Telugu
Type	Abugida
Spoken languages	Telugu
Time period	c. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which 1500–present
Parent systems	Proto-Canaanite alphabet  → Phoenician alphabet   → Aramaic alphabet    → Brāhmī     → Kadamba      → Telugu
Sister systems	Kannada
Unicode range	U+0C01–U+0C6F
ISO 15924	Telu
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is a consonantal alphabet of twenty-two acrophonic glyphs found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Kadamba script marks the birth of a dedicated Kannada script that was used for Kannada language The Kannada script is a Syllabary (of the type sometimes called an Abugida) of the Brahmic family, primarily to write the Kannada language Unicode ’s ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of Writing systems (scripts In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Brahmic script and its descendants

Brāhmī Northern Brahmic Kusan Gupta Śāradā Landa Old Kashmiri Gurmukhī Takri Dogri Chameali Siddhaṃ Nāgarī Devanāgarī Nandināgarī Gujarati Proto-Bengali Eastern Nagari Bengali Assamese Mithilakshar Oriya Nepal Bhujimol Ranjana Tibetan ’Phagspa Southern Brahmic Tamil Brahmi Vatteluttu Tamil Pallava Grantha Malayalam Tulu Khmer Thai Lao Old Kawi Balinese Javanese Mon Burmese Kalinga Kadamba Old Kannada Kannada Telugu Sinhala

Telugu script, an abugida from the Brahmic family of scripts, is used to write Telugu, a Dravidian Language found in the Southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh as well as several other neighboring states. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Gupta script (or Gupta Brahmi) was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material The Śāradā, or Sharada, script (sa शारदा is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts developed from ca The Laṇḍā script ( Gurmukhi: ਲੰਡਾ meaning an alphabet "without tail" is a Punjabi word used to refer to scripts in Northern India Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Gurmukhī (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Shahmukhi:) is the most common script used for writing the Punjabi language. The Takri script (sometimes called Tankri) is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts Not to be confused with the Dogrib language. Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى is an Indo-Aryan Language spoken by Siddhaṃ ( Sanskrit सिद्धं "accomplished" or "perfected" — is the name of a North Indian script used for writing Sanskrit during the period The Nāgarī script appeared in ancient India around the 8th century CE as an eastern variant of the Gupta script (whereas Śāradā was the western The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ, Gujǎrātī Lipi) which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an Abugida rather The Eastern Nagari script (also known as the Eastern Neo-Brahmic script or the Purvi Script) is an Abugida system of writing The Bengali script ( Bengali: বাংলা লিপি Bangla lipi) is a variant of the Eastern Nagari script also used for Assamese and The Assamese script (অসমীয়া আখৰ Ôxômiya Akhôr) is a variant of the Eastern Nagari script also used for Bengali and Bishnupriya Mithilakshar ( Devanagari script मिथिलाक्षर mithilākṣar; Eastern Nagari script: মিথিলাক্ষর or Tirhuta The Oriya script is used to write the Oriya language, and can be used for several other Indian languages for example Sanskrit. Nepal script ( Nepal Bhasa:नेपाल लिपि is a group of scripts that developed from Brahmi script and are used primarily in Nepal Bhasa. Bhujimol is the name of the most ancient form of the Nepal script. The Ranjana script (syn Kutila, Lantsa) is an Abugida writing system developed as a derivate of Brāhmī in 11th century The Tibetan script is an Abugida of Indic origin used to write the Tibetan language as well as the Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language The ’Phagspa script (дөрвөлжин үсэг dörvöljin üseg "square script" Tibetan: hor gsar yig "new Mongolian script" Tamil-Brahmi was an early variant of the Brahmi script used to write Tamil characters Vatteluttu () or "rounded writing" is an Abugida Writing system originating from the Dravidian peoples of Southern India and The Grantha ( Tamil: கிரந்த ௭ழுத்து Bengali: গ্রন্থলিপি Malayalam: ml ഗ്രന്ഥലിപി Sanskrit The Malayalam script is an Abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write the Malayalam language. The Tulu script, also known as the Tigalari script, strongly resembles the script of Malayalam language The Khmer script (អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa informally aksar Khmer អក្សរខ្មែរ is used to write the The Thai Alphabet (อักษรไทย àksŏn thai) is used to write the Thai language and other minority languages in Thailand The Lao script is used mainly to write the Lao language. The minority languages of Laos are also written in the Lao script and officially it is the only script The Balinese script is an Abugida that was used to write the Balinese language, an Austronesian language spoken by about three million people on the The Javanese script, natively known as Carakan ( Tjarakan) is the script originally used to write Javanese. The Mon language is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Mon, who live in Burma and Thailand. The Burmese abugida ( Burmese: မြန်မာအက္ခရာ mjànmà eʔkʰəyà is a script in the Brahmic family used in Burma for writing Kalinga script (Dravidi is one of many descendants of the ancient Brāhmī script used in territory of modern Orissa. The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The Kannada script is a Syllabary (of the type sometimes called an Abugida) of the Brahmic family, primarily to write the Kannada language The Sinhala script is an Abugida script used in Sri Lanka to write the Official language Sinhala and also sometimes the Liturgical An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union The Telugu script is derived from the Telugu-Kannada script^[1] and developed independently at the same time as the Kannada script which is why it has strong resemblance to it. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The Kannada script is a Syllabary (of the type sometimes called an Abugida) of the Brahmic family, primarily to write the Kannada language ^[2]

Contents 1 Brahmi script and Telugu 2 Telugu inscriptions 2.1 Asokan Brahmi inscription 2.2 Satavahana cave inscription 2.3 Ikshvaku inscription 2.4 Salankayana Nandivarma inscription 2.5 Vishnukundina inscription 2.6 Pallava Narasimha Varma I inscription 2.7 Later developments 3 Vowels 4 Telugu in Unicode 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

Brahmi script and Telugu

The Krishna river valley/delta located in the coastal region of the state of Andhra Pradesh was the earliest place in South India where Buddhism spread from Bihar. Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Dharanikota/Dhanyakatakam was an important city in the Guntur district of this region. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Dharanikota or Dhanyakatakam or Palden Drepung (in Tibetan) is a town near Guntur is a District in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh on the east coast of Bay of Bengal The Buddha preached at Dharanikota/Dhanyakatakam (Palden Drepung in Tibetan) and conducted the Kalachakra ceremony, which takes the antiquity of Amaravati (Dharanikota) back to the 6^th century BCE. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Dharanikota or Dhanyakatakam or Palden Drepung (in Tibetan) is a town near Tibetan refers to a group of languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia as well as by overseas Kālacakra ( Sanskrit: कालचक्र IAST: Kālacakra Telugu: కాలచక్ర) is a Sanskrit term used in Tantric ^[3][4][5][6] Taranatha, the Buddhist monk writes: "On the full moon of the month Caitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of "The Glorious Lunar Mansions" (Kalachakra) ^[7]. Kālacakra ( Sanskrit: कालचक्र IAST: Kālacakra Telugu: కాలచక్ర) is a Sanskrit term used in Tantric Bhattiprolu was another nearby town which was the capital of Sala Kings who ruled the area in pre-Mauryan times^[8]. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhattiprolu is a small Village in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Brahmi script used by Mauryan kings eventually reached Krishna delta and gave rise to Bhattiprolu script found on the urn containing Buddha's relics^[9]. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhattiprolu is a small Village in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh Buddhism spread to east Asia from the nearby ports of Ghantasala and Masulipatnam (ancient Maisolos of Ptolemy and Masalia of Periplus)^[10]. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Machilipatnam (మచిలిపట్నం is a city and a special grade Municipality in Krishna district in the Indian state of Andhra Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Periplus is the Latinization of an Ancient Greek word περίπλους ( periplous, contracted from periploos) literally "a sailing-around The script also travelled giving rise to the modern Thai, Burmese, Javanese and Balinese scripts, which bear a strong resemblance to Telugu script^{[11][12] [13]}. The Thai Alphabet (อักษรไทย àksŏn thai) is used to write the Thai language and other minority languages in Thailand The Burmese abugida ( Burmese: မြန်မာအက္ခရာ mjànmà eʔkʰəyà is a script in the Brahmic family used in Burma for writing The Javanese script, natively known as Carakan ( Tjarakan) is the script originally used to write Javanese. The Balinese script is an Abugida that was used to write the Balinese language, an Austronesian language spoken by about three million people on the The Bhattiprolu Brahmi script evolved into the old Telugu-Kannada script by 5th century C. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhattiprolu is a small Village in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state E^{[14][15][16][17][18][19]}. The famous Muslim historian and scholar Al-Biruni called Telugu language and script as Andhri ^[20].

A number of early Satavahana coins and other remains were found in Tamil Nadu. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. It is therefore reasonable to assume that Satavahanas introduced the script to the Tamil country also. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( The Satavahanas were, for some time, vassals of the Mauryan Empire. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Mauryan Emperor Asoka the great (reign: 269-232 BCE) and the rise of Buddhism played stellar roles in championing this spread of writing. Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices There are direct or indirect references to 'lipi', 'likh', 'lekha', 'likhita' etc. , in the literature belonging to the periods before this perceived spread of Brahmi.

Telugu inscriptions

Asokan Brahmi inscription

The reference to devānapiyena piyadasina indicates ashoka (devānāmpriya, priyadarśi) and sakyamuni refers to Buddha. Similar inscriptions have been found in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh. Kurnool District (కర్నూలు జిల్లా is a district in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, located in the west-central part of the

Satavahana cave inscription

After 218 CE, the Satavahana dynasty was succeeded by its vassals, the Ikshvakus, whose script is shown in row 5 of figure T1. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( Ikshvaku dynasty was a dynasty founded by Ikshvaku, grandson of Vivasvan or Surya and son of Vaivasvata Manu. Although only three kings ruled in this dynasty, they commanded the love and affection of the people. Even today, anything very old is referred by Telugu people as 'that from the time of Ikshvakus. Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. Ikshvaku dynasty was a dynasty founded by Ikshvaku, grandson of Vivasvan or Surya and son of Vaivasvata Manu. '

Ikshvaku inscription

The sixth row of figure T1 shows the north Indian Brahmi used by the Gupta empire in the fourth century CE. The Gupta Empire ( Hindi: गुप्त राजवंश was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 C Although the northern and southern scripts are still very similar, we can notice the divergence from this point onwards.

Salankayana Nandivarma inscription

The Salankayana script of the fifth Century is given in the seventh row of figure T1. The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Vengi region of India 's eastern coast from 300 to 440 AD Salankayanas and Vishnukundinas were two of the many dynasties that succeeded the Ikshvakus. The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Vengi region of India 's eastern coast from 300 to 440 AD The Vishnukundina dynasty ruled over the eastern Deccan in South India comprising of the area covered by modern day Andhra Pradesh and Kalinga From their time, the script for Telugu and Kannada languages began clearly separating from that of the other south Indian and north Indian dialects. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The following is an example of Salankayana inscription from fourth century CE. The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Vengi region of India 's eastern coast from 300 to 440 AD They ruled between 300 CE and 420 CE with vengi as the capital. The Vengi kingdom extended from the Godavari River in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just south of the banks of River Krishna in the Both Salankayanas and Vishnukundinas were vassals under pallava kings who ruled from southern Telugu and northern Tamil lands. The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Vengi region of India 's eastern coast from 300 to 440 AD The Vishnukundina dynasty ruled over the eastern Deccan in South India comprising of the area covered by modern day Andhra Pradesh and Kalinga A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Notice the change over from Prakrit to Sanskrit during this time. Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) ( Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति according to one Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical

Salankayanas were succeeded by Vishnukundinas kings from vinukonda. The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Vengi region of India 's eastern coast from 300 to 440 AD The Vishnukundina dynasty ruled over the eastern Deccan in South India comprising of the area covered by modern day Andhra Pradesh and Kalinga WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Vinukonda is a Census town and a mandal in Guntur District in the Indian In fact, Vishnukundinas is a Sanskritized name for vinukonda. The Vishnukundina dynasty ruled over the eastern Deccan in South India comprising of the area covered by modern day Andhra Pradesh and Kalinga WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Vinukonda is a Census town and a mandal in Guntur District in the Indian They ruled three or four central coastal districts between 420 and 611 CE from vinukonda, vengi and vijayawada. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Vinukonda is a Census town and a mandal in Guntur District in the Indian The Vengi kingdom extended from the Godavari River in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just south of the banks of River Krishna in the Vijayawada ( (విజయవాడ also known as Bezawada is the third largest city in Andhra Pradesh, India, located on the banks of the Krishna River They seem to have patronized the great Kumarila Bhatta (c. for the Anglo-Indian military term see Batta Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (Devanagari कुमािरल भट्ट, fl 686?-c. 745?) who propounded Purva mimamsa' philosophy and his disciple Prabhakara Pandita. Mīmāṃsā, a Sanskrit word meaning "investigation" (compare Greek ἱστορία) is the name of an Astika ("orthodox" school An inscription from their time is given below. Notice the reference to Lord Parvata Swami (of kOTappa konDa) and eleven Asvamedha yajnas. These kings followed the lead of Ikshvaku kings in performing the Horse sacrifices. Ikshvaku dynasty was a dynasty founded by Ikshvaku, grandson of Vivasvan or Surya and son of Vaivasvata Manu. The Pallavas also followed the same lead. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery

Vishnukundina inscription

Around the time of Vishnukundinas, a development of great significance in the history of Telugu language took place in the modern day rayalaseema. The Vishnukundina dynasty ruled over the eastern Deccan in South India comprising of the area covered by modern day Andhra Pradesh and Kalinga Rayalaseema (రాయలసీమis a geographic region in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. All the royal inscriptions till that day used either Prakrit or Sanskrit. Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) ( Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति according to one Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical This was in spite of the fact that there was a well developed local language in the Telugu land. Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. Beginning with the Ikshvaku dynasty, the Royal courts started to increasingly replace Prakrit for its predecessor, the Sanskrit. Ikshvaku dynasty was a dynasty founded by Ikshvaku, grandson of Vivasvan or Surya and son of Vaivasvata Manu. By the time of vishnukundina dynasty, Sanskrit had gained a pre-eminent status. The Vishnukundina dynasty ruled over the eastern Deccan in South India comprising of the area covered by modern day Andhra Pradesh and Kalinga Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical This powerful trend towards increasing Sanskritization was reversed by the Chola kings who ruled from renaadu. This corresponds roughly to the modern day Cuddapah, Eastern Chittoor, Southern Nellore and surrounding areas). WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kadapa (కడప formerly Cuddapah, is a city in the south-central part of Andhra Pradesh, For the district information see Chittoor district. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Chittoor, also known WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Nellore ( Telugu:నెల్లూరు is a city located in the state of Andhra Pradesh They were vassals under the southern Pallava kings. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery They broke with the prevailing fashion and introduced the tradition of writing Royal proclamations in the local (Telugu) language. The earliest available inscription containing Telugu sentences comes from these Chola kings and is dated to 573-576 CE. These Telugu Chola kings had eventually gained prominence and filled the vacuum left by the end of Pallava dynasty. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in the neighboring Ananthapuram and all the surrounding regions. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ananthapuram is a Panchayat town in Viluppuram district in the state of Tamil Nadu Their act of patronizing Telugu over Sanskrit had caught on and other kings in the Telugu land had begun to follow their lead. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The first available Telugu inscription in the coastal Andhra Pradesh comes from about 633 CE. Around the same time, the Chalukya kings of Telangana also started using Telugu for inscriptions. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Telangana or Telingana ( Telugu: తెలంగాణ is a region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

Pallava Narasimha Varma I inscription

In the meantime, Pallavas were gaining prominence in the Tamil country. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery The origin of Pallavas is still a subject of speculation. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery They were perhaps the descendents of the Saka Pahlava warriors from ancient Iran. The Pahlavas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the Manu Smriti, various Puranas the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Brhatsamhita For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Over the centuries, they wandered over western India and sporadically waged wars with many dynasties. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Satavahana kings subdued them around the time of Christ. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( They might then have settled in the northern Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Guntur is a District in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh on the east coast of Bay of Bengal This area is still referred to as Palnadu or Pallava Nadu and is the scene of one the central events in Telugu history (the twelfth century war of Palnadu). Palnadu is the northern region of Guntur District in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Palnadu is the northern region of Guntur District in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. These Telugu Pallavas eventually gained prominence and set up small kingdoms. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery As they grew more powerful, a branch of these Pallavas had migrated to the Tamil country. There they had established one of the most cherished kingdoms in Tamil history. Their capitol was Kanchi, close the border between Tamil and Telugu lands. Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram is a city and a Municipality in Kanchipuram district in the Indian state of Although they were responsible for the destruction of much of the composite Hindu-Buddhist-Jain legacy of Ikshvaku kings in terms of education, fine arts and architecture, they also took on the Ikshvaku zeal for building and sculpture and evolved their own styles. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. This article is about king Ikshvaku For other uses see Ikshvaku. This article is about king Ikshvaku For other uses see Ikshvaku. The earliest available inscriptions with Tamil content were from the time of the rise of Pallava influence. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery By the time Pallavas moved to the Tamil country from Telugu lands, Sanskrit gained its prominence in South India and displaced Prakrit. Origins See also Origin of Pallava The exact origin of the Pallavas is shrouded in mystery Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) ( Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति according to one The Pallavas took this newfound interest to Tamil Nadu and patronized some of the most illustrious Sanskrit poets like Bharavi and Dandin. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Bharavi (c 6th century CE was a Sanskrit poet known for his Mahakavya (epic the Kiratarjuniya (Arjuna and the Mountain Man in 18 cantos At that time, Tamil (and Sanskrit in the Tamil land) used to be written in the "pallava grantham" script. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Row 8 of figure T1 lists this script. Modern Tamil script eventually descended from it. The A great number of south-east Asian languages including Thai and Malay had adapted variants of this grantham script and Telugu script over the centuries. Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the A detailed example is given below. The language used is Sanskrit. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical

Later developments

Although Kannada evolved from the southern sub-family of old Dravidian and hence has a greater affinity with Tamil than Telugu, the scripts of the two languages were tied together for over two thousand years. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state This was mainly possible because telugu nadu and its neighbor karri nadu (mostly consisting of the present day states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh) were ruled by several kings for over two thousand years who owed their origins and/or allegiance jointly to both regions. The Satavahanas influenced the northern Karnataka region for a long time before and after Christ. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India In fact, the earliest references to Satavahanas occur at the border between the modern day Andhra and Karnataka States. The Sātavāhanas ( Marathi: सातवाहन Telugu:శాతవాహనులు were a Dynasty which ruled from Junnar ( Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Bellari, Anantapur and Kurnool districts seem to be the first home of these kings. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Anantapur (అనంతపురం is a city (population 466359 and a WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kurnool is a city in Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh state of southern India This region was the first to be referred to as Andhraapatha. Between the 8th and 10th Centuries, Rashtrakutas ruled from Karnataka over Karnataka and Maharashtra and dominated the Telugu land for brief periods of time. The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. In the sixth century, Chalukyas began their ascent over Kannada country and eventually over Telugu lands. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state When the dynasty had branched off into Western and Eastern kingdoms, the eastern branch(es) had completely become Telugu speaking. Two of the The 'trinity' (ratna traya) of early Kannada literature Pampa, Ponna came from Vengi. Pampa (ಪಂಪ born 902 CE also known as Adikavi Pampa (ಆದಿಕವಿ ಪಂಪ is one of the greatest Kannada poets of all time Sri Ponna ( Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಪೊನ್ನ) was the royal poet in the court of Rashtrakuta King Krishna III. More than any single ruling clan, it is the eastern Chalukyas who influenced the modern form of Telugu script and its affinity with modern Kannada script. Origin of Eastern Chalukyas Pulakesin II (608–644 CE the greatest Badami Chalukya king conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the The Kannada script is a Syllabary (of the type sometimes called an Abugida) of the Brahmic family, primarily to write the Kannada language

Rows 9, 10 and 11 of figure T1 show the Chalukya scripts from the seventh, tenth and eleventh centuries. The later two are traditionally referred as the Vengi script, after the capital of the Eastern Chalukya kingdom in modern day West Godavari District. Origin of Eastern Chalukyas Pulakesin II (608–644 CE the greatest Badami Chalukya king conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the West Godavari (Teluguపశ్చిమ గోదావరి is a district in Andhra Pradesh, India. Examples of this script were found all over the Telugu Nadu. Figures below give detailed samples.

Figure S8 gives the script at the time when the great poet Nannaya was composing Maha Bharatam at the court of Rajaraja Narendra. Nannayya Bhattaraka (నన్నయ in Telugu) (c 11th century AD is the earliest known Telugu author and the author of the first third of the Andhra Mahabharatamu Rajaraja Narendra (1018 – 1061 CE was the Eastern Chalukya king of the Vengi kingdom in South India.

The period of the twelfth to fourteenth centuries was a glorious era in Telugu history. It was the time of the Kakatiya Empire that spread from Warangal in Telangana to control all of the Telugu land directly or indirectly. The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Warangal or Orugallu or Ekasila Nagaram (వరంగల్ is a city and a Telangana or Telingana ( Telugu: తెలంగాణ is a region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The Kakatiya emperors presided over a multi fold flowering of arts and literature. Row 12 of figure T1 shows the script they used. The detail below comes from the time when the greatest of Telugu writers, tikkana somayaji was composing Maha Bharatam. Tikkana (తిక్కన్న (1205-1288 was born into a family of Shaivite Brahmin litterateurs during the Golden Age of Kakatiya dynasty.

After the demise of the Kakatiya Empire, Telugu was ably supported by the Reddi kingdoms in central coastal districts during the fourteenth and fifteenth Centuries. The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE To them belongs the credit of nurturing the great Errana and the incomparable Srinatha. Errana (ఎఱ్ఱన్న was a great Telugu poet in the court of Prolaya Vemareddy (1325-1353 the founder of Reddy dynasty (1325-1424 of Kondaveedu who ruled Guntur Srinatha (1365--1441 was a well known 15th century Telugu Poet who popularised the Prabandha style of composition The scripts of that time are shown in rows 13 and 14 of figure T1. (Notice the Telugu idiom of figure S11. )

The end of the Kakatiya Empire also sowed the seeds for the rise of the finest Empire in the South Indian history at Vijayanagara. The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE Vijayanagara (ವಿಜಯನಗರ is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. This empire over saw the development of all the four southern languages for several centuries. Much has been written about this period. The script used for Telugu and Kannada during this time is shown in the last row of figure T1. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state This is very similar to the modern day written script.

The figure below shows one of the first instances of Christian Missionary writings in Telugu. It was published by Rev. Benjamin Schultze in Halle/Magdeburg (modern Germany). About half a dozen Telugu works were published in Europe at that time. Tamil had Christian writing and Bible translations from an even earlier time.

The only major change after this time is the regularization of the letters with the advent of modern printing.

Over the years, several subtle changes took place in the Telugu character graphs and spelling patterns.

C.P. Brown, an English employee of the British East India Company and eminent scholar played a significant role in adapting Telugu to the printing press. Charles Philip Brown (1798-1884 was a Telugu writer and an Englishman by descent The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or He and some others introduced changes in the script to better reflect the pronunciation patterns.

In addition to the above examples of formal script, written form of Telugu included a continuous writing style called "golusu kattu" akin to English hand writing where each letter of a word is combined with the previous letter in one continuous stroke of the pen. This form, although very popular till about the middle of the 20th century, is not used any more.

Vowels

Telugu uses fourteen vowels, each of which has both a singular form and a diacritic form used with consonants to create syllables. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds It is important to note that this language does make a distinction between short and long vowels. In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound

Vowel (singular form)	అ	ఆ	ఇ	ఈ	ఉ	ఊ	ఋ	ౠ	ఎ	ఏ	ఐ	ఒ	ఓ	ఔ
Vowel (diacritic form)		ా	ి	ీ	ు	ూ	ృ	ౄ	ె	ే	ై	ొ	ో	ౌ
Pronunciation	[a]	[aː]	[i]	[iː]	[u]	[uː]	[ri/ru]	[riː/ruː]	[e]	[eː]	[aj]	[o]	[oː]	[aw]

The singular form is used when the vowel occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable, or is a complete syllable in itself (example: a, u, o). The diacritic form is added to consonants (represented by the dotted circle) to form a consonant-vowel syllable (example: ka, kru, mo). It should be noted that అ does not have a diacritic form, because this vowel is already inherent in all of the consonants. The other diacritic vowels are added to consonants to change their pronunciation to that of the vowel.

Examples:

ఖ + ఈ (ీ) → ఖీ	[kʰa] + [iː] → [kʰiː]
జ + ఉ (ు) → జు	[dʒa] + [u] → [dʒu]

There are also several other diacritics used in the Telugu script. ్ mutes the vowel of a consonant, so that only the consonant is pronounced. ం and ఁ nasalize the vowels or syllables to which they are attached. ః adds a voiceless breath after the vowel or syllable it is attached to.

Examples:

క + ్ → క్	[ka] + [Ø] → [k]
క + ఁ → కఁ	[ka] + [n] → [kan]
క + ం → కం	[ka] + [m] → [kam]
క + ః → కః	[ka] + [h] → [kah]

Telugu in Unicode

The Unicode range for Telugu is U+0C00–U+0C7F. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.

Telugu Unicode.org chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+0C0x

ఁ

ం

ః

అ

ఆ

ఇ

ఈ

ఉ

ఊ

ఋ

ఌ

ఎ

ఏ

U+0C1x

ఐ

ఒ

ఓ

ఔ

క

ఖ

గ

ఘ

ఙ

చ

ఛ

జ

ఝ

ఞ

ట

U+0C2x

ఠ

డ

ఢ

ణ

త

థ

ద

ధ

న

ప

ఫ

బ

భ

మ

య

U+0C3x

ర

ఱ

ల

ళ

వ

శ

ష

స

హ

ా

ి

U+0C4x

ీ

ు

ూ

ృ

ౄ

ె

ే

ై

ొ

ో

ౌ

్

U+0C5x

ౕ

ౖ

U+0C6x

ౠ

ౡ

౦

౧

౨

౩

౪

౫

౬

౭

౮

౯

U+0C7x

In contrast to a syllabic script such as katakana, where one Unicode code point represents the glyph for one syllable, Telugu combines multiple code points to generate the glyph for one syllable, using complex font rendering rules. A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate Syllables which make up Words A symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with Hiragana, Kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's In Character encoding terminology a code point is any of the numerical values that make up the Codespace. A glyph is an element of writing Two or more glyphs representing the same symbol whether interchangeable or context-dependent are called Allographs the abstract unit they A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds In Character encoding terminology a code point is any of the numerical values that make up the Codespace. A glyph is an element of writing Two or more glyphs representing the same symbol whether interchangeable or context-dependent are called Allographs the abstract unit they A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds ^{[21] [22]}

Notes

References

1. tirumala raamacaMdra (1916-1997). "mana lipi puTTu poorvOttaraalu"

2. paMcaagnula aadinaarayana Saastri (1890-1951). "aaMdhra lipi pariNaamaM"

External links

• Useful and authenticated information about Telugu
• Telugu Association Inc. Sydney Australia. Celebration of Telugu Culture in Sydney
• Omniglot - Telugu script
• PROEL - Telugu script compared with other Dravidian scripts
• Vignanam - Learn Something Today

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