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Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings The word is derived from Greek roots tele = remote, and metron = measure. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Systems that need instructions and data sent to them in order to operate require the counterpart of telemetry, telecommand. A telecommand is a command sent to control a remote system or systems not directly connected (e

Contents

Explanation

Telemetry typically refers to wireless communications (i. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot e. using a radio system to implement the data link), but can also refer to data transferred over other media, such as a telephone or computer network or via an optical link. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light.

Applications

Agriculture

Growing crops has become high-tech business. Most activities related to healthy crops and good yields depend on the timely availability of weather and soil data. Therefore wireless weather stations play a major role in disease prevention and precision irrigation. These stations transmit back to a base station the major parameters needed for good decisions: air temperature and relative humidity, precipitation and leaf wetness data (needed for disease prediction models), solar radiation and wind speed (needed to calculate evapotranspiration), and sometimes also soil moisture, crucial for proper irrigation decisions in order to understand the progress of water into the soil and towards the roots. Evapotranspiration (ET is a term used to describe the sum of Evaporation and Plant Transpiration from the earth's land surface to Atmosphere

Because local micro-climates can vary significantly, such data needs to come from right within the crop. Monitoring stations usually transmit data back by terrestrial radio though occasionally satellite systems are used. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. Solar power is often employed to make the station independent from local infrastructure.

Water Management

Telemetry has become indispensable for water management applications, including water quality and stream gauging functions. Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards A stream gauge, or stream gage, refers to a site along a Stream where measurements of volumetric discharge (flow are made Major applications include AMR (Automatic Meter Reading), groundwater monitoring, leak detection in distribution pipelines and equipment surveillance. Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically collecting data from Water meter or Energy metering devices (water gas electric and Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations Having data available in almost real time allows quick reactions to occurrences in the field.

Defense, space and resource exploration systems

Telemetry is an enabling technology for large complex systems such as missiles, RPVs, spacecraft, oil rigs and chemical plants because it allows automatic monitoring, alerting, and record-keeping necessary for safe, efficient operations. A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. An oil platform or oil rig is a large structure used to house workers and machinery needed to drill and/or extract oil and Natural gas through wells A chemical plant is industrial process plant that manufactures (or otherwise processes Chemicals usually on a large scale Space agencies such as NASA, ESA, and other agencies use telemetry/telecommand systems to collect data from operating spacecraft and satellites. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member

Telemetry is vital in the development phase of missiles, satellites and aircraft because the system might be destroyed after/during the test. Engineers need critical system parameters in order to analyze (and improve) the performance of the system. Without telemetry, these data would often be unavailable.

Enemy intelligence

Telemetry was a vital source of intelligence for the US and UK when Soviet missiles were tested. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. For this purpose, the US operated a listening post in Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Eventually, the Soviets discovered this kind of US intelligence gathering and encrypted their telemetry signals of missile tests. Telemetry was a vital source for the Soviets who would operate listening ships in Cardigan Bay to eavesdrop on the UK missile tests carried out there. Cardigan Bay (Bae Ceredigion is a large inlet of the Irish Sea, indenting the west coast of Wales between the Llŷn and Pembrokeshire peninsulas

Resource Distribution

Many resources need to be distributed over wide areas. Telemetry is essential in these cases, since it allows the system to channel resources to where it is needed.

Motor racing

Telemetry has been a key factor in modern motor racing. Engineers are able to interpret the vast amount of data collected during a test or race, and use that to properly tune the car for optimum performance. Systems used in some series, namely Formula One, have become advanced to the point where the potential lap time of the car can be calculated and this is what the driver is expected to meet. Some examples of useful measurements on a race car include accelerations (G forces) in 3 axes, temperature readings, wheel speed, and the displacement of the suspension. In Formula 1, the driver inputs are also recorded so that the team can assess driver performance and, in the case of an accident, the FIA can determine or rule out driver error as a possible cause.

In addition, there exist some series where "two way" telemetry is allowed. Two way telemetry suggests that engineers have the ability to update calibrations on the car in real time, possibly while it is out on the track. In Formula 1, two-way telemetry surfaced in the early nineties from TAG electronics, and consisted of a message display on the dashboard which the team could update. Its development continued until May 2001, at which point it was first allowed on the cars. By 2002 the teams were able to change engine mapping and deactivate particular engine sensors from the pits while the car was on track. For the 2003 season, the FIA banned two-way telemetry from Formula 1, however the technology still exists and could eventually find its way into other forms of racing or road cars.

In addition to that telemetry has also been applied to the use of Yacht racing. The technology was applied to the Oracle's USA-76

Medicine

Telemetry also is used for patients (biotelemetry) who are at risk of abnormal heart activity, generally in a coronary care unit. Biotelemetry (or Medical Telemetry involves the application of Telemetry in the Medical field to remotely monitor various Vital signs of Ambulatory The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic A coronary care unit (CCU is a hospital ward specialized in the care of Patients with heart attacks Unstable angina and (in practice various other cardiac Such patients are outfitted with measuring, recording and transmitting devices. A data log can be useful in diagnosis of the patient's condition by doctors. The diagnostic tests in cardiology are methods of identifying Heart conditions associated with healthy vs A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health An alerting function can alert nurses if the patient is suffering from an acute or dangerous condition. A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically

Also a system that is available in medical-surgical nursing in order to monitor a condition where heart condition may be ruled out. Or to monitor a response to arrhythmic medications such as Digoxin.

Fisheries and Wildlife Research and Management

Common Seal with a transceiver on his back
Common Seal with a transceiver on his back

Telemetry is now being used to study wildlife, and has been particularly useful for monitoring threatened species at the individual level. Animals under study may be fitted with instrumentation ranging from simple tags to cameras, GPS packages and transceivers to provide position and other basic information to scientists and stewards. A camera is a device used to capture images either as still Photographs or as sequences of moving images ( Movies or Videos. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth

Telemetry is used in hydroacoustic assessments for fish which have traditionally employed mobile surveys from boats to evaluate fish biomass and spatial distributions. Conversely, fixed-location techniques use stationary transducers to monitor passing fish. While the first serious attempts to quantify fish biomass were conducted in the 1960's, major advances in equipment and techniques took place at hydropower dams in the 1980’s. Some evaluations monitored fish passage 24 hours a day for over a year, producing estimates of fish entrainment rates, fish sizes, and spatial and temporal distributions.

In the 1970’s, the dual-beam technique was invented, permitting direct estimation of fish size in-situ via its target strength. The first portable split-beam hydroacoustic system was developed by HTI in 1991, and provided more accurate and less variable estimates of fish target strength than the dual-beam method. It also permitted tracking of fish in 3D, giving each fish’s swimming path and absolute direction of movement. This feature proved important for evaluations of entrained fish in water diversions as well as for studies of migratory fish in rivers. In the last 35 years, tens of thousands of mobile and fixed-location hydroacoustic evaluations have been conducted worldwide. To view examples there are online demos available.

Retail businesses

At a 2005 workshop in Las Vegas, a seminar noted the introduction of telemetry equipment that would allow vending machines to communicate sales and inventory data to a route truck or to a headquarters. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally A vending machine is a machine that provides various snacks beverages and other products to consumers This data could be used for a variety of purposes, such as eliminating the need for the driver to make a first trip to see what items need to be restocked before bringing the inventory inside.

Retailers are also beginning to make use of RFID tags to track inventory and prevent shoplifting. Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or Most of these tags passively respond to RFID readers (e. g. at the cashier), but active RFID tags are available that periodically transmit telemetry to a base station.

Law enforcement

Telemetry hardware is useful for tracking persons and property in law enforcement. An ankle collar worn by convicts on probation can warn authorities if a person violates the terms of his or her parole, such as by straying from authorized boundaries or visiting an unauthorized location. Parole may have different meanings depending on the field and judiciary system Telemetry equipment has also given rise to the concept of bait cars, where law enforcement can rig a car with cameras and tracking equipment and leave it somewhere they expect it to be stolen. A bait car also called a decoy car or rat trap, is a vehicle used by a law enforcement agency to capture car thieves. When stolen, the telemetry equipment reports the location of the vehicle, and gives law enforcement the ability to deactivate the engine and lock the doors once it is intercepted.

International standards

As in other telecommunications fields, international standards exist for telemetry equipment and software. CCSDS and IRIG are such standards. The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems ( CCSDS) was formed in 1982 by the major space agencies of the world to provide a forum for discussion of common problems The Inter Range Instrumentation Group ( IRIG) is the standards body of the Range Commanders Council (RCC.

See also

External links

ECHELON is a name used in global media and in popular culture to describe a Signals intelligence (SIGINT collection and analysis network operated on behalf of the five signatory Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon by the use of either recording or real-time sensing device(s that is not in physical Ritu ( ṛtú) in Vedic Sanskrit refers to a fixed or appointed time especially the proper time for Sacrifice ( Yajna) or Ritual in SCADA is the abbreviation for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. A telecommand is a command sent to control a remote system or systems not directly connected (e

Dictionary

telemetry

-noun

  1. (applied sciences) the science, and associated technology, of the automatic recording and transmission of data from a remote source to a receiving station for analysis
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