Steam locomotives often haul a tender, which is a special railway truck designed to hold the locomotive's fuel (wood, coal, or oil) and water. A steam locomotive is a Locomotive powered by Steam. The term usually refers to its use on Railways but can also refer to a "road locomotive" A locomotive is a railway Vehicle that provides the motive power for a Train. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In America, tenders are sometimes called coal-cars. Steam locomotives consume large quantities of both fuel and water. Locomotives that do not have tenders and carry all their fuel and water on board the locomotive itself are called tank engines. A tank locomotive is a Steam locomotive that carries its own fuel and water on it instead of pulling it behind it in a tender. Examples are the fictional locomotive Thomas the Tank Engine and the German BR 89. Thomas the Tank Engine is a Fictional Anthropomorphic Tank locomotive created by the Rev Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
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Advantages and disadvantages
One reason not to carry the fuel and water aboard the locomotive is that the rate of consumption of both is such that it is hard to carry enough for an extended range. Another is the desire to keep the locomotive's weight near constant, so that its hauling abilities remain consistent (since they are dependent on weight on driven wheels multiplied by a coefficient of friction). Friction is the Force resisting the relative motion of two Surfaces in contact or a surface in contact with a fluid (e
The disadvantages of a tender are that it reduces the locomotive's weight and hence its adhesion and that it has difficulties running in reverse at speed, especially in tight curves. It also tends to block the view to the rear of the locomotive, much more so than the boiler blocks the view to the front. For these reasons, when locomotives cannot easily be turned at the end of their runs, or if the maximum adhesion possible is needed, tank locomotives are preferred. Tenders used with steam switch engines are typically small, and the tops of their water tanks typically slope down in back, for better visibility.
German practice
In Germany, special attention was given to ensuring that tender locomotives were capable of moderately high speeds in reverse, pushing their tenders. The numerous BR 50 (2-10-0) locomotives, for example, were capable of 80 km/h (50 mph) in either direction, and were commonly used on branch lines with no turning facilities. Under the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives, a 2-10-0 is a locomotive with two Leading wheels generally in a radially swinging A branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a more important through route usually a main line.
A source of possible confusion with regards to German locomotives is that in German, Tenderlokomotive means a tank locomotive. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A locomotive with a separate, hauled tender is a Schlepptenderlokomotive.
Track pans or water troughs
The fuel and water capacities of a tender are usually proportional to the rate at which they are consumed, though there were exceptions. The Southern Railway (SR was a British railway company established in the 1923 Grouping. The Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York Central Railroad used track pans on many of their routes, allowing locomotives to pick up water at speed. The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Railroad, founded in 1846 The New York Central Railroad, known simply as the New York Central in its publicity was a Railroad operating in the Northeastern United States. A track pan ( American terminology or water trough ( British terminology is a device to enable a steam railway locomotive to replenish its water supply The result was that the water tanks on these tenders were proportionally much smaller.
In the UK track pans were called water troughs and were used by three of the Big Four railways. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The exception was the Southern Railway and some Southern Railway locomotives were equipped with eight-wheel "Water Cart" tenders. The Southern Railway (SR was a British railway company established in the 1923 Grouping.
Canteens
An additional tender which holds only water is called a "canteen. " During the steam era, these were not frequently used. Water tanks were placed at regular intervals along the track, making a canteen unnecessary in most cases. Water tanks are liquid storage containers these tanks are usually storing water for human consumption However, there were times that canteens proved economical. The Norfolk & Western used canteens with its giant 2-8-8-2 locomotives on coal trains. The Norfolk and Western Railway ( N&W), a US Class I railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982 A 2-8-8-2, in the Whyte notation for describing Steam locomotive Wheel arrangements is an Articulated locomotive with a two-wheel Leading Use of the canteen allowed one of the water stops to be skipped, meaning that the train did not have to climb a hill from a dead stop. A water stop or water station on a railroad is a place where Trains stop to replenish Water. Currently, Union Pacific uses canteens with its steam locomotives 844 and 3985 on excursion trains. Union Pacific 844 is a 4-8-4 Steam locomotive owned by Union Pacific Railroad. Virtually all the trackside tanks were removed when steam locomotives were retired. Nowadays, fire hydrant hookups are used, which fills the tanks far more slowly. A fire hydrant (also known colloquially as a fire plug in the United States or as a johnny pump in New York City, because the firemen of the The canteens allow for greater range between stops.
Canteens were also used on the Trans-Australian Railway which crosses the waterless Nullarbor Plain. The Trans-Australian Railway is a railway line that crosses the Nullarbor Plain of Australia from Port Augusta in South Australia to
The only example of a canteen in the United Kingdom was on Flying Scotsman during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The LNER Class A3 Pacific locomotive no 4472 "Flying Scotsman" (originally no As railways in Britain tend to be far shorter than those in the USA, the canteen was never seen as an economical proposition.
Other tenders
Fuel Tender
Sometimes a tender will be used for a diesel locomotive. A Diesel locomotive is a type of Railroad Locomotive in which the prime mover is a Diesel engine. This is typically a tank car with a fuel line that connects to the locomotive and MU connections to allow locomotives behind the tender to be controlled remotely. The Burlington Northern used fuel tenders in remote territory where fuel was expensive. The Burlington Northern Railroad was a United States -based Railroad company operating between 1970 and 1996 Diesel fuel could be bought cheaply and loaded into the tender. A common consist was two EMD SD40-2s with a tender between them. The EMD SD40-2 is a model of C-C Diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors ' Electro-Motive Division between January 1972 and February Some of the tenders survived the Burlington Northern Santa Fe merger but retain the black and green BN colors. The BNSF Railway headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, is one of the four remaining Transcontinental railroads and one of the largest railroad networks in The Southern Pacific also briefly experimented with fuel tenders for diesels. Some slugs have fuel tanks and serve as fuel tenders for the attached locomotives. A railroad slug is an accessory to a Diesel-electric locomotive.
Union Pacific used fuel tenders on its turbines. Union Pacific operated the largest fleet of Gas turbine-electric locomotives (GTELs of any railroad in the world These tenders were originally used with steam locomotives, then reworked to hold heavy "Bunker C" fuel oil. Fuel capacity was about 23,000 gallons (87,000 liters). When the turbines were retired, some of the tenders were kept and reworked to hold water and used as canteens for steam locomotives.
Brake Tender
On British Railways, brake tenders were used with early main line diesel locomotives. See also Rail transport in Great Britain, National Rail, Network Rail This article is about the defunct entity "British Railways" These were coupled in front of the locomotive to provide extra braking power.
Powered Tender
Certain early British steam locomotives were fitted with powered tenders. As well as holding coal and water, these had wheels powered from the locomotive to provide greater strength and adhesion. However, these were abandoned for economic reasons - railwaymen working on locomotives so equipped demanded extra pay as they were effectively working on two locomotives. However, the concept was tried again on the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway's River Mite, and the Garratt locomotive may be seen as an extension of this principle. The Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway is a narrow gauge Heritage railway in Cumbria, England. Powered tenders were also seen on the 2-8-8-8-2 and 2-8-8-8-4 locomotives in the United States, but these experiments were not considered successful. the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives a 2-8-8-8-2 has two Leading wheels three sets of eight Driving wheels and two Under the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives a 2-8-8-8-4 has two Leading wheels three sets of eight Driving wheels and
External links
See also
- Tender, for other uses of the word
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