 'em is normally played using small and big blind bets – forced bets by two players. The blinds are forced bets posted by players to the left of the dealer button in flop-style Poker games Antes (forced contributions by all players) may be used in addition to blinds, particularly in later stages of tournament play. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker A poker tournament is a Tournament in which the winners are decided by playing Poker, usually a particular style of poker A dealer button is used to represent the player in the dealer position; the dealer button rotates clockwise after each hand, changing the position of the dealer and blinds. "Pass the Buck" redirects here For the 1978 United States TV game show see Pass the Buck (game show. The small blind is posted by the player to the left of the dealer and is usually equal to half of the big blind. The big blind, posted by the player to the left of the small blind, is equal to the minimum bet. In tournament poker, the blind/ante structure periodically increases as the tournament progresses. A poker tournament is a Tournament in which the winners are decided by playing Poker, usually a particular style of poker (In some cases, the small blind is some other fraction of a small bet, e. g. $10 is a common small blind when the big blind is $15. The double-blind structure described above is a commonly used and more recent adoption. )
When only two players remain, special 'head-to-head' or 'heads up' rules are enforced and the blinds are posted differently. In this case, the person with the dealer button posts the small blind, while his/her opponent places the big blind. The dealer acts first before the flop. In Poker, the flop refers to the dealing of the first three face-up cards to the board, or to those three cards themselves in Community card poker variants After the flop, the dealer acts last for the remainder of the hand.
The three most common variations of hold 'em are limit hold 'em, no-limit hold 'em and pot-limit hold 'em. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker Limit hold 'em has historically been the most popular form of hold 'em found in casino live action games in the United States. Ring games, also called cash games or live action games, are Poker games played with "real" chips and money at stake usually with [2] In limit hold 'em, bets and raises during the first two rounds of betting (pre-flop and flop) must be equal to the big blind; this amount is called the small bet. In Poker, the flop refers to the dealing of the first three face-up cards to the board, or to those three cards themselves in Community card poker variants In the next two rounds of betting (turn and river), bets and raises must be equal to twice the big blind; this amount is called the big bet. No-limit hold 'em is the form most commonly found in televised tournament poker and is the game played in the main event of the World Series of Poker. World Series of Poker (WSOP is the largest set of Poker tournaments in the world In no-limit hold 'em, players may bet or raise any amount over the minimum raise up to all of the chips the player has at the table (called an all-in bet). This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker If someone wishes to re-raise, they must raise at least the amount of the previous raise. For example, if the big blind is $2 and there is a bet of $6 to a total of $8, a raise must be at least $6 more for a total of $14. If a raise or re-raise is all-in and does not equal the size of the previous raise, the initial raiser can not re-raise again. This only matters of course if there was a call before the re-raise. In pot-limit hold 'em, the maximum raise is the current size of the pot (including the amount needed to call).
Most casinos that offer hold 'em also allow the player to the left of the big blind to post an optional live straddle, usually double the amount of the big blind, which then acts as the big blind. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker No-limit games may also allow multiple re-straddles, in any amount that would be a legal raise. [12]
Play of the hand
Play begins with each player being dealt two cards face down. A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper thin card or thin plastic figured with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing Card games (Like most poker games, the deck is a standard 52 card deck, no jokers. ) These cards are the player's hole or pocket cards. These are the only cards each player will receive individually, and they will only (possibly) be revealed at the showdown, making Texas hold 'em a closed poker game. In all Poker games if more than one player remains after the last betting round remaining players expose and compare their hands to determine the winner or winners In the game of Poker, a betting round is said to be closed if no player will have the right to raise in the round
The hand begins with a "pre-flop" betting round, beginning with the player to the left of the big blind (or the player to the left of the dealer, if no blinds are used) and continuing clockwise. A clockwise motion is one that proceeds 'like the Clock 's hands' from the top to the right then down and then to the left and back to the top A round of betting continues until every player has either folded, put in all of their chips, or matched the amount put in by all other active players. See betting for a detailed account. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker Note that the blinds are considered "live" in the pre-flop betting round, meaning that they contribute to the amount that the blind player must contribute, and that, if all players call around to the player in the big blind position, that player may either check or raise.
After the pre-flop betting round, assuming there remain at least two players taking part in the hand, the dealer deals a flop, three face-up community cards. In Poker, the flop refers to the dealing of the first three face-up cards to the board, or to those three cards themselves in Community card poker variants Community card poker refers to any game of poker that uses community cards (also called "shared cards" or "window cards" which are cards dealt face The flop is followed by a second betting round. This and all subsequent betting rounds begin with the player to the dealer's left and continue clockwise.
After the flop betting round ends, a single community card (called the turn or fourth street) is dealt, followed by a third betting round. The turn card or fourth street, in Poker, is the fourth of five cards dealt to the board, constituting one face-up community card that each of the players A final single community card (called the river or fifth street) is then dealt, followed by a fourth betting round and the showdown, if necessary. The river card is the final card dealt in a poker hand, to be followed by a final round of betting and if necessary a showdown.
In all casinos, the dealer will burn a card before the flop, turn, and river. In Card games a burn card is a Playing card dealt from the top of a deck and discarded ("burned" unused by the players Because of this burn, players who are betting cannot see the back of the next community card to come, which might be marked. [12]
The showdown
If a player bets and all other players fold, then the remaining player is awarded the pot and is not required to show his hole cards. If two or more players remain after the final betting round, a showdown occurs. In all Poker games if more than one player remains after the last betting round remaining players expose and compare their hands to determine the winner or winners On the showdown, each player plays the best five-card poker hand he can make from the seven cards comprising his two hole cards and the five community cards. In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played A player may use both of his own two hole cards, only one, or none at all, to form his final five-card hand. If the five community cards form the player's best hand, then the player is said to be playing the board and can only hope to split the pot, since each other player can also use the same five cards to construct the same hand. In Poker it is sometimes necessary to split, or divide the pot among two or more players rather than awarding it all to a single player [12]
If the best hand is shared by more than one player, then the pot is split equally among them, with any extra chips going to the first players after the button in clockwise order. It is common for players to have closely-valued, but not identically ranked hands. Nevertheless, one must be careful in determining the best hand; if the hand involves fewer than five cards, (such as two pair or three of a kind), then kickers are used to settle ties (see the second example below). In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played A kicker, also called a side card, is a card in a Poker hand that does not itself take part in determining the rank of the hand but that may be used to Note that the card's numerical rank is of sole importance; suit values are irrelevant in Hold'em. High card by suit and Low card by suit refer to assigning relative values to Playing cards of equal rank based on their suit
Examples
Sample showdown
Here's a sample showdown:
Board     |
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|---|---|---|---|
  |
  |
  |
  |
Each player plays the best 5-card hand they can make with the seven cards available. They have
| Bob | |
Three fours, with ace, king kickers |
| Carol | |
Ace-high flush |
| Ted | |
Full house, kings full of fours |
| Alice | |
8-high straight |
In this case, Ted's full house is the best hand, with Carol in 2nd, Alice in 3rd and Bob last.
Sample hand
Here is a sample game involving four players. The players' individual hands will not be revealed until the showdown, to give a better sense of what happens during play:
Compulsory bets: Alice is the dealer. Bob, to Alice's left, posts a small blind of $1, and Carol posts a big blind of $2.
Pre-flop: Alice deals two hole cards face down to each player, beginning with Bob and ending with herself. Ted must act first because he is the first player after the big blind. He cannot check, since the $2 big blind plays as a bet, so he folds. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker Alice calls the $2. Bob adds an additional $1 to his $1 small blind to call the $2 total. Carol's blind is "live" (see blind), so she has the option to raise here, but she checks instead, ending the first betting round. The blinds are forced bets posted by players to the left of the dealer button in flop-style Poker games The pot now contains $6, $2 from each of three players.
Flop: Alice now burns a card and deals the flop of three face-up community cards, 9♣ K♣ 3♥. On this round, as on all subsequent rounds, the player on the dealer's left begins the betting. In this case it is Bob, who checks. Carol opens for $2, Ted has already folded and Alice raises another $2 (puts in $4, $2 to match Carol and $2 to raise), making the total bet now facing Bob $4. He calls (puts in $4, $2 to match Carol's initial bet and $2 to match Alice's raise). Carol calls as well, putting in her $2. The pot now contains $18, $6 from the last round and $12 from three players this round.
Turn: Alice now burns another card and deals the turn card face up. It is the 5♠. Bob checks, Carol checks, and Alice checks; the turn has been checked around. The pot still contains $18.
River: Alice burns another card and deals the final river card, the 9♦, making the final board 9♣ K♣ 3♥ 5♠ 9♦. Bob bets $4, Carol calls, and Alice folds (Alice's holding was A♣ 7♣; she was hoping the river card would be a club to make her hand a flush). In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played
Showdown: Bob shows his hand of Q♠ 9♥, so the best five-card hand he can make is 9♣ 9♦ 9♥ K♣ Q♠, for three nines, with a king-queen kicker. In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played Carol shows her cards of K♠ J♥, making her final hand K♣ K♠ 9♣ 9♦ J♥ for two pair, kings and nines, with a jack kicker. In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played Bob wins the showdown and the $26 pot.
Kickers and ties
Because of the presence of community cards in Texas hold 'em, different players' hands can often run very close in value. As a result, it is not uncommon for kickers to be used to determine the winning hand and also for two hands (or maybe more) to tie. A kicker, also called a side card, is a card in a Poker hand that does not itself take part in determining the rank of the hand but that may be used to A kicker is a card which is part of the five card poker hand, but is not used in determining a hand's rank. In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played For instance, in the hand A-A-A-K-Q, the king and queen are kickers.
The following situation illustrates the importance of breaking ties with kickers and card ranks, as well as the use of the five-card rule. After the turn, the board and players' hole cards are as follows.
Board (after the turn)  |
|
|---|---|
 |
  |
At the moment, Bob is in the lead with a hand of Q♠ Q♣ 8♠ 8♥ K♥, making two pair, queens and eights, with a king kicker. This beats Carol's hand of Q♥ Q♣ 8♠ 8♥ 10♦ by virtue of his king kicker.
Suppose the final card were the A♠, making the final board 8♠ Q♣ 8♥ 4♣ A♠. Bob and Carol still each have two pair (Queens and eights), but both of them are now entitled to play the final ace as their fifth card, making their hands both two pair, queens and eights, with an ace kicker. Bob's king no longer plays, because the ace on the board plays as the fifth card in both hands, and a hand is only composed of the best five cards. They therefore tie and split the pot.
Strategy
- See Poker strategy for a more detailed discussion of general poker strategy
Most poker authors recommend a tight-aggressive approach to playing Texas hold 'em. Doyle F Brunson (born August 10, 1933) is an iconic American Poker player who has played professionally for over 50 years Poker strategy is a complex subject This article only attempts to introduce basic strategy concepts In the game of Poker, opens and raises are considered aggressive plays while calls and checks are considered passive (though This strategy involves playing relatively few hands (tight), but betting and raising often with those that one does play (aggressive). [3] Although this strategy is often recommended, some professional players successfully employ other strategies as well. [3]
Almost all authors agree that where a player sits in the order of play (known as position) is an important element of Texas hold 'em strategy, particularly in no-limit hold'em. Position in Poker refers to the order in which players are seated around the table and the related poker strategy implications [4] Players who act later have more information than players who act earlier. As a result, players typically play fewer hands from early positions than later positions.
Because of the game's level of complexity, it has received some attention from academics. One attempt to develop a quantitative model of a Texas hold'em tournament as an isolated complex system has had some success,[40] although the full consequences for optimal strategies remain to be explored. In addition, groups at the University of Alberta and Carnegie Mellon University are developing poker playing programs utilizing techniques in game theory and artificial intelligence. The University of Alberta (U of A is a public research University located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Carnegie Mellon University (also known as CMU) is a private Research University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, [41][42]
Starting hands
Because there are only two cards dealt to each player, it is easy to characterize all of the starting hands. In the Poker game Texas hold 'em, a player's starting hand consists of two hole cards, which belong solely to the player and remain The word " ace " comes from the Old French word 'as' (from Latin 'as' meaning 'a unit' from the name of a small Roman coin There are (52 × 51) ÷ 2 = 1,326 distinct possible combinations of two cards from a standard 52-card deck. In combinatorial mathematics, a combination is an un-ordered collection of distinct elements usually of a prescribed size and taken from a given set Because no suit is more powerful than another, many of these can be equated for the analysis of starting-hand strategy. High card by suit and Low card by suit refer to assigning relative values to Playing cards of equal rank based on their suit For example, although J♥ J♣ and J♦ J♠ are distinct combinations of cards, they are of equal value as starting hands.
Viewed this way there are only 169 different hole-card combinations. Thirteen of those hands would be pairs, from 2 through ace. There are 78 ways to have two cards of dissimilar rank (12 possible hands containing an ace, 11 possible hands containing a king and no ace, 10 possible hands containing a queen and no ace or king, etc. ). Hole cards can both be used in a flush if they are suited, but pairs are never suited, so there would be 13 possible pairs, 78 possible suited non-pairs, and 78 possible unsuited non-pairs, for a total of 169 possible hands. In Poker, players construct hands of five cards according to predetermined rules which vary according to the precise variant of poker being played [43] Suited starting cards are usually considered stronger than unsuited hands, although the magnitude of this strength in different games is debated. [44]
Because of this limited number of starting hands, most strategy guides involve a detailed discussion of each of these 169 starting hands. This separates hold 'em from other poker games where the number of starting card combinations forces strategy guides to group hands into broad categories. Another result of this small number is the proliferation of colloquial names for individual hands. [45]
Cash games
Prior to the invention of poker tournaments, poker games were played with real money where players bet actual currency (or chips which represented currency). Ring games, also called cash games or live action games, are Poker games played with "real" chips and money at stake usually with A poker tournament is a Tournament in which the winners are decided by playing Poker, usually a particular style of poker Games which feature wagering actual money on individual hands are still very common and are referred to as "cash games" or "ring games".
The no-limit and fixed-limit cash game versions of hold 'em are strategically very different. This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker Doyle Brunson claims that "the games are so different that there are not many players who rank with the best in both types of hold 'em. Many no-limit players have difficulty gearing down for limit, while limit players often lack the courage and 'feel' necessary to excel at no-limit. "[12] Because the size of bets is restricted in limit games, the ability to bluff is somewhat curtailed. In the card game of Poker, to bluff is to bet or raise with an inferior hand Since one is not (usually) risking all of one's chips in limit poker, players are sometimes advised to take more chances. [12]
Lower stakes games also exhibit different properties than higher stakes games. Small stakes games often involve more players in each hand and can vary from extremely passive (little raising and betting) to extremely aggressive (many raises). The difference of small stakes games have resulted in several books dedicated to only those games. [46]
Tournaments
Texas hold 'em is often commonly associated with poker tournaments largely because it is played as the main event in many of the famous tournaments, including the World Series of Poker's Main Event, and is the most common tournament overall. A poker tournament is a Tournament in which the winners are decided by playing Poker, usually a particular style of poker World Series of Poker (WSOP is the largest set of Poker tournaments in the world [47] Traditionally, a poker tournament is played with chips that represent a player's stake in the tournament. Casino tokens (also known as chips, checks or cheques) are small discs used in lieu of Currency in Casinos Colored metal or compression Standard play allows all entrants to "buy-in" a fixed amount and all players begin with an equal value of chips. Play proceeds until one player has accumulated all the chips in play. The money pool is redistributed to the players in relation to the place they finished in the tournament. Usually only a small percentage of the players receive any money, with the majority receiving nothing. As a result the strategy in poker tournaments can be very different from a cash game.
Proper strategy in tournaments can vary widely depending on the amount of chips one has, the stage of the tournament, the amount of chips others have, and the playing styles of one's opponents. [3] Although some authors still recommend a tight playing style, others recommend looser play (playing more hands) in tournaments than one would otherwise play in cash games. In tournaments the blinds and antes increase regularly, and can become much larger near the end of the tournament. This can force players to play hands that they would not normally play when the blinds were small, which can warrant both more loose and more aggressive play. [48]
Similar games
There are several other poker variants which resemble Texas hold 'em. Hold 'em is a member of a class of poker games known as community card games, where some cards are available for use by all the players. Community card poker refers to any game of poker that uses community cards (also called "shared cards" or "window cards" which are cards dealt face There are several other games that use five community cards in addition to some private cards and are thus similar to Texas hold 'em. Royal hold 'em has the same structure as Texas hold 'em, but the deck contains only Aces, Kings, Queens, Jacks, and Tens. Royal hold 'em (also hold'em, holdem) is a deviation of limit Texas hold'em played without deuces through nines leaving only the tens jacks [49] Pineapple and Omaha hold 'em both vary the number of cards an individual receives before the flop, but are dealt identically afterward. Community card poker refers to any game of poker that uses community cards (also called "shared cards" or "window cards" which are cards dealt face Omaha hold 'em (or Omaha holdem or simply Omaha) is a Community card poker game similar to Texas hold 'em, where each player is dealt four cards [50][51] Alternatively, in Double-board hold'em all players receive the same number of private cards, but there are two sets of community cards. Community card poker refers to any game of poker that uses community cards (also called "shared cards" or "window cards" which are cards dealt face The winner is either selected for each individual board with each receiving half of the pot, or the best overall hand takes the entire pot, depending on the rules agreed upon by the players. [52]
Manila is a hold'em variant popular in Australia. Community card poker refers to any game of poker that uses community cards (also called "shared cards" or "window cards" which are cards dealt face For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. In Manila, players receive two private cards from a reduced deck (containing no cards lower than 7). A five card board is dealt, unlike Texas hold 'em, one card at a time; there is a betting round after each card. Manila has several variations of its own, similar to the variants listed above. [53]
References
- ^ PokerStars.com: Texas Holdem Poker
- ^ a b c Clark, Bryan (September 2006). The Dying Days of Las Vegas 1-5 Stud. Two Plus Two Internet Magazine. Two Plus Two Publishing. Archived from the original on 2006-11-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Retrieved on October 4, 2006.
- ^ a b c d Harrington, Dan and Bill Robertie (2004). Dan Harrington (born December 6, 1945 in Cambridge Massachusetts) is a professional Poker player Bill Robertie is a Backgammon, Chess, and Poker player and author Harrington on Hold'em: Expert Strategy For No-Limit Tournaments; Volume I: Strategic Play. Two Plus Two Publications. ISBN 1-880685-33-7.
- ^ a b Sklansky, David (2005). David Sklansky (born 1947, in Teaneck New Jersey) is a professional Poker player and Author. The Theory of Poker, Fourth, Las Vegas: Two plus two.
- ^ Texas State Legislature - House (May 11, 2007). 80(R) HCR 109. House Resolution. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
- ^ Brunson, Doyle (2005). Doyle Brunson's Super System II. Cardoza.
- ^ Ghosts at the Table by Des Wilson - Page 119-122
- ^ a b c Addington, Crandell (2005). Des Wilson is a New Zealand born British campaigner political activist businessman sports administrator author and Poker player "The History of No-Limit Texas Hold'em", in Doyle Brunson: Super/System 2. New York: Cardoza Publishing, 75–84. ISBN 1-58042-136-9.
- ^ 3rd World Series of Poker (WSOP) 1972. The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ 13th World Series of Poker (WSOP) 1982. The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ 22nd World Series of Poker (WSOP) 1991. The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ a b c d e f Brunson, Doyle (1978). Doyle F Brunson (born August 10, 1933) is an iconic American Poker player who has played professionally for over 50 years Super/System: A course in power poker. B&G Publishing Company. , emphasis in original
- ^ Blount, Chuck. "ON POKER; Brunson's first book shed light on poker's secrets", San Antonio Express-News, 2006-05-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ Alvarez, Al (1983). The Biggest Game in Town. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0395339640.
- ^ Christenson, Nick. Biggest Game in Town Reviewed. Ready Bet Go!. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Singsen, Michael Pierce (1988). "Where Will the Buck Stop on California Penal Code 330? Solving the Stud-Horse Conundrum". Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal 11: 95-148.
- ^ See, e. g. , Junker, Matthew (December 8 2004). Legal questions surround Texas hold 'em. Tribune-Review Publishing Co. . Retrieved on 2007-09-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
- ^ Humphrey, Chuck. California Lottery v. Gambling. Gambling-law-US. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
- ^ McCloskey, Mick (June 22, 2005). Poker in Ireland a Little History. Retrieved on May 19, 2006.
- ^ Van Harten, Peter (2006-11-07). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Televised poker filled hockey void: Mac prof. Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a
- ^ Chechitelli, John. World Series Of Poker, A Young Man's Affair?. All In Magazine. All In. Retrieved on 2007-06-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
- ^ Rounders (1998). IMDb. Retrieved on October 27, 2006. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Late Night Poker: About the Show. Chanel 4. Retrieved on October 27, 2006. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Man he must have won a lot of money. Krieger, Lou (July 30, 2004). Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "How Big Can the World Series of Poker Become?". Card Player Magazine 17 (16): 36–38.
- ^ $10,000 World Championship Event. Hendon Mob. Retrieved on October 27, 2006. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ $10,000 World Championship Event. Hendon Mob. Retrieved on October 27, 2006. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Greg Raymer. Poker Stars. Retrieved on October 27, 2006. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em – World Championship Event. Hendon Mob. Retrieved on October 27, 2006. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em – World Championship Event. Hendon Mob. Retrieved on October 27, 2006. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Stutz, Howard (July 20 2006). "WPT hit with lawsuit". Knight-Ridder Tribune Business News: Lexis-Nexis.
- ^ Examples of poker on general audience television include Poker After Dark (NBC), High Stakes Poker (GSN), and the aforementioned World Poker Tour (formerly The Travel Channel, now GSN)
- ^ Lewis, Christian (September 5 2006). Poker After Dark is an hour-long poker television program airing six nights a week The show made its debut on January 1, 2007. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's High Stakes Poker is a cash game Poker Television program broadcast by the cable television network GSN in the United States The World Poker Tour (WPT is a series of international Poker tournaments featuring most of the world's professional players The Travel Channel is a Cable television network that features "FSN Bulks Up on Bowls". Multichannel News: 24.
- ^ McManus, James (2003). Positively Fifth Street: Murderers, Cheetahs and Binion's World Series. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374236489.
- ^ James McManus: Hendon Mob Poker Database. The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Craig, Michael (2005). The Professor, the Banker, and the Suicide King: Inside the Richest Poker Game of All Time. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0446577694.
- ^ Kaplan, Michael (2006). People Profile - Greg Raymer. Cigar Aficionado. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Moneymaker, Chris. Chris Moneymaker Poker Biography. ChrisMoneymaker. com. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Cook, Steve (January 12, 2005). Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Punters warm to online poker. The Register. Retrieved on 2007-01-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
- ^ Poker History: Online Poker. PokerTips. Retrieved on October 27, 2006. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Christopher Mims (2007). Physicist Unlocks Secrets of Texas Hold 'Em. Science News. Scientific American, Inc. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ A list of publication from this group can be found at [1].
- ^ Carnegie Mellon Computer Poker Program Sets Its Own Texas Hold'Em Strategy. Carnegie Mellon University, Media Relations (2006-07-06). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Retrieved on 2008-05-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Alspach, Brian (2005). Counting starting poker hands (pdf). Retrieved on May 19, 2006.
- ^ Cloutier, T. J. and Tom McEvoy (1997). Championship No-Limit & Pot-Limit Hold'em. Cardoza. 1-58042-127-X.
- ^ Bochan, Toby. Slang for Poker Hands. About. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and
- ^ Miller, Sklansky, and Malmuth op cit. and Jones, Lee (1994). Lee Jones is the author of Winning Low-Limit Hold 'em. This book is considered the authority on low-limit poker Winning Low-Limit Hold-em. Conjelco. ISBN 1-886070-15-6.
- ^ Gregorich, Mark (April 27, 2005). "The Future of Tournaments". Card Player Magazine 18c (8c): 26, 110.
- ^ Sexton, Mike (February 5, 2005). "Tournament Tips". Card Player Magazine 18c (3c): 18.
- ^ Royal Hold'em - Poker Rules Variant. Pokertips. org. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Pineapple - Poker Rules Variant. Pokertips. org. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Arneson, Erik. Omaha Hold 'Em Poker Rules. About. com. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Double Flop Holdem Rules. Pokernews. com. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Honest Casinos. Manila Poker. Pokerpistols. com. Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
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