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| Name, Symbol, Number | terbium, Tb, 65 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | n/a, 6, f | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white |
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| Standard atomic weight | 158.92535(2) g·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f9 6s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 8. Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Bk redirects here For other uses of the abbreviation see BK (disambiguation. This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 23 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 7. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 65 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1629 K (1356 °C, 2473 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 3503 K (3230 °C, 5846 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 10. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 15 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 293 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 28. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 91 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3, 4 (weakly basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | ? 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 2 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 565. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 8 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1110 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2114 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 175 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 225 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | ferromagnetic in dry ice [1] |
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| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (α, poly) 1. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Dry ice is solid Carbon dioxide. It is commonly used as a versatile cooling agent Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 150 µΩ·m |
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| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 11. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 1 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (α, poly) 10. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 3 µm/(m·K) |
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| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 2620 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | (α form) 55. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 7 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | (α form) 22. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 1 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | (α form) 38. 7 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | (α form) 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 261 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 863 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 677 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-27-9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Terbium (pronounced /ˈtɝbiəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton
Contents |
Notable characteristics
Terbium is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without It is reasonably stable in air, and two crystal allotropes exist, with a transformation temperature of 1289 °C. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different Terbium(III) cation is brilliantly fluorescent, in a beautiful bright lemon-yellow color that is the result of a strong green emission line in combination with other lines in the orange and red. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range compared The yttrofluorite variety of the mineral fluorite owes its creamy-yellow fluorescence in part to terbium. Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]]
Applications
Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate and strontium molybdate, materials that are used in solid-state devices, and as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperatures, together with ZrO2. A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a crystal or semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical Calcium fluoride (CaF2 is an insoluble Ionic compound of Calcium and Fluorine. The tungstate Ion is WO42&minus A tungstate (compound is a compound containing the tungstate ion or more complicated Polymeric Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 In chemistry a molybdate is a compound containing an Oxoanion with Molybdenum in its highest Oxidation state of 6 A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the Zirconia redirects here For the Sailor Moon character see Dead Moon Circus.
Terbium is also used in alloys and in the production of electronic devices. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has As a component of Terfenol-D (an alloy that expands or contracts to a high degree in the presence of a magnetic field), terbium is of use in actuators, sensors and other magenetomechanical devices. Terfenol-D is an Alloy of the formula Tb (03 Dy (07 Fe (19 developed in the 1950's at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in America An actuator is a mechanical device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument
Terbium oxide is used in green phosphors in fluorescent lamps and color TV tubes. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of Phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to energized particles such as Electrons A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor. Sodium terbium borate is used in solid state devices. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Borates in Chemistry are Chemical compounds containing Boron bonded to three Oxygen atoms written as B(OR3 Solid-state Electronic components devices and systems are based entirely on the Semiconductor, such as Transistors Microprocessor chips and The brilliant fluorescence allows terbium to be used as a probe in biochemistry, where it somewhat resembles calcium in its behavior. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Terbium "green" phosphors (which fluoresce a brilliant lemon-yellow) are combined with divalent Europium blue phosphors and trivalent europium red phosphors to provide the "trichromatic" lighting technology, which is by far the largest consumer of the world's terbium supply. Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Trichromatic lighting provides much higher light output for a given amount of electrical energy than does incandescent lighting. The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general
History
Terbium was discovered in 1843 by Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who detected it as an impurity in Yttrium-oxide, Y2O3, and named after the village Ytterby in Sweden. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Carl Gustaf Mosander ( Kalmar 10 September 1797 &ndash Lovö, Stockholm County 15 October, 1858) was a Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Ytterby is a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, in Vaxholm Municipality in the Stockholm archipelago. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. It was not isolated in pure form until the recent advent of ion exchange techniques. Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. When Mosander first partitioned "yttria" into three fractions, "terbia" was the fraction that contained the pink color (due to what is now known as erbium), and "erbia" was the fraction that was essentially colorless in solution, but gave a brown-tinged oxide. Later workers had difficulty in observing the latter, but the pink fraction was impossible to miss. Arguments went back and forth as to whether "erbia" even existed. In the confusion, the original names got reversed, and the exchange of names stuck. It is now thought that those workers who used the double sodium or potassium sulfates to remove "ceria" from "yttria" inadvertently lost the terbium content of the system into the ceria-containing precipitate. In any case, what is now known as terbium was only about 1% of the original yttria, but that was sufficient to impart a yellowish color to the oxide. Thus, terbium was a minor component in the original terbium fraction, dominated by its immediate neighbors, gadolinium and dysprosium. Thereafter, whenever other rare earths were teased apart from this mixture, whichever fraction gave the brown oxide retained the terbium name, until at last it was pure. The 19th century investigators did not have the benefit of fluorescence technology, wherewith to observe the brilliant fluorescence that would have made this element much easier to track in mixtures.
Occurrence
Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite ((Ce,LaTh,Nd,Y)PO4, which contains up to 0. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Cerite is a complex mineral containing Cerium, formula Ce 9 Fe ( Si[[Oxygen O]]46( Si[[Oxygen O]]3( Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium 03% of terbium), xenotime (YPO4) and euxenite ((Y,Ca,Er,La,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6, which contains 1% or more of terbium). Xenotime (from the Greek words xenos, "foreign" and time, "honour" is a Rare Earth phosphate mineral whose major Euxenite or euxenite-(Y (a correct mineralogical name is a brownish black Mineral with a metallic luster. The richest current commercial sources of terbium are the ion-adsorption clays of southern China. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Alternative meaning In Geology, North China (continent and South China (continent were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern The high-yttrium concentrate versions of these are about two-thirds yttrium oxide by weight, and about 1% terbia. However, small amounts occur in bastnaesite and monazite, and when these are processed by solvent-extraction to recover the valuable heavy lanthanides in the form of "samarium-europium-gadolinium concentrate" (SEG concentrate), the terbium content of the ore ends up therein. The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Due to the large volumes of bastnaesite processed, relative to the richer ion-adsorption clays, a significant proportion of the world's terbium supply comes from bastnaesite.
Compounds
Terbium compounds include:
- Fluorides: TbF3, TbF4
- Chlorides: TbCl3
- Bromides: TbBr3
- Iodides: TbI3
- Oxides: Tb2O3, Tb4O7
- Sulfides: Tb2S3
- Nitrides: TbN
See also terbium compounds. Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Terbium(III chloride ( Tb[[Chlorine Cl3]] is a Chemical compound. A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides Terbium(III bromide ( Tb[[Bromine Br3]] is a Chemical compound. An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides Terbium(III iodide ( Tb[[Iodine I3]] is an Inorganic Chemical compound. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Terbium(III oxide ( Tb 2 O3 also known as Terbium sesquioxide) is an Inorganic Chemical compound. Terbium(IIIIV oxide, occasionally called tetraterbium heptaoxide, has the formula Tb4O7 though some texts refer to it as TbO1 The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation In chemistry a nitride is a compound of Nitrogen with a less Electronegative element where nitrogen has an Oxidation state of -3
Isotopes
Naturally occurring terbium is composed of 1 stable isotope, 159-Tb. Naturally occurring Terbium ( Tb) is composed of 1 stable Isotope, 159-Tb Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 33 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 158-Tb with a half-life of 180 years, 157-Tb with a half-life of 71 years, and 160-Tb with a half-life of 72. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 3 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 6. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. 907 days, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 24 seconds. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 156m1-Tb (t½ 24. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 4 hours), 154m2-Tb (t½ 22. 7 hours) and 154m1-Tb (t½ 9. 4 hours).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 159-Tb, is electron capture, and the primary mode behind is beta minus decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before 159-Tb are element Gd (gadolinium) isotopes, and the primary products behind are element Dy (dysprosium) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64
Precautions
As with the other lanthanides, terbium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Terbium has no known biological role.
References
Further reading
- D. M. Gruen, W. C. Koehler, and J. J. Katz (April 1951). "Higher Oxides of the Lanthanide Elements: Terbium Dioxide" (PDF). Journal of the American Chemical Society: 1475.
See also
External links
Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic