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Tengiz field, in western Kazakhstan, is located in the low-lying wetlands along the northeast shores of the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Discovered in 1979, Tengiz oil field is one of the largest discoveries in recent history. An oil field is a region with an abundance of Oil wells extracting Petroleum (crude oil from below ground The city of Atyrau, 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of Tengiz, is the main transport hub of Tengiz oil. Atyrau (Атырау ɑtɪˈɾaw named Guryev during the Soviet era) is a city in Kazakhstan, and the capital of Atyrau Province. Many nations are involved in a large geopolitical competition to secure access to this source of oil. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales

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Reserves and production

The Tengizchevroil (TCO) joint venture has developed the Tengiz field since 1993. is a joint venture between Chevron, ExxonMobil, Lukarco and KazMunayGas. The major partners in Tengizchevroil are Chevron (50% ownership), ExxonMobil (25% ownership), the Kazakhstani government through KazMunayGas (20% ownership) and Russian LukArco (5%). The Exxon Mobil Corporation, or ExxonMobil, is an American oil and gas Corporation and a direct descendant of John D KazMunayGas is the state-owned oil and gas company of Kazakhstan.

Estimated at up to 25 billion barrels (4 km³) of oil originally in place, Tengiz is the sixth largest oil field in the world; recoverable crude oil reserves have been estimated at 6 to 9 billion barrels (0. Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions 9 to 1. 4 km³). Like many other oil fields, the Tengiz also contains large reserves of natural gas. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Since the oil from Tengiz contains a high amount of sulfur (up to 17%), an estimated 6 million tons of sulfur byproduct were stored in the form of large sulfur blocks as of December 2002. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 At the time, about 4000 tonnes a day was being added. [1] On October 3rd, 2007, the Kazakh environment ministry was reported to be considering imposing fines against TCO for alleged breaches in the way the sulfur is stored. [2]

In 2002, TCO produced 285,000 barrels (45,000 m³) per day, or one third of Kazakhstan's daily production. In January 2003, after contentious negotiations with the government of Kazakhstan, the TCO consortium members initiated a $3 billion expansion project designed to boost production to approximately 450,000 barrels (72,000 m³) per day by 2006. According to Chevron, Tengiz could potentially produce 700,000 barrels (111,000 m³) per day by the end of the decade.

An area of major geopolitical competition involves the routing of oil out of this oil field. Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Oil from the Tengiz field is primarily routed to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk through the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) project. History In antiquity the shores of the Tsemess Bay were the site of Bata, an ancient Greek colony that specialized in the Grain trade The Caspian Pipeline Consortium is an international consortium of 1510-kilometer long oil pipeline from Tengiz field to the Novorossiysk -2 Marine Terminal on The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline is a competing pipeline put forth by U. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline is a crude oil pipeline from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean S. interests to bypass dependence on the Russian pipeline. In addition, Total is interested in developing a pipeline south through Iran, which is theoretically the cheapest route; due to the geopolitical climate involving Iran, however, the United States does not favor this route. Total SA () is an oil company headquartered in Paris, France, and one of the six " Supermajor " oil companies in the world

Geology

The oil reservoir at Tengiz occupies an immense build-up of limestone, essentially a large atoll or reef built on the margin of the deep North Caspian Basin. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 An atoll (pronounced /ˈætʌl/ is an island of Coral that encircles a Lagoon partially or completely In nautical terminology a reef is a rock, sandbar, or other feature lying beneath the surface of the water (six fathoms or less at low water The atoll was built by marine organisms such as corals, mostly during Carboniferous time, but some reef-building probably occurred earlier during the Devonian Period as well as later during the Permian. Corals are Marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small Sea anemone –like Polyps typically in colonies of many The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to  million years ago. The Permian is a geologic period and system that extends from 299 The reservoir is sealed by thick, impermeable Kungurian salt of Permian age.

Trivia

The Tengiz oil field was mentioned in the film Syriana (2005) starring George Clooney. Syriana is a 2005 geopolitical thriller Film written and directed by Stephen Gaghan, and executive produced by George

References

External links

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