TV broadcast stations in 2006

A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic This article is about a radio receiver for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. Traditionally, TV stations made their broadcasts by sending specially-encoded radio signals over the air, called terrestrial television. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Terrestrial television is a term which refers to modes of television broadcasting which do not involve satellite transmission Individual television stations are usually granted licenses by a government agency to use a particular section of the radio spectrum (a channel) through which they send their signals. The verb license or grant license means to give permission The noun license is the document demonstrating that permission A government agency is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the Machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions Radio frequency ( RF) is a Frequency or rate of Oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz Channel, in communications (sometimes called communications channel) refers to the medium used to convey Information from a Some stations use LPTV broadcast translators to retransmit or rebroadcast to further areas. Low-power broadcasting is the concept of Broadcasting at very low power and low cost to a small community area A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and Retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power or onto the other side of an obstruction Television stations are a form of television channel, but not all television channels are necessarily stations. The term television channel generally refers to either a Television station or its cable / satellite counterpart (both outlined below

Many television stations are now in the process of converting from analogue (NTSC, PAL, or SECAM) to digital (ATSC, DVB, or ISDB). Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable of the signal is a representation of some other NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for For the chemical compound see Divinylbenzene. Digital Video Broadcasting ( DVB) is a suite of internationally accepted Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB is a Japanese standard for Digital television (DTV and Digital radio used by the country's radio In some countries, this is being forced on consumers and stations, while in others it is entirely voluntary. Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy.

In countries such as the United States, television stations usually just have one transmitter (or, more recently, two transmitters if the station broadcasts a digital signal in addition to its standard analog signal); most of these stations should be independent or affiliated to a television network such as ABC, CBS, Fox, or NBC. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For biologic transmitters see Transmitter substance. A transmitter is an electronic device which usually with the aid of an antenna A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for A television network is a distribution network for Television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many Television stations The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's

Outside the US, television stations are generally associated with a nationwide television network, through which they get all of, or at least significant amounts of, their programming. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U In those countries, the signals broadcast in different areas have no well-known callsigns or other individual traits known to the general public (although a network might have regional variations, possibly broadcast from several different transmitters) and therefore from a consumer's point of view, there is no practical distinction between a network and a station. In Broadcasting and Radio communications a call sign (also known as a callsign or call letters, or abbreviated as a call, or otherwise A regional variation generally refers to times when a television or radio station simultaneously broadcasts different programmes, continuity or Adverts to different

In the United States, each nationwide terrestrial broadcast network can have a few "O&Os" — stations that it owns and operates, usually in the larger broadcast markets, like New York or Chicago. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A media market, broadcast market, media region, designated market area, DMA or simply market is a region where the Population The City of New York Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. They can only own a limited number of stations because of FCC regulations.

Facilities

Production

Large television stations usually have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. A television studio is an installation in which Television or Video productions take place either for Live television, for recording Live to tape News broadcasting (also known as newscast or newsbreak) is the Broadcasting of various news events and other Information via The term Local Programme or Local Programming refers to a Television programme made by a Television station or independent producer for Broadcast There is usually a news department, where journalists gather information. News is any new information or information on Current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or Word of mouth Departmentalization refers to the process of grouping activities into departments A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends There is also a section where electronic news gathering operations are based, receiving remote broadcasts via remote pickup unit or satellite TV. ENG is a Broadcasting (usually Television) industry acronym which stands for electronic news gathering. In Broadcast engineering, a remote broadcast (usually just called a remote or a live remote) is Broadcasting done from a location away from the A remote pickup unit or RPU is a Radio system using special Radio frequencies set aside for Electronic news gathering (ENG and Remote broadcasting Satellite television is Television delivered by the means of Communications satellites as compared to conventional Terrestrial television and Cable Vans, trucks, or SUVs with this equipment are sent out with reporters, who may also bring back news stories on videotape rather than sending them back live. A van is a kind of vehicle used for Transporting goods or groups of people This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis A reporter is a type of Journalist who Researches and presents information in certain types of Mass media. Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto Magnetic tape as opposed to movie film.

Weather is also a significant part of the station. The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. Stations with newscasts also have their own meteorologists and Doppler weather radar, and produce their own forecasts, which often vary from station to station. News broadcasting (also known as newscast or newsbreak) is the Broadcasting of various news events and other Information via Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary A weather radar is a type of Radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion estimate its type ( Rain Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location In the U. S. , most NBC stations now carry Weather Plus on a second digital channel, which mixes national and local segments. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's NBC Weather Plus is a 24-hour commercially-sponsored weather-oriented broadcast/cable television network jointly owned by NBC Universal and the local affiliates of the

Stations not affiliated with major networks generally do not produce news or weather, or much other programming. Some stations (known as repeaters or translators) only simulcast another, usually the programmes seen on its owner's flagship station, and have no production facilities of their own. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and Retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power or onto the other side of an obstruction Simulcast is a Portmanteau of " simul taneous broad' cast' " and refers to programs or events broadcast across more than one This is common in most countries outside of the U. S. , Canada, U. K. and Australia. Low-power stations typically also fall into this category worldwide.

Most stations which are not simulcast produce their own station identifications, using digital TV graphics. Simulcast is a Portmanteau of " simul taneous broad' cast' " and refers to programs or events broadcast across more than one Station identification (sometimes called a sounder or stinger) is the practice of any type of Radio or Television station or network TV stations may also advertise on or provide weather (or news) services to local radio stations, particularly co-owned sister stations. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. In Broadcasting, sister stations or sister channels (or "sibling stations" in gender-neutral form are radio and/or Television stations This may be a barter in some cases. Barter is a type of Trade in which goods or services are directly exchanged

Transmission

As with other stations, the radio antenna is often located on a summit, the top of a high skyscraper, or on a tall radio tower. An antenna is a Transducer designed to transmit or Receive electromagnetic waves In other words antennas convert electromagnetic waves into In topography a summit is a point on a surface which is higher in Elevation than all points immediately adjacent to A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper Radio masts and towers are typically tall structures designed A studio/transmitter link (STL), via either radio or T1/E1, is used to get the signal there. A studio-transmitter link (or STL) sends a Radio station 's or Television station 's audio and Video from the broadcast A transmitter/studio link (TSL) may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. The transmitter-studio link of a Radio or Television station sends Telemetry Data from the remotely-located Transmitter Telemetry (synonymous with Telematics) is a Technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of Information of interest to the system designer A subcarrier is a separate analog or Digital signal carried on a main radio transmission, which carries extra information such as Voice Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, or via STL or satellite. Terrestrial television is a term which refers to modes of television broadcasting which do not involve satellite transmission The license usually specifies which other station is it allowed to carry.

VHF stations often have very tall antennas due to their long wavelength, but require much less effective radiated power (ERP), and therefore use much less transmitter power output, also saving on the electricity bill and emergency backup generators. Very high frequency (VHF is the Radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. In radio Telecommunications, effective radiated power or equivalent radiated power (ERP is a standardized theoretical measurement of radio frequency (RF In Radio transmission, transmitter power output ( TPO) is the actual amount of power (in Watts of Radio frequency (RF energy Emergency power systems are a type of system which may include lighting generators and other apparatus to provide backup resources in a crisis or when regular systems fail In North America, full-power stations on band I (channels 2 to 6) are generally limited to 100 kW analog video (VSB) and 10 kW analog audio (FM), or 20 kW digital (8VSB) ERP. Band I is the name of a Radio frequency range within the Very high frequency part of the Electromagnetic spectrum. 8VSB is the 8-level Vestigial sideband modulation method adopted for terrestrial broadcast of the ATSC digital television standard in the United States, Stations on band III (channels 7 to 13) can go up by 5dB(W) to 316 kW video, 31. Band III is the name of a Radio frequency range within the Very high frequency part of the Electromagnetic spectrum. The decibel ( dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity relative to The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. 6 kW audio, or 63. 2 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are often subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. TV DX and FM DX are two terms customarily grouped together that refer to long-distance reception of TV and FM Radio stations respectively There are no stations on channel 1. In North America, channel 1 is a former broadcast ( Over-the-air) Television channel (44–50 MHz with visual at 45

UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, but UHF does not suffer from as much electromagnetic interference and background "noise" as VHF, making it much more desirable for TV. Despite this, in the U. S. , the FCC is taking another large portion of this band (channels 52 to 69) away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF will be harder to receive after the analog shutdown. Very high frequency (VHF is the Radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. The FCC has notified US television broadcasters that the standard for transmitting TV over-the-air shall change from analog to Digital. Since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radioastronomy purposes. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. In countries using the M and N broadcast television system standards TV channel 37 occupies a band of UHF frequencies from 608 to 614 MHz. Radio astronomy is a subfield of Astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies.

In numismatics

The 50 Years of Television commemorative coin

Television has had such an impact in today's life, that it has been the main motif for numerous collectors' coins and medals. Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special Euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone. One of the most recent ones is the The 50 Years of Television commemorative coin minted in March 9, 2005. Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special Euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The obverse of the coin shows a "test pattern", while the reverse shows several milestones in the history of television.

See also

• Class A television service
• Low-power broadcasting
• List of broadcast station classes
• Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow: the first television station in Germany