Terrorism is "the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. Fear is an Emotional response to Threats and Danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific Stimulus, such as "^[2] There is is no internationally agreed legal definition. ^[3] In one modern definition of terrorism, it is violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear. Terrorism#Definition.--> The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics ^[4] Most common definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants. Terrorism#Definition.--> The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing Non-combatant is a military and legal term describing Civilians not engaged in combat Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society

Terrorism is also a form of unconventional warfare and psychological warfare. Unconventional warfare (abbreviated UW) is the opposite of Conventional warfare. The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions The word is politically and emotionally charged,^[5] and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. One 1988 study by the US Army found that over 100 definitions of the word "terrorism" have been used. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. ^[6]. A person who practices terrorism is a terrorist.

Terrorism has been used by a broad array of political organizations in furthering their objectives; both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic, and religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation ^[7] The presence of non-state actors in widespread armed conflict has created controversy regarding the application of the laws of war. The law of war (also law of armed conflict, LOAC) is Law concerning acceptable practices relating to war

An International Round Table on Constructing Peace, Deconstructing Terror (2004) hosted by Strategic Foresight Group recommended that a distinction should be made between terrorism and acts of terror. Strategic Foresight Group (SFG is a Think tank based in India that helps Policy makers to anticipate and shape the future in uncertain times While acts of terrorism are criminal acts as per the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 and domestic jurisprudence of almost all countries in the world, terrorism refers to a phenomenon including the actual acts, the perpetrators of acts of terrorism themselves and their motives. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 is a Counter-terrorism measure adopted September 28 2001 following the September Anti-terrorism legislation designs all types of Laws passed in the purported aim of fighting Terrorism. There is disagreement on definitions of terrorism. However, there is an intellectual consensus globally, that acts of terrorism should not be accepted under any circumstances. Consensus has two common meanings One is a general agreement among the members of a given group or Community, each of which exercises some discretion in This is reflected in all important conventions including the United Nations counter terrorism strategy, the decisions of the Madrid Conference on terrorism, the Strategic Foresight Group and ALDE Round Tables at the European Parliament. Counter-terrorism or counterterrorism refers to the practices tactics, techniques and strategies that Governments militaries, Police departments The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU

Contents 1 Origin of term 2 Key criteria 3 Pejorative use 4 Definition in international law 5 Types of terrorism 6 Democracy and domestic terrorism 7 Perpetrators 7.1 Terrorist groups 7.2 State sponsors 7.3 State terrorism 8 Tactics 9 Causes 10 Responses to terrorism 11 Mass media 12 History 13 See also 14 Further reading 14.1 UN conventions 14.2 News monitoring websites specializing on articles on terrorism 14.3 Papers and articles on global terrorism 14.4 Papers and articles on terrorism and the United States 14.5 Papers and articles on terrorism and Israel 14.6 Other 15 Footnotes

Origin of term

Main article: Definition of terrorism

See also: State terrorism

The word "terrorism" was first used in reference to the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. Terrorism#Definition.--> The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing State terrorism refers to acts of Terrorism conducted by governments Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an

"If the basis of a popular government in peacetime is virtue, its basis in a time of revolution is virtue and terror -- virtue, without which terror would be barbaric; and terror, without which virtue would be impotent. " [Robespierre, speech in Fr. National Convention, 1794]. ^[8]

A 1988 study by the United States Army found that more than one hundred definitions of the word exist and have been used. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. ^[9] In many countries, acts of terrorism are legally distinguished from criminal acts done for other purposes, and "terrorism" is defined by statute; see definition of terrorism for particular definitions. Terrorism#Definition.--> The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing Common principles among legal definitions of terrorism provide an emerging consensus as to meaning and also foster cooperation between law enforcement personnel in different countries. Among these definitions there are several that do not recognize the possibility of legitimate use of violence by civilians against an invader in an occupied country and would, thus label all resistance movements as terrorist groups. A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups dedicated to fighting an Invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation Occupied territories is a Term of art in International law. In accordance with Article 42 of the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Fourth Hague Convention October A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups dedicated to fighting an Invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation Others make a distinction between lawful and unlawful use of violence. Ultimately, the distinction is a political judgment. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions ^[10]

In November 2004, a United Nations Security Council report described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act. " (Note that this report does not constitute international law. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards )^[11] U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) defined terrorism as: “The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government ” ^[12]

Key criteria

Official definitions determine counter-terrorism policy and are often developed to serve it. Most government definitions outline the following key criteria: target, objective, motive, perpetrator, and legitimacy or legality of the act. Terrorism is also often recognizable by a following statement from the perpetrators.

Violence – According to Walter Laqueur of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "the only general characteristic of terrorism generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence. The Center for Strategic and International Studies is a Washington D " However, the criterion of violence alone does not produce a useful definition, as it includes many acts not usually considered terrorism: war, riot, organized crime, or even a simple assault. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand, Property destruction that does not endanger life is not usually considered a violent crime, but some have described property destruction by the Earth Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front as violence and terrorism; see eco-terrorism. A violent crime or crime of violence is a Crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim The Earth Liberation Front ( ELF) also known as " Elves " or " The Elves " is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous For other uses of the term 'ALF' see ALF (disambiguation. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF is a name used internationally by animal liberation activists Eco-terrorism, also called ecoterrorism or green terrorism, is Terrorism committed in support of ecological, environmental, or

Psychological impact and fear – The attack was carried out in such a way as to maximize the severity and length of the psychological impact. Each act of terrorism is a “performance,” devised to have an impact on many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols to show their power and to shake the foundation of the country or society they are opposed to. This may negatively affect a government's legitimacy, while increasing the legitimacy of the given terrorist organization and/or ideology behind a terrorist act. Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics ^[13]

Perpetrated for a Political Goal – Something all terrorist attacks have in common is their perpetration for a political purpose. Terrorism is a political tactic, not unlike letter writing or protesting, that is used by activists when they believe no other means will effect the kind of change they desire. The change is desired so badly that failure is seen as a worse outcome than the deaths of civilians. This is often where the interrelationship between terrorism and religion occurs. Religious terrorism is Terrorism by those whose motivations and aims have a predominant religious character or influence When a political struggle is integrated into the framework of a religious or "cosmic"^[14] struggle, such as over the control of an ancestral homeland or holy site such as Israel and Jerusalem, failing in the political goal (nationalism) becomes equated with spiritual failure, which, for the highly committed, is worse than their own death or the deaths of innocent civilians.

Deliberate targeting of non-combatants – It is commonly held that the distinctive nature of terrorism lies in its intentional and specific selection of civilians as direct targets. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. Specifically, the criminal intent is shown when babies, children, mothers, and the elderly are murdered, or injured, and put in harms way. Much of the time, the victims of terrorism are targeted not because they are threats, but because they are specific "symbols, tools, animals or corrupt beings" that tie into a specific view of the world that the terrorist possess. Their suffering accomplishes the terrorists' goals of instilling fear, getting a message out to an audience, or otherwise accomplishing their often radical religious and political ends. ^[15]

Disguise – Terrorists almost invariably pretend to be non-combatants, hide among non-combatants, fight from in the midst of non-combatants, and when they can, strive to mislead and provoke the government soldiers into attacking the wrong people, that the government may be blamed for it. When an enemy is identifiable as a combatant, the word terrorism is rarely used. Mass executions of hostages, as by the Nazi military forces in the Second World War, certainly constituted crimes against humanity but are not commonly called terrorism. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Unlawfulness or illegitimacy – Some official (notably government) definitions of terrorism add a criterion of illegitimacy or unlawfulness^[16] to distinguish between actions authorized by a "legitimate" government (and thus "lawful") and those of other actors, including individuals and small groups. Using this criterion, actions that would otherwise qualify as terrorism would not be considered terrorism if they were government sanctioned. For example, firebombing a city, which is designed to affect civilian support for a cause, would not be considered terrorism if it were authorized by a "legitimate" government. This criterion is inherently problematic and is not universally accepted, because: it denies the existence of state terrorism; the same act may or may not be classed as terrorism depending on whether its sponsorship is traced to a "legitimate" government; "legitimacy" and "lawfulness" are subjective, depending on the perspective of one government or another; and it diverges from the historically accepted meaning and origin of the term. State terrorism refers to acts of Terrorism conducted by governments ^{[17][18][19][20]} For these reasons this criterion is not universally accepted. Most dictionary definitions of the term do not include this criterion.

Pejorative use

The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" (someone who engages in terrorism) carry a strong negative connotation. These terms are often used as political labels to condemn violence or threat of violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, or unjustified. Those labeled "terrorists" rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other euphemistic terms or terms specific to their situation, such as: separatist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, jihadi or mujaheddin, or fedayeen, or any similar-meaning word in other languages. Separatism refers to the advocacy of a state of cultural ethnic tribal religious racial or gender separation from the larger group often with demands for greater political autonomy Freedom fighter is a term to describe those that engage in a struggle to achieve freedom for themselves or to free others in some matter A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or A vigilante is a person who ignores Due process of law and enacts their own form of Justice in response to a perception of insufficient response by the For the British newspaper and Marxist organization see Militant tendency. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Fedayeen (فدائيون fidā'ī, plural fidā'iyūn: meaning " Freedom fighter (s" or "self-sacrificer(s"Ֆէտայի is a term

This is further complicated by the moral ambiguity that surrounds terrorism. On the question of whether particular terrorist acts, such as murder, can be justified as the lesser evil in a particular circumstance, philosophers have expressed different views: While, according to David Rodin, utilitarian philosophers can in theory conceive of cases in which evil of terrorism is outweighed by important goods that can be achieved in no morally less costly way, in practice utilitarians often universally reject terrorism because it is very dubious that acts of terrorism achieve important goods in a utility efficient manner, or that the "harmful effects of undermining the convention of non-combatant immunity is thought to outweigh the goods that may be achieved by particular acts of terrorism. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness " ^[21] Among the non-utilitarian philosophers, Michael Walzer argued that terrorism is always morally wrong but at the same time those who engaged in terrorism can be morally justified in one specific case: when "a nation or community faces the extreme threat of complete destruction and the only way it can preserve itself is by intentionally targeting non-combatants, then it is morally entitled to do so. Michael Walzer ( 3 March 1935) is an American Political philosopher and Public intellectual. " ^[21]

In his book "Inside Terrorism" Bruce Hoffman wrote in Chapter One: Defining Terrorism that

“

On one point, at least, everyone agrees: terrorism is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore. 'What is called terrorism,' Brian Jenkins has written, `'thus seems to depend on one's point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgment; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded others to adopt its moral viewpoint. ' Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization `terrorist' becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person/group/cause concerned. If one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is terrorism. If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive (or, at the worst, an ambivalent) light; and it is not terrorism. [5]

”

The pejorative connotations of the word can be summed up in the aphorism, "One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter. " This is exemplified when a group that uses irregular military methods is an ally of a State against a mutual enemy, but later falls out with the State and starts to use the same methods against its former ally. Irregular military refers to any non-standard military Being defined by exclusion there is a lot of variance in what comes under the term A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. During World War II the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army was allied with the British, but during the Malayan Emergency, members of its successor, the Malayan Races Liberation Army, were branded terrorists by the British. The Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA was a Resistance movement in Japanese-occupied Malaya during World War II. The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and The Malayan Races Liberation Army ( MRLA) was the name given by British security forces to a combatant in the Malayan Emergency, an insurrection and ^[22][23] More recently, Ronald Reagan and others in the American administration frequently called the Afghan Mujahideen freedom fighters during their war against the Soviet Union,^[24] yet twenty years later when a new generation of Afghan men are fighting against what they perceive to be a regime installed by foreign powers, their attacks are labelled terrorism by George W. Bush. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. ^[25][26] Groups accused of terrorism usually prefer terms that reflect legitimate military or ideological action. ^[27][28][29] Leading terrorism researcher Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's Carleton University, defines "terrorist acts" as attacks against civilians for political or other ideological goals, and goes on to say:

“

"There is the famous statement: 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter. This article is about the university in Ottawa Ontario Canada ' But that is grossly misleading. It assesses the validity of the cause when terrorism is an act. One can have a perfectly beautiful cause and yet if one commits terrorist acts, it is terrorism regardless. "[30]

”

Some groups, when involved in a "liberation" struggle, have been called terrorists by the Western governments or media. Later, these same persons, as leaders of the liberated nations, are called statesmen by similar organizations. Two examples of this phenomenon are the Nobel Peace Prize laureates Menachem Begin and Nelson Mandela. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative ^{[31][32][33][34][35][36][37]}

Sometimes states that are close allies, for reasons of history, culture and politics, can disagree over whether members of a certain organization are terrorists. For example for many years some branches of the United States government refused to label members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) as terrorists, while it was using methods against one of the United States' closest allies (Britain) that Britain branded as terrorist attacks. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the This was highlighted by the Quinn v. Robinson case. ^[38][39]

Many times the term "terrorism" and "extremism" are interchangeably used. Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society or otherwise claimed to violate However, there is a significant difference between the two. Terrorism essentially threat or act of physical violence. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Extremism involves using non-physical instruments to mobilise minds to achieve political or ideological ends. For instance, Al Qaeda is involved in terrorism. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The Iranian revolution of 1979 is a case of extremism. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed A global research report An Inclusive World (2007) asserts that extremism poses a more serious threat than terrorism in the decades to come.

For these and other reasons, media outlets wishing to preserve a reputation for impartiality are extremely careful in their use of the term. ^[40][41]

Definition in international law

There are several International conventions on terrorism with somewhat different definitions. International conventions on terrorism set out obligations of states in respect to defining international counter terrorist offences, prosecuting individuals suspected of ^[42] The United Nations see this lack of agreement as a serious problem. ^[42]

Types of terrorism

In the spring of 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ is the Research, development and evaluation agency of the United States Department of Justice. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the One of the five volumes that the committee was entitled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction H. H. A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. ^[43] The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.

• Civil Disorders – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community. Civil disorder, also known as civil unrest, is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. Security is the condition of being protected against danger loss and criminals
• Political Terrorism – Violent criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Fear is an Emotional response to Threats and Danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific Stimulus, such as
• Non-Political Terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats ”
• Quasi-Terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different. A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security
• Limited Political Terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the State. A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.
• Official or State Terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions. State terrorism refers to acts of Terrorism conducted by governments Fear is an Emotional response to Threats and Danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific Stimulus, such as Oppression is the act of using power to empower and/or privilege a group at the expense of disempowering marginalizing silencing and subordinating another group ” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.

In an analysis prepared for U. S. Intelligence^[44] four typologies are mentioned.

• Nationalist-Separatist
• Religious Fundamentalist
• New Religious
• Social Revolutionary

Democracy and domestic terrorism

The relationship between domestic terrorism and democracy is complex. Research shows that such terrorism is most common in nations with intermediate political freedom and that the nations with the least terrorism are the most democratic nations. ^{[45][46][47][48]} However, one study suggests that suicide terrorism may be an exception to this general rule. Evidence regarding this particular method of terrorism reveals that every modern suicide campaign has targeted a democracy- a state with a considerable degree of political freedom. The study suggests that concessions awarded to terrorists during the 80s and 90s for suicide attacks increased their frequency. ^[49]

Some examples of "terrorism" in non-democracies include ETA in Spain under Francisco Franco, the Shining Path in Peru under Alberto Fujimori, the [[Kurdistan Workers

Party]] when Turkey was ruled by military leaders and the ANC in South Africa. eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The Communist Party of Peru (Spanish Partido Comunista del Perú) more commonly known as the Shining Path ( Sendero Luminoso) is a Maoist Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The African National Congress (ANC has been South Africa 's governing party supported by its Tripartite alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Democracies such as the United States, Israel, and the Philippines also have experienced domestic terrorism. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

While a democratic nation espousing civil liberties may claim a sense of higher moral ground than other regimes, an act of terrorism within such a state may cause a perceived dilemma: whether to maintain its civil liberties and thus risk being perceived as ineffective in dealing with the problem; or alternatively to restrict its civil liberties and thus risk delegitimizing its claim of supporting civil liberties. This dilemma, some social theorists would conclude, may very well play into the initial plans of the acting terrorist(s); namely, to delegitimize the state. ^[50]

Perpetrators

Acts of terrorism can be carried out by individuals, groups, or states. According to some definitions, clandestine or semi-clandestine state actors may also carry out terrorist acts outside the framework of a state of war. However, the most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by small and secretive cells, highly motivated to serve a particular cause and many of the most deadly operations in recent times, such as 9/11, the London underground bombing, and the 2002 Bali bombing were planned and carried out by a close clique, composed of close friends, family members and other strong social networks. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. These groups benefited from the free flow of information and efficient Telecommunications to succeed where others had failed. ^[51] Over the years, many people have attempted to come up with a terrorist profile to attempt to explain these individuals' actions through their psychology and social circumstances. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Others, like Roderick Hindery, have sought to discern profiles in the propaganda tactics used by terrorists.

Terrorist groups

Main articles: List of designated terrorist organizations and Lone wolf (terrorism)

State sponsors

Main article: State-sponsored terrorism

A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a terrorist organization. Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international A lone wolf or lone-wolf fighter is someone who commits violent/non-violent acts in support of some group movement or ideology but does so alone outside of any command structure The definitions of state-sponsored terrorism, Terrorism, and State terrorism are controversial Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of state-sponsored terrorism or not vary widely. When states provide funding for groups considered by some to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such.

State terrorism

Main article: State terrorism

The concept of state terrorism is controversial [4]. State terrorism refers to acts of Terrorism conducted by governments Military actions by states during war are usually not considered terrorism, even when they involve significant civilian casualties. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units The Chairman of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee has stated that the Committee was conscious of the 12 international Conventions on the subject, and none of them referred to State terrorism, which was not an international legal concept. If States abused their power, they should be judged against international conventions dealing with war crimes, international human rights and international humanitarian law. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled International humanitarian law ( IHL) often referred to as the Laws of war, the laws and customs of war or the law of armed conflict [5] Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan has said that it is "time to set aside debates on so-called 'state terrorism'. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security See also General Secretary. A number of International organizations, Communist parties and other bodies use the title Secretary Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations The use of force by states is already thoroughly regulated under international law"[6] However, he also made clear that, ". . . regardless of the differences between governments on the question of definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any deliberate attack on innocent civilians, regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism. "[7]

State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts by governmental agents or forces. This involve the use of state resources employed by a state's foreign policies, such as the using its military to directly perform acts of considered to be state terrorism. Professor of Political Science, Michael Stohl cites the examples that include Germany’s bombing of London and the U. S. atomic destruction of Hiroshima during World War II. The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's He argues that “the use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents. " They also cite the First strike option as an example of the "terror of coercive dipolomacy" as a form of this, which holds the world "hostage,' with the implied threat of using nuclear weapons in "crisis management. In Nuclear strategy, a first strike is a preemptive surprise attack employing overwhelming force " They argue that the institutionalized form of terrorism has occurred as a result of changes that took place following World War ll. In this analysis, state terrorism exhibited as a form of foreign policy was shaped by the presence and use of weapons of mass destruction, and that the legitimizing of such violent behavior led to an increasingly accepted form of this state behavior. (Michael Stohl, “The Superpowers and International Terror” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Atlanta, March 27-April 1, 1984;"Terrible beyond Endurance? The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism. " 1988;The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression, 1984 P49).

State terrorism is has also been used to describe peace time actions by governmental agents or forces, such as the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 flight. The concept is also used to describe political repressions by governments against their own civilian population with the purpose to incite fear. Political repression is the Persecution of an individual or group for political reasons particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part For example, taking and executing civilian hostages or extrjuducial elimination campaigns are commonly considered "terror" or terrorism, for example during Red Terror or Great Terror ^[52]. A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security For extrajudicial executions see also Assassination Extra-judicial killings are the illegal killing of leading political trades union dissidents The Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and Executions conducted by the Bolshevik government Great Purge (Большая чистка transliterated Bolshaya chistka) was a series of campaigns of Political repression and Persecution Such actions are often also described as democide which has been argued to be equivalent to state terrorism^[53] Empirical studies on this have found that democracies have little democide. Definition According to Rummel Genocide has three different meanings ^[54][55]

Tactics

Main article: Tactics of terrorism

Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare, and is more common when direct conventional warfare either cannot be (due to differentials in available forces) or is not being used to resolve the underlying conflict. Terrorist groups use various Tactics to maximize fear and publicity Asymmetric warfare originally referred to War between two or more belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly Conventional warfare is a form of Warfare conducted by using conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation

The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale, unresolved political conflict. Conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of Needs values and interests The type of conflict varies widely; historical examples include:

• Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state
• Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
• Imposition of a particular form of government, such as democracy, theocracy, or anarchy
• Economic deprivation of a population
• Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army

Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness They usually use explosives or poison, but there is also concern about terrorist attacks using weapons of mass destruction. An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e Terrorist organizations usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train participants, plant "undercover" agents, and raise money from supporters or through organized crime. "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. Communication may occur through modern telecommunications, or through old-fashioned methods such as couriers. A courier is a Person or company employed to deliver Messages packages and Mail.

Causes

Many opinions exist concerning the causes of terrorism. ^[56][57] They range from demographic to socioeconomic to political factors. Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles Socioeconomics or socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economic activity and Social life. Demographic factors may include congestion and high growth rates. Socioeconomic factors may include poverty, unemployment, and land tenure problems. Political factors may include disenfranchisement, ethnic conflict, religious conflict, territorial conflict, access to resources, or even revenge. Disenfranchisement or disfranchisement is the revocation of the right of Suffrage (the right to vote to a person or group of people or rendering a person's vote An ethnic conflict or ethnic war is a war between Ethnic groups often as a result of Ethnic nationalism. Religious intolerance is either Intolerance motivated by one's own religious beliefs or intolerance against another's religious beliefs or practices A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more States or over the possession or control of land by one state after it has conquered

Factors that May Contribute to Terrorism

• High population growth rates (so-called “youth bulges”)
• High Unemployment
• Lagging economies
• Political disenfranchisement
• Extremism
• Ethnic conflict
• Religious conflict
• Territorial conflict

In some cases, the rationale for a terrorist attack may be uncertain (as in the many attacks for which no group or individual claims responsibility) or unrelated to any large-scale social conflict (such as the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway by Aum Shinrikyo). Population growth is the change in Population over time and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time" for Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society or otherwise claimed to violate An ethnic conflict or ethnic war is a war between Ethnic groups often as a result of Ethnic nationalism. Religious intolerance is either Intolerance motivated by one's own religious beliefs or intolerance against another's religious beliefs or practices A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more States or over the possession or control of land by one state after it has conquered The Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, usually referred to in the Japanese media as the, was an act of Domestic terrorism perpetrated by members of Aum Aum Shinrikyo, now known as Aleph, is a Japanese new religious movement organization

A global research report An Inclusive World prepared by an international team of researchers from all continents has analysed causes of present day terrorism. International or internationally most often describes interaction between Nations or encompassing two or more nations constituting a group or association having It has reached the conclusions that terrorism all over the world functions like an economic market. Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information There is demand for terrorists placed by greed or grievances. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Greed is the Selfish desire for or pursuit of Money, Wealth, power, Food, or other Possessions, especially when this denies Supply is driven by relative deprivation resulting in triple deficits - developmental deficit, democratic deficit and dignity deficit. A budget deficit occurs when an Entity (often a Government) spends more Money than it takes in Acts of terrorism take place at the point of intersection between supply and demand. Those placing the demand use religion and other denominators as vehicles to establish links with those on the supply side. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos This pattern can be observed in all situations ranging from Colombia to Colombo and the Philippines to the Palestine. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.

Responses to terrorism

Main article: Responses to terrorism

Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. Counter-terrorism or counterterrorism refers to the practices tactics, techniques and strategies that Governments militaries, Police departments They can include re-alignments of the political spectrum and reassessments of fundamental values. A political spectrum (plural Spectra) is a way of modeling different political positions by placing them upon one or more geometric axes A value system is a set of Consistent Ethic values (more specifically the Personal and cultural values) and measures used for the purpose of Ethical The term counter-terrorism has a narrower connotation, implying that it is directed at terrorist actors.

Specific types of responses include:

• Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police powers
• Target hardening, such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers
• Pre-emptive or reactive military action
• Increased intelligence and surveillance activities
• Pre-emptive humanitarian activities
• More permissive interrogation and detention policies
• Official acceptance of torture as a valid tool

Mass media

Media exposure may be a primary goal of those carrying out terrorism, to expose issues that would otherwise be ignored by the media. Some consider this to be manipulation and exploitation of the media. ^[58] Others consider terrorism itself to be a symptom of a highly controlled mass media, which does not otherwise give voice to alternative viewpoints, a view expressed by Paul Watson who has stated that controlled media is responsible for terrorism, because "you cannot get your information across any other way". Paul Watson (born December 2, 1950) is the founder of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and a significant figure in the Environmental movement Paul Watson's organization Sea Shepherd has itself been branded "eco-terrorist", although it claims to have not caused any casualties. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Eco-terrorism, also called ecoterrorism or green terrorism, is Terrorism committed in support of ecological, environmental, or

The mass media will often censor organizations involved in terrorism (through self-restraint or regulation) to discourage further terrorism. However, this may encourage organisations to perform more extreme acts of terrorism to be shown in the mass media.

There is always a point at which the terrorist ceases to manipulate the media gestalt. A point at which the violence may well escalate, but beyond which the terrorist has become symptomatic of the media gestalt itself. Terrorism as we ordinarily understand it is innately media-related.

—Novelist William Gibson^[59]

The Weather Underground was a militant US organization which, while causing no casualties, performed terrorist acts to bring media attention to various world political issues. William Ford Gibson (born March 17 1948 is an American - Canadian writer who has been called the "noir prophet" of the Cyberpunk subgenre Weatherman, known colloquially as the Weathermen and later the Weather Underground Organization, was an American Radical left organization Many of the issues were given brief mentions by news services only in relation to the terrorist acts.

History

Main article: History of terrorism

The modern English term "terrorism" dates back to 1795 when it was used to describe the actions of the Jacobin Club in their rule of post-Revolutionary France, the so-called "Reign of Terror". The history of terrorism is a history of the various types of Terrorism and terrorist individuals and groups The Jacobin Club was the largest and most powerful political club of the French Revolution. Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was

See also

• Agent provocateur
• Colombian Armed Conflict (1960s–present)
• Conspiracy theory
• Destructive cult
• False flag operations
• Hate crime
• Hate group
• Hirabah
• Indoctrination
• List of terrorist incidents
• List of terrorist organisations
• Nuclear 9/11
• Propaganda
• Strategy of tension
• Ten Threats identified by the United Nations
• Terror bombing
• Terrorism insurance
• Terrorist Screening Center
• Unconventional warfare
• Counter-terrorism
• Cyber-terrorism

Further reading

• Köchler, Hans (ed. Traditionally an agent provocateur ( Plural: agents provocateurs, French for "inciting agent" is a person employed by the police or The Colombian armed conflict or Colombian Civil War are terms that are employed to refer to the current asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict in A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment " Destructive cult " is a term used to refer to religions and other groups which have caused harm to their own members or to others Hate crimes (also known as bias motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain Social group, usually defined A hate group is an organized group or movement that advocates Hate, Hostility, or Violence towards members of a race ethnicity religion gender sexual Punishment for Hirabah The Qur'an commands strict punishment for those who spread disorder in land Indoctrination is the process of inculcating Ideas attitudes, cognitive strategies or a professional Methodology. The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state Terrorism. Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international Nuclear weapons materials on the Black market is a growing global concern and a nuclear 9/11 could involve the detonation of a small crude nuclear weapon by a Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda The ten threats identified by the High Level Threat Panel of the United Nations are these Poverty Infectious disease The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Terror bombing is a strategy of deliberately bombing and/or Strafing civilian targets in order to break the Morale of the enemy make its civilian population panic Terrorism insurance is Insurance purchased by property owners to cover their potential losses and liabilities that might occur due to terrorist activities Unconventional warfare (abbreviated UW) is the opposite of Conventional warfare. Counter-terrorism or counterterrorism refers to the practices tactics, techniques and strategies that Governments militaries, Police departments Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman ), Terrorism and National Liberation. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Question of Terrorism. Frankfurt a. M. /Bern/New York: Peter Lang, 1988, ISBN 3-8204-1217-4
• Köchler, Hans. Manila Lectures 2002. Terrorism and the Quest for a Just World Order. Quezon City (Manila): FSJ Book World, 2002, ISBN 0-9710791-2-9
• Laqueur, Walter. No End to War - Terrorism in the 21st century, New York, 2003, ISBN 0-8264-1435-4
• Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds. Terrorism : essential primary sources. Thomson Gale, 2006. ISBN 9781414406213 Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms LC Control Number: 2005024002.
• Lieberman, David M. Sorting the revolutionary from the terrorist: The delicate application of the "Political Offense" exception in U.S. extradition case, Stanford Law Review, Volume 59, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 181-211
• Sunga, Lyal S., US Anti-Terrorism Policy and Asia’s Options, in Johannen, Smith and Gomez, (eds. Professor Lyal S Sunga, Senior Lecturer / Director of Research Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Lund Sweden is a specialist on international ) September 11 & Political Freedoms: Asian Perspectives (Select) (2002) 242-264. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul
• Charles Tilly, Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists in Sociological Theory (2004) 22, 5-13 online
• Christian Buder, "Die Todesstrafe, Tabu und Terror", VDM-Verlag, Saarbrücken, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8364-5163-5

UN conventions

• United Nations: Conventions on Terrorism
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: Conventions against terrorism "There are 12 major multilateral conventions and protocols related to states' responsibilities for combating terrorism. Charles Tilly ( May 20, 1929 &ndash April 29, 2008) was an American sociologist, political scientist, and The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC is a United Nations agency that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention But many states are not yet party to these legal instruments, or are not yet implementing them. "

News monitoring websites specializing on articles on terrorism

• Insurgency Research Group - Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of terrorism, insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy.
• A reliable and daily updated Open Sources Center that includes a "Terrorism" section. by ISRIA.
• Diplomacy Monitor - Terrorism
• Jihad Monitor

Papers and articles on global terrorism

• Audrey Kurth Cronin, "Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism," International Security, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Winter 2002/03), pp. 30-58.
• Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil Wars (2004) in Journal of Ethics 8:1, 97-138.
• Prof. Troy Duster "From Theatre of War to Terrorism"
• Syed Ubaidur Rahman "Thousands of Muslims gather to denounce terrorism"
• Hans Köchler, The United Nations, the International Rule of Law and Terrorism. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman Supreme Court of the Philippines, Centenary Lecture (2002)
• Hans Köchler, The United Nations and International Terrorism. Challenges to Collective Security (2002)
• MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
• Global War on Terrorism / Strategic Studies Institute
• Terrorism Research Center - Terrorism research site started in 1996. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman
• Terror Finance Blog - Multi-expert website dealing with terrorism finance issues.
• Terrorism Research - International Terrorism and Security Research
• Scale invariance in global terrorism
• Security News Line: Global Terrorism and Counter-terrorism www.debriefed.org
• The Evolution of Terrorism in 2005. A statistical assessment An article by Rik Coolsaet and Teun Van de Voorde, University of Ghent
• Terrorism/Anti-terrorism - An analysis on the causes and uses of terrorism
• [8] "Al Qaeda's New Front," PBS "Frontline" January 2005. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the locus of the investigation quickly shifted to Europe and the network of radical Islamic jihadis who are part of "Eurabia," the continent's expanding Muslim communities. Since 9/11 America has been spared what authorities feared and expected: a second wave of attacks. Instead Europe, once a logistical base for Islamic radicals and a safe haven, has itself become the target.
• Teaching Terrorism and Counterterrorism with lesson plans, bibliographies, resources; from US Military Academy
• European Union’s Security With Regard to the International Situation After September 2001 - Special Report on Terrorism in the European Union on 'Analyzing EU'
• Germany's contribution to the fight against global terrorism
• "Al Qaeda Today: The New Face of the Global Jihad," by Marlena Telvick, PBS Frontline, January 2005. [9] Former CIA caseworker Dr. Marc Sageman explains how Al Qaeda has evolved from an operational organization into a larger social movement, and the implications for U. S. counterterror efforts.

The Intelligence & Terrorism Information Center- www. terrorism-info. org. il

Papers and articles on terrorism and the United States

• Leonard Peikoff on Terrorism This article was published in the New York Times on October 2, 2001.
• Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U. S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy,"Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549-563.
• The Terrorism Index - Terrorism "scorecard" from Foreign Policy Magazine and the Center for American Progress
• The reality show: the Watch, the Fight
• Most Wanted Terrorists- Rewards for Justice
• Law, Terrorism and Homeland Security. A collection of articles.
• "The Security Constitution," UCLA Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 29, 2005
• The Enemy Within, PBS Frontline October 2006
• "The Man Turned Away" by Charlotte Buchen and Marlena Telvick, PBS Frontline, October 2006. [10] To his family in Jordan, Raed Mansour al-Banna was a beloved son who wanted to make it in America. To his American friends, he was a sweet guy with a charming smile who loved to party. To the families of the 166 people he killed in Hilla, Iraq, he was a murderer.

Papers and articles on terrorism and Israel

• Ariel Merari, "Terrorism as a Strategy in Insurgency," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 213-251.
• Israel Global Terror desk
• Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000

Other

• Essay exploring uses of term in film, novels, and 20th century history
• Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Development and Terrorism from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars by John Richardson
• Ontologies of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism
• The Supreme Court of India adopted Alex P. Schmid's definition of terrorism in a 2003 ruling (Madan Singh vs. Dr John Richardson (born March 12, 1938) is an American academic who currently serves as Professor of International Development and as Director The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. Alex P Schmid is an internationally renowned Dutch scholar in Terrorism Studies and former Officer-in-Charge of the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations. State of Bihar), "defin[ing] acts of terrorism veritably as 'peacetime equivalents of war crimes. '"[11]
• Jack Goody What is a terrorist? Published in: journal History and Anthropology, Volume 13, Issue 2 2002 , pages 139 - 142 DOI: 10. Sir John ( Jack Rankine Goody (born 1919 is a British social anthropologist. 1080/0275720022000001219
• Schmid and Jongman (1988): "Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-)clandestine individual, group, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons, whereby — in contrast to assassination — the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. Alex P Schmid is an internationally renowned Dutch scholar in Terrorism Studies and former Officer-in-Charge of the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations. The immediate human victims are violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperiled) victims, and main targets are use to manipulate the main target (audience(s), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought". ^[60]
• Staff. U.S. Terrorism in the Americas an Encyclopedia "on violence promoted, supported and carried out by both the U. S. government and its servants in Latin America

Footnotes

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