Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele (τηλε) = far and graphein (γραφειν) = write) is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters. Claude Chappe ( December 25, 1763 &ndash January 23, 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system Nalbach is a municipality in the district of Saarlouis, in Saarland, Germany. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Radiotelegraphy or wireless telegraphy transmits messages using radio. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Telegraphy includes recent forms of data transmission such as fax, email, and computer networks in general. Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics

A telegraph is a machine for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i. e. , for telegraphy. The word telegraph alone generally refers to an electrical telegraph. The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission Wireless telegraphy is also known as CW, for continuous wave (a carrier modulated by on-off keying), as opposed to the earlier radio technique using a spark gap. A continuous wave or continuous waveform ( CW) is an Electromagnetic wave of constant Amplitude and Frequency; and in Mathematical A spark-gap transmitter is a device for generating Radio frequency electromagnetic waves.

Telegraph messages sent by a telegraph operator (or telegrapher) using Morse code were known as a telegram or cablegram, often shortened to a cable or a wire message. The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission Morse code is a Character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters numerals Later, a telegram sent by the Telex network, a switched network of teleprinters similar to the telephone network, were known as a telex message. A teleprinter ( A teleprinter (

Before long distance telephone services were readily available or affordable, telegram services were very popular. Telegrams were often used to confirm business dealings and, unlike email, telegrams were commonly used to create binding legal documents for business dealings.

A wire picture or wire photo was a newspaper picture that was sent from a remote location by a facsimile telegraph. Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i

Contents 1 Optical 2 Electrical telegraphs 3 Wireless telegraphy 4 Telegraphic improvements 5 Telex 6 Arrival of the Internet 7 E-mail displaces telegraphy 8 Telegraphy as a legacy system 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Further reading 11 External links

Optical

The first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraphs, including the use of smoke signals and beacons, which have existed since ancient times. A semaphore telegraph, optical telegraph, shutter telegraph chain, Chappe telegraph, or Napoleonic semaphore is a system The smoke signal is one of the oldest forms of communication in recorded history Beacons are aids to Navigation devices Intentionally conspicuous beacons help guide navigators to their destinations A semaphore network invented by Claude Chappe operated in France from 1792 through 1846^[1]. A semaphore telegraph, optical telegraph, shutter telegraph chain, Chappe telegraph, or Napoleonic semaphore is a system Claude Chappe ( December 25, 1763 &ndash January 23, 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system It helped Napoleon enough that it was widely imitated in Europe and the U. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. S. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880.

Semaphores were able to convey information more precisely than smoke signals and beacons and consumed no fuel. Messages could be sent at much greater speed than post riders and could serve entire regions. Post riders or postriders describes a Horse and rider Postal delivery system that existed at various times and various places throughout history However, like beacons and smoke signals, they were dependent on good weather to work. They required operators and towers every 30 km (20 mi), and could only accommodate about two words per minute. This was useful to governments, but too expensive for most commercial uses other than commodity price information. Electric telegraphs were to reduce the cost of sending a message thirtyfold compared to semaphore. The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission

Some elevated locations where optical telegraphs were placed for maximum visibility were renamed to Telegraph Hill, such as Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, and Telegraph Hill in the PNC Bank Arts Center in New Jersey. Telegraph Hill (elev 275 ft 83 m refers to a small district in San Francisco California. The PNC Bank Arts Center is a modern Amphitheatre located in Holmdel Township New Jersey, USA. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. For persons who are only aware of the electrical telegraph, the reason for this name will be obscure.

Electrical telegraphs

Main article: Electrical telegraph

Samuel Thomas von Sömmering constructed his electrochemical telegraph in 1809. The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring ( 28 January 1755 &ndash 2 March 1830) was a German Physician, Anatomist, Also as one of the first, an electromagnetic telegraph was created by Baron Schilling in 1832. The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission Baron Pavel L'vovitch Schilling, Paul Schilling (c1780 Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia) - 1836 St Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber built and first used for regular communication the electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in Göttingen. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (ˈɡaʊs, Gauß Carolus Fridericus Gauss ( 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German Wilhelm Eduard Weber ( October 24, 1804 &ndash June 23, 1891) was a German Physicist. Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and entered use on the Great Western Railway in Britain. The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission Sir William Fothergill Cooke ( 4 May 1806 &ndash 25 June 1879) was with Charles Wheatstone, the co-inventor of the Cooke-Wheatstone The Great Western Railway ( GWR) was a British railway company and a notable example of Civil engineering, linking London with the West The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 It ran for 13 miles (21 km) from Paddington station to West Drayton and came into operation on 9 April 1839. London Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, or just simply Paddington, is a major National Rail and London Underground station West Drayton is an area of West London in the London Borough of Hillingdon. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common It was patented in the United Kingdom in 1837. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In 1843 Scottish inventor Alexander Bain invented a device that could be considered the first facsimile machine. Alexander Bain (October 1811 – January 2, 1877) was a Scottish instrument inventor technician and clockmaker Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i He called his invention a "recording telegraph". Bain's telegraph was able to transmit images by electrical wires. In 1855 an Italian abbot, Giovanni Caselli, also created an electric telegraph that could transmit images. Born in Siena, Italy in 1815 Giovanni Caselli studied physics at the University of Florence, and went on to invent the Pantelegraph machine Caselli called his invention "Pantelegraph". Pantelegraph was successfully tested and approved for a telegraph line between Paris and Lyon. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France.

An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel F. B. Morse. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Samuel Finley Breese Morse ( April 27, 1791 &ndash April 2, 1872) was an American painter of portraits and historic His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse. Alfred Lewis Vail ( September 25, 1807, in Morristown New Jersey – January 18, 1859) was a Machinist and Inventor Morse code is a Character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters numerals An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either America's first telegram was sent by Morse on January 6, 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Speedwell Ironworks was an Ironworks just north of Morristown New Jersey on Speedwell Avenue part of U This article is about the Town of Morristown in New Jersey Other places in New Jersey with similar names are Morris Township, Morris Plains, and Moorestown The message read "A patient waiter is no loser. " On May 24, 1844, he sent the message "What hath God wrought" (quoting Numbers 23:23) from the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore. The Book of Numbers, ( Bamidbar, meaning in the wilderness) is the fourth book of the Torah, the Tanakh, and the Old Testament. The B&O Railroad Museum is the current name of a museum that opened in Baltimore Maryland on 4 July, 1953, as the Baltimore & Ohio Transportation This message was chosen by Annie Ellsworth of Lafayette, Indiana, later Mrs. Roswell Smith (Roswell, NM was named after her husband), the daughter of Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth. Roswell is a city in and the County seat of Chaves County in the southeastern quarter of the state of New Mexico, United States. Henry Leavitt Ellsworth ( November 10 1791 - December 27 1858) was a Yale-educated attorney who became the first Commissioner of the U The Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades.

The first commercially successful transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 18 July 1866. The first transatlantic Telegraph Cable crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Foilhommerum Valentia Island, in western Ireland to Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Earlier transatlantic submarine cables installations were attempted in 1857, 1858 and 1865. The 1857 cable only operated intermittently for a few days or weeks before it failed. The study of underwater telegraph cables accelerated interest in mathematical analysis of very long transmission lines. A transmission line is the material medium or structure that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy The telegraph lines from Britain to India were connected in 1870 (those several companies combined to form the Eastern Telegraph Company in 1872).

Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at Darwin. ^[2] This brought news reportage from the rest of the world. (Conley, David and Lamble, Stephen (2006) The Daily Miracle: An introduction to Journalism,(Third Edition) Oxford University Press, Australia pp. 305-307).

Further advancements in telegraph technology occurred in the early 1870s, when Thomas Edison devised a full duplex two-way telegraph and then doubled its capacity with the invention of quadruplex telegraphy in 1874. A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions ^[3] Edison filed for a US patent on the duplex telegraph on Sept 1, 1874 and received U.S. Patent 480,567  on 9 August 1892. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

The telegraph across the Pacific was completed in 1902, finally encircling the world.

Wireless telegraphy

Main article: Wireless telegraphy

Nikola Tesla and other scientists and inventors showed the usefulness of wireless telegraphy, radiotelegraphy, or radio, beginning in the 1890s. The term Wireless Telegraphy is a historic term used today as applied to early Radio Telegraph communications techniques and practices There have already been discussions about Tesla's ethnicity on the talk page The term Wireless Telegraphy is a historic term used today as applied to early Radio Telegraph communications techniques and practices Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrated to the public his receiver of wireless signals, also used as a lightning detector, on 7 May 1895. Alexander Stepanovich Popov (Александр Степанович Попов (Gregorian March 16 1859 - January 13 1906, Julian March This article is about a radio receiver for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

Guglielmo Marconi sent and received his first radio signal in Italy up to 6 kilometres in 1896. Marchese Guglielmo Marconi mar'koni (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937 was an Italian inventor best known for his development of a Radiotelegraph system Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest On May 13, 1897, Marconi, assisted by George Kemp, a Cardiff Post Office engineer, transmitted the first wireless signals over water to Lavernock (near Penarth in Wales) from Flat Holm. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Cardiff ( 'kɑːdɪf) is the Capital and the largest city and county in Wales. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot Lavernock (Larnog is a hamlet in the Vale of Glamorgan in Wales, lying on the coast West of Cardiff between Penarth and Sully Penarth is a Town in the Vale of Glamorgan (Bro Morgannwg Wales (Cymru 5 Flat Holm (Ynys Echni is a limestone Island lying in the Bristol Channel approximately from Lavernock Point in Glamorgan. ^[4] Having failed to interest the Italian government, the twenty-two year old inventor brought his telegraphy system to Britain and met William Preece, a Welshman, who was a major figure in the field and Chief Engineer of the General Post Office. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Sir William Henry Preece ( February 15[[ 834]]- November 6 1913) was a Welsh Electrical engineer and Inventor. The General Post Office (GPO was officially established in England in 1660 by Charles II and it eventually grew to combine the functions of both the state A pair of masts about 34 metres (112 ft) high were erected, at Lavernock Point and on Flat Holm. The receiving mast at Lavernock Point was a 30-metre (98 ft) high pole topped with a cylindrical cap of zinc connected to a detector with insulated copper wire. At Flat Holm the sending equipment included a Ruhmkorff coil with an eight-cell battery. An induction coil or "spark coil" ( archaically known as a Ruhmkorff coil) is a type of Disruptive discharge Coil. The first trial on the 11th and 12th of May failed but on the 13th the mast at Lavernock was extended to 50 metres (164 ft) and the signals, in Morse Code, were received clearly. Morse code is a Character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters numerals The message sent was "ARE YOU READY"; the Morse slip signed by Marconi and Kemp is now in the National Museum of Wales. National Museum Cardiff (Amgueddfa Genedlaethol Caerdydd is a Museum and Art gallery in Cardiff, Wales

In 1898 Popov accomplished successful experiments of wireless communication between a naval base and a battleship. Pre-dreadnought battleship is the general term for all of the types of sea going Battleships built between the mid-1890s and 1905

In 1900 the crew of the Russian coast defence ship General-Admiral Graf Apraksin as well as stranded Finnish fishermen were saved in the Gulf of Finland because of exchange of distress telegrams between two radiostations, located at Hogland island and inside a Russian naval base in Kotka. The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish: Suomenlahti, Russian: Финский залив, Finskiy zaliv, Swedish: Finska viken Hogland ( Russian: Гогланд; Finnish: Suursaari; Swedish: Hogland, Estonian: Suursaar, A naval dockyard is a Dockyard that primarily serves a Navy. See also Military base Royal Navy Dockyards Kotkan kaupunki Both stations of wireless telegraphy were built under Popov's instructions.

In 1901, Marconi radiotelegraphed the letter "S" across the Atlantic Ocean from his station in Poldhu, Cornwall to St. John's, Newfoundland. Poldhu is a small area in south Cornwall, England, UK, situated on the Lizard Peninsula it comprises Poldhu Point and Poldhu Cove Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St John's Newfoundland and Labrador.

Radiotelegraphy proved effective for rescue work in sea disasters by enabling effective communication between ships and from ship to shore. A disaster is the impact of a natural or human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment.

Telegraphic improvements

A continuing goal in telegraphy has been to reduce the cost per message by reducing hand-work, or increasing the sending rate. There were many experiments with moving pointers, and various electrical encodings. However, most systems were too complicated and unreliable. A successful expedient to increase the sending rate was the development of telegraphese. Telegraphese is a linguistic term for an elliptical style of writing such as that used to write newspaper headlines or article titles

Other research focused on the multiplexing of telegraph connections. For multiplexing in electronics and signal processing see Multiplexer. By passing several simultaneous connections through an existing copper wire, capacity could be upgraded without the laying of new cable, a process which remained very costly. Several technologies were developed like Frequency-division multiplexing. Frequency-division multiplexing ( FDM) is a form of signal Multiplexing where multiple Baseband signals are Modulated on different frequency Long submarine communications cables became possible in segments with vacuum tube amplifiers between them. A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to carry Telecommunications between countries A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to carry Telecommunications between countries

With the invention of the teletypewriter, telegraphic encoding became fully automated. A teleprinter ( Early teletypewriters used the ITA-1 Baudot code, a five-bit code. The Baudot code, invented by Émile Baudot, is a character set predating EBCDIC and ASCII, and the root predecessor to International Telegraph This yielded only thirty-two codes, so it was over-defined into two "shifts," "letters" and "figures". An explicit, unshared shift code prefaced each set of letters and figures.

The airline industry remains one of the last users of Teletype and in a few situations still sends messages over the SITA or AFTN networks. SITA is a multinational Information technology company specialising in providing IT and telecommunication services to the Aviation industry The Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network ( AFTN) is a worldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided as part of the aeronautical fixed service for the exchange For example, The British Airways operations computer system (FICO) as of 2004 still used teletype to communicate with other airline computer systems. British Airways plc ( is the national Airline and Flag carrier of the United Kingdom and one of the largest in Europe British Airways uses a computer system called FICO ( Flight Information and Control of Operations) for its operational control system "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The same goes for PARS (Programmed Airline Reservation System) and IPARS that used a similar shifted six-bit Teletype code, because it requires only eight bits per character, saving bandwidth and money. PARS ( Programmed Airline Reservation System) is an IBM proprietary large scale Airline reservation A teletype message is often much smaller than the equivalent EDIFACT or XML message. United Nations/Electronic Data Interchange For Administration Commerce and Transport ( UN/EDIFACT) is the international EDI standard developed under the Don't change "Extensible" In recent years as airlines have had access to improved bandwidth in remote locations, IATA standard XML is replacing Teletype as well as (EDI). Don't change "Extensible" Electronic Data Interchange ( EDI) refers to the structured transmission of data between organizations by electronic means

A standard timing system developed for telecommunications. Asynchronous serial communication describes an asynchronous, serial transmission protocol in which a start signal is sent prior to each byte character or code word The "mark" state was defined as the powered state of the wire. In this way, it was immediately apparent when the line itself failed. The characters were sent by first sending a "start bit" that pulled the line to the unpowered "space" state. The start bit triggered a wheeled commutator run by a motor with a precise speed (later, digital electronics). The commutator distributed the bits from the line to a series of relays that would "capture" the bits. A "stop bit" was then sent at the powered "mark state" to assure that the commutator would have time to stop, and be ready for the next character. The stop bit triggered the printing mechanism. Stop bits initially lasted 1. 42 baud times (later extended to two as signaling rates increased), in order to give the mechanism time to finish and stop vibrating. Hence an ITA-2 Murray code symbol took 1 start, 5 data, and 1. The Baudot code, invented by Émile Baudot, is a character set predating EBCDIC and ASCII, and the root predecessor to International Telegraph 42 stop (total 7. 42) baud times to transmit. ^[5]

Telex

By 1935, message routing was the last great barrier to full automation. BT Group plc (formerly British Telecommunications plc) which trades as BT (ˌbiːˈtiː bee tee) (previously known as British Telecom and still Large telegraphy providers began to develop systems that used telephone-like rotary dialing to connect teletypes. In the field of Telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls These machines were called "telex". Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style pulse dialing for circuit switching, and then sent data by Baudot code. Pulse dialing, dial pulse, or loop disconnect dialing, also called Rotary or Decadic dialling in the United Kingdom (because up to 10 pulses In Telecommunications a circuit switching network is one that establishes a fixed bandwidth circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals The Baudot code, invented by Émile Baudot, is a character set predating EBCDIC and ASCII, and the root predecessor to International Telegraph This "type A" telex routing functionally automated message routing.

The first wide-coverage telex network was implemented in Germany during the 1930s. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The network was used to communicate within the government.

At the then-blinding rate of 45. 45 (±0. 5%) baud, up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using "voice frequency telegraphy" multiplexing, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication. In Telecommunications and Electronics, baud (ˈbɔːd unit symbol "Bd" is synonymous to symbols/s or pulses/s. Frequency-division multiplexing ( FDM) is a form of signal Multiplexing where multiple Baseband signals are Modulated on different frequency

Canada-wide automatic teleprinter exchange service was introduced by the CPR Telegraph Company and CN Telegraph in July 1957 (the two companies, operated by rival Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway would join to form CNCP Telecommunications in 1967). The Canadian Pacific Railway ( The Canadian Pacific Railway ( CNCP Telecommunications (Canadian National-Canadian Pacific Telecommunications an Electrical telegraph operator and later as a telecom company This service supplemented the existing international Telex service that was put in place in November 1956. Canadian Telex customers could connect with nineteen European countries in addition to eighteen Latin American, African, and trans-Pacific countries. ^[6] The major exchanges were located in Montreal (01), Toronto (02), Winnipeg (03). Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population ^[7]

In 1958, Western Union Telegraph Company started to build a telex network in the United States. ^[8] This telex network started as a satellite exchange located in New York City and expanded to a nationwide network. Western Union chose Siemens & Halske AG,^[9]now Siemens AG, and ITT ^[10] to supply the exchange equipment, provisioned the exchange trunks via the Western Union national microwave system and leased the exchange to customer site facilities from the local telephone company. Teleprinter equipment was originally provided by Siemens & Halske AG ^[11] and later by Teletype Corporation. ^[12] Initial direct International Telex service was offered by Western Union, via W. U. International, in the summer of 1960 with limited service to London and Paris. ^[13]

In 1962, the major exchanges were located in New York City (1), Chicago (2), San Francisco (3), Kansas City (4) and Atlanta (5). ^[14] The Telex network expanded by adding the final parent exchanges cities of Los Angeles (6), Dallas (7), Philadelphia (8) and Boston (9) starting in 1966.

The telex numbering plan, usually a six-digit number in the United States, was based on the major exchange where the customer's telex machine terminated. ^[15] For example, all telex customers that terminated in the New York City exchange were assigned a telex number that started with a first digit "1". Further, all Chicago based customers had telex numbers that started with a first digit of "2". This numbering plan was maintained by Western Union as the telex exchanges proliferated to smaller cities in the United States. The Western Union telex network was built on three levels of exchanges. ^[16] The highest level was made up of the nine exchange cities previously mentioned. Each of these cities had the dual capability of terminating both telex customer lines and setting up trunk connections to multiple distant telex exchanges. The second level of exchanges, located in large cities such as Buffalo, Cleveland, Miami, Newark, Pittsburgh and Seattle, were similar to the highest level of exchanges in capability of terminating telex customer lines and setting up trunk connections. However, these second level exchanges had a smaller customer line capacity and only had trunk circuits to regional cities. The third level of exchanges, located in small to medium sized cities, could terminate telex customer lines and had a single trunk group running to its parent exchange.

Loop signaling was offered in two different configurations for Western Union telex in the United States. The first option, sometimes called local or loop service, provided a 60 milliampere loop circuit from the exchange to the customer teleprinter. The second option, sometimes called long distance or polar was used when a 60 milliampere connection could not be achieved, provided a ground return polar circuit using 35 milliamperes on separate send and receive wires. By the 1970s, and under pressure from the Bell operating companies wanting to modernize their cable plant and lower the adjacent circuit noise that these telex circuits sometimes caused, Western Union migrated customers to a third option called F1F2. This F1F2 option replaced the dc voltage of the local and long distance options with modems at the exchange and subscriber ends of the telex circuit.

Western Union offered connections from Telex to the AT&T TWX system in May 1966 via its New York Information Services Computer Center. ^[17] These connections were limited to those TWX machines that were equipped with automatic answerback capability per CCITT standard.

In 1970, Cuba and Pakistan were still running 45. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and 5 baud type A Telex. Telex is still widely used in some developing countries' bureaucracies, probably because of its reliability and low cost. The UN asserted at one time that more political entities were reliably available by Telex than by any other single method. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

Around 1960[?], some nations began to use the "figures" Baudot codes to perform "Type B" telex routing.

Telex grew around the world very rapidly. Long before automatic telephony was available, most countries, even in central Africa and Asia, had at least a few high-frequency (shortwave) telex links. Shortwave Radio operates between the frequencies of 3000 KHz (3 Often these radio links were the first established by government postal and telegraph services (PTTs). The most common radio standard, CCITT R. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector ( ITU-T) coordinates standards for telecommunications on behalf of the International Telecommunication 44 had error-corrected retransmitting time-division multiplexing of radio channels. Most impoverished PTTs operated their telex-on-radio (TOR) channels non-stop, to get the maximum value from them.

The cost of TOR equipment has continued to fall. Although initially specialised equipment was required, many amateur radio operators now operate TOR (also known as RTTY) with special software and inexpensive hardware to adapt computer sound cards to short-wave radios. Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a Hobby and a service in which participants called "hams" use various types of Radio communications Radioteletype ( RTTY) is a Telecommunications system consisting of two or more Teleprinters using Radio as the Transmission medium.

Modern "cablegrams" or "telegrams" actually operate over dedicated Telex networks, using TOR whenever required.

Telex messages are routed by addressing them to a telex address, e. g. "14910 ERIC S", where 14910 is the subscriber number, ERIC is an abbreviation for the subscriber's name (in this case Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson in Sweden) and S is the country code. Solutions also exist for the automatic routing of messages to different telex terminals within a subscriber organization, by using different terminal identities, e. g. "+T148".

A major advantage of Telex was (is) that the receipt of the message by the recipient could be confirmed with a high degree of certainty by the "answerback". At the beginning of the message, the sender would transmit a WRU (Who aRe yoU) code, and the recipient machine would automatically initiate a response which was usually encoded in a rotating drum with pegs, much like a music box. The position of the pegs sent an unambiguous identifying code to the sender, so the sender could verify connection to the correct recipient. The WRU code would also be sent at the end of the message, so a correct response would confirm that the connection had remained unbroken during the message transmission. This gave Telex a major advantage over less verifiable forms of communications such as telephone and fax.

The usual method of operation was that the message would be prepared off-line, using paper tape. Punched tape or paper tape is a largely obsolete form of Data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data All common Telex machines incorporated a 5-hole paper-tape punch and reader. Once the paper tape had been prepared, the message could be transmitted in minimum time. Telex billing was always by connected duration, so minimising the connected time saved money. However, it was also possible to connect in "real time", where the sender and the recipient could both type on the keyboard and these characters would be immediately printed on the distant machine.

Telex could also be used as a rudimentary but functional carrier of information from one IT system to another, in effect a primitive forerunner of Electronic Data Interchange. Electronic Data Interchange ( EDI) refers to the structured transmission of data between organizations by electronic means The sending IT system would create an output (e. g. , an inventory list) on paper tape using a mutually agreed format. The tape would be sent by Telex and collected on a corresponding paper tape by the receiver and this tape could then be read into the receiving IT system.

One use of Telex circuits, in use until the widescale adoption of x.400 and Internet email, was to facilitate a message handling system, allowing local email systems to exchange messages with other email and telex systems via a central routing operation, or switch. X400 is a suite of ITU-T Recommendations that define standards for Data Communication Networks for Message Handling Systems (MHS — more commonly known as " E-mail The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks One of the largest such switches was operated by Royal Dutch Shell as recently as 1994, permitting the exchange of messages between a number of IBM Officevision, Digital Equipment Corporation All-In-One and Microsoft Mail systems. Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known simply as Shell, is a multinational oil company of Dutch and British origins Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the Computer industry Microsoft Mail (or MSMail) was the name given to several early Microsoft e-mail products In addition to permitting email to be sent to Telex addresses, formal coding conventions adopted in the composition of telex messages enabled automatic routing of telexes to email recipients.

TWX originally ran 75 bits per second, sending Baudot code and dial selection. However, Bell later developed a second generation of "four row" modems called the "Bell 101 dataset", which is the direct ancestor of the Bell 103 modem that launched computer time-sharing. Modem (from mo dulator- dem odulator is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode Digital information Time-sharing refers to sharing a computing resource among many users by multitasking. The 101 was revolutionary, because it ran on ordinary subscriber lines that could (at the office) be routed to special exchanges called "wide-area data service". Because it was using the public switched telephone network, TWX had special area codes: 510, 610, 710, 810 and 910. With the demise of TWX service, these codes were re-provisioned as standard geographic NPAs in the 1990s. A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks

Bell's original consent agreement limited it to international dial telephony. Western Union Telegraph Company had given up its international telegraphic operation in a 1939 bid to monopolize U. The Western Union Company ( is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. S. telegraphy by taking over ITT's PTT business. The result was de-emphasis on telex in the U. S. and a cat's cradle of small U. S. international telex and telegraphy companies. These were known by regulatory agencies as "International Record Carriers".

• Western Union Telegraph Company developed a spinoff called "Cable System". The Western Union Company ( is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. Cable system later became Western Union International.
• ITT's "World Communications" was amalgamated from many smaller companies: "Federal Telegraph", "All American Cables and Radio", "Globe Wireless", and a common carrier division of Mackay Marine.
• RCA communications had specialised in crossing the Pacific. It later joined with Western Union International to become MCI. MCI Communications Corp was an American Telecommunications company that was instrumental in legal and regulatory changes that led to the breakup of the AT&T
• Before World War I, Tropical Radiotelegraph put radio telegraphs on ships for its owner, The United Fruit Company, to enable them to deliver bananas to the best-paying markets. Communications expanded to UFC's plantations, and were eventually provided to local governments. TRT Telecommunications (as it is now known) eventually became the national PTT of many small Central American nations.
• The French Telegraph Cable Company (owned by French investors) had always been in the U. S. It laid cable from the U. S. to France. It was formed by "Monsieur Puyer-Quartier". This is how it got its telegraphic routing ID "PQ".
• Firestone Rubber developed its own IRC, the "Trans-Liberia Radiotelegraph Company". The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company was founded by Harvey Firestone in 1900 to supply pneumatic tires for wagons buggies and other forms of wheeled transportation It operated shortwave from Akron, Ohio to the rubber plantations in Liberia. Akron is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Summit County. Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire TL is still based in Akron.

Bell telex users had to select which IRC to use, and then append the necessary routing digits. The IRCs converted between TWX and Western Union Telegraph Co. The Western Union Company ( is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. standards.

Arrival of the Internet

Around 1965, DARPA commissioned a study of decentralized switching systems. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new Technology Some of the ideas developed in this study provided inspiration for the development of the ARPANET packet switching research network, which later grew to become the public Internet. The ARPANET ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world's first operational Packet switching is a network communications method that splits data traffic (digital representations of text sound or video data into chunks called packets, that are then The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

As the PSTN became a digital network, T-carrier "synchronous" networks became commonplace in the U. In Telecommunications T-carrier, sometimes abbreviated as T-CXR, is the generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexed telecommunications S. A T-1 line has a "frame" of 193 bits that repeats 8000 times per second. The first bit, called the "sync" bit, alternates between 1 and 0 to identify the start of the frames. The rest of the frame provides 8 bits for each of 24 separate voice or data channels. Customarily, a T-1 link is sent over a balanced twisted pair, isolated with transformers to prevent current flow. Europeans adopted a similar system (E-1) of 32 channels (with one channel for frame synchronisation).

Later, SONET and SDH (the synchronous digital hierarchy) were adapted to combine carrier channels into groups that could be sent over optic fiber. Synchronous optical networking (SONET and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH are two closely related Multiplexing protocols for transferring multiple An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length The capacity of an optic fiber is often extended with wavelength division multiplexing, rather than rerigging new fibre. In Fiber-optic communications wavelength-division multiplexing ( WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a Rigging several fibres in the same structures as the first fibre is usually easy and inexpensive, and many fibre installations include unused spare "dark fibre", "dark wavelengths", and unused parts of the SONET frame, so-called "virtual channels. In Fiber-optic communications dark fiber or unlit fiber (or fibre refers to unused fibers, available for use "

As of 2006, the fastest well-defined communication channel used for telegraphy is the SONET standard OC-768, which sends about 40 gigabits per second. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Synchronous optical networking (SONET and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH are two closely related Multiplexing protocols for transferring multiple Optical Carrier levels describe a range of digital signals that can be carried on SONET Fiber optic Network.

The theoretical maximum capacity of an optic fiber is more than 10¹² bits (one terabit or one trillion bits) per second. A terabit is a unit of Information or Computer storage, abbreviated Tbit (or Tb) No current (2006) encoding system approaches this theoretical limit, even with wavelength division multiplexing.

Since the Internet operates over any digital transmission medium, further evolution of telegraphic technology will be effectively concealed from users.

As of 2007, most telegraphic messages are carried by the Internet in the form of e-mail.

In 2002 the Internet was used by Kevin Warwick at the University of Reading to communicate neural signals, in purely electronic form, telegraphically between the nervous systems of two humans^[18], potentially opening up a new form of communication combining the Internet and telegraphy. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Kevin Warwick (born 9 February 1954 Coventry, UK is a British scientist and professor of Cybernetics at the University of Reading The University of Reading is a University in the English town of Reading Berkshire

E-mail displaces telegraphy

E-mail was first invented for Multics in the late 1960s. Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving Multics ( Mult iplexed I nformation and C omputing S ervice was an extremely influential early Time-sharing Operating system At first, e-mail was only possible between different accounts on the same computer (typically a mainframe). Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron) are Computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications typically bulk data UUCP allowed different computers to be connected to allow e-mails to be relayed from computer to computer. UUCP is an Abbreviation for Unix to Unix CoPy. The term generally refers to a suite of Computer programs and protocols allowing remote execution With the growth of the Internet, e-mail began to be possible between any two computers with access to the Internet.

Various private networks (UUNET, the Well, GEnie) had e-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, $25 to $50 a month, just for e-mail. UUNET is one of the largest Internet service providers and one of the nine Tier 1 networks It is based in Northern Virginia and is the first commercial The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, normally shortened to The WELL, is one of the oldest Virtual communities in continuous operation GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange was an online service Internet use was then largely limited to government, academia and other government contractors until the net was opened to commercial use in the 1980s.

By the early 1990s, modems made e-mail a viable alternative to telex systems in a business environment. Modem (from mo dulator- dem odulator is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode Digital information But individual e-mail accounts were not widely available until local Internet service providers were in place, although demand grew rapidly, as e-mail was seen as the Internet's killer app. A killer application (commonly shortened to killer app) in the jargon of computer programmers and video gamers has been used to refer to any Computer program The broad user base created by the demand for e-mail smoothed the way for the rapid acceptance of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

Telegraphy as a legacy system

Western Union announced the discontinuation of all of its telegram services effective from the 31 January 2006. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[19] Only 20,000 telegrams were sent in 2005, compared with 20 million in 1929. According to Western Union, which still offers money transfer services, its last telegram was sent Friday, 27 January 2006. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[20] The company stated that this was, ". . . the final transition from a communications company to a financial services company. "^[21]

Telegram service in the United States and Canada is still available, operated by iTelegram and Globegram. iTelegram provides Telegram service through its international telex/cablegram network Some companies, like Swedish Telia still deliver telegrams, but they serve as nostalgic novelty items rather than a primary means of communication. TeliaSonera AB is the dominant Telephone company and Mobile network operator in Sweden and Finland. The term nostalgia describes a longing for the past often in idealized form

In the Netherlands, telegram operations ceased in 2004. On 9 February 2007, according to the online edition of the Telegraaf newspaper, the Netherlands national telecommunications company KPN pulled the plug on the last Telex machine in the Netherlands after having operated a Telex network since 1933. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Citing the fact that they only had 200 customers for its Telex service remaining, it was decided that it was no longer worthwhile to continue to offer Telex within the Netherlands. It is, however, still possible to send Telex messages to foreign customers through the Internet. In Belgium though, services continue through Belgacom. The Belgacom Group, composed of Belgacom NV/SA and its subsidiaries Belgacom Mobile NV/SA Belgacom TV NV/SA and Belgacom International Carrier Services NV/SA is the leading In this case, however, business is flourishing; many telegrams are sent every day.

In Japan, NTT provides a telegram (denpou) service that is today used mainly for special occasions such as weddings, funerals, graduations, etc. commonly known as NTT, is a telephone company that dominates the Telecommunication market in Japan. ^[22] Local offices offer telegrams printed on special decorated paper and envelopes.

In New Zealand, while general public use telegrams have been discontinued,^[23] a modern variant has arisen for businesses, mainly utilities and the like, to send urgent confidential messages to their customers, leveraging off the perception that these are important messages. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island New Zealand Post describes the service as " a cost effective debt collection tool designed to help you to recover overdue money from your customers. New Zealand Post Limited is the dominant Postal operator in New Zealand. New Zealand Post Telegrams are delivered by a courier in a Telegram branded envelope on Telegram branded paper. This has proven to be an effective method to spur customers into immediate action". ^[24]

In the United Kingdom, the international telegram service formerly provided by British Telecom has been spun off as an independent company which promotes the use of telegrams as a retro greeting card or invitation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[25]

In Australia, Australia Post offers the TELeGRAM service - "The TELeGRAM combines new age demands with old world charm to offer you a quick, convenient way to send a message that matters. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. | industry = Post | products = Postal service, Office supplies, Greeting cards | revenue = $4 "^[26] Messages can be submitted online or by telephone, and can be printed on a range of template designs. The printed telegrams are dispatched using Express Post Mail Service or the Ordinary Mail Service. Orders received before 15:00 are dispatched on the same day. The cost of the service, being AUD4. 50 for Ordinary and AUD8. 50 for Express Post Mail Services in comparison with AUD0. 45 for an Australia-wide postage fee, makes this service too expensive for day-to-day communication.

See also

• Telegram style The concise written style developed for use in a telegram. Telegram style or telegraph style describes a clipped way of writing that attempts to abbreviate words and pack as much information into the shortest possible number
• David E. Hughes designed a telegraph that used an alphabetic keyboard and printer wheel in 1856. David Edward Hughes ( 16 May 1831 &ndash 22 January 1900) coinventor of the Microphone, and an accomplished Welsh musician

References

Further reading

• Jeffrey L. Kieve — The Electric Telegraph: a Social and Economic History David and Charles (1973) ISBN 0-7153-5883-9
• Tom Standage — The Victorian Internet Berkley Trade, (1998) ISBN 0-425-17169-8
• The Old Telegraphs, Geoffrey Wilson, Phillimore & Co Ltd 1976 ISBN 0900592796

External links

• The Porthcurno Telegraph Museum The biggest Telegraph station in the world, now a museum
• History of the U.S. Telegraphic Industry from Economic History. net
• Distant Writing - The History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868
• Era Ends: Western Union Stops Sending Telegrams
• Royal Engineers Museum — Telegraph Services
• Anglo-American Telegraph Company, Ltd. Records, 1866 – 1947 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
• Western Union Telegraph Company Records, 1820–1995 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
• Early telegraphy and fax engineering, still operable in a German computer museum
• NASA - Carrington Super Flare NASA May 6, 2008

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

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