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Telefónica S. A.
Type Public (BMAD: TEF, Euronext: TEF, NYSE: TEF, LSE: TDE, FWB: TEF, TYO: 9481)
Founded 1924
Headquarters Flag of Spain Madrid, Spain
Key people César Alierta, CEO
Industry Telecommunications
Products Communication services
Revenue ▲€56. A public company usually refers to a company that is permitted to offer its registered securities ( Stock, bonds, etc Bolsa de Madrid (Madrid Stock Exchange is the largest and most international of Spain's four regional Stock exchanges located in Barcelona, Valencia Euronext NV is a pan- European Stock exchange based in Paris and with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The London Stock Exchange or LSE is a Stock exchange located in London, England. The Frankfurt Stock Exchange ( FWB Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) is a Stock exchange located in Frankfurt, Germany. The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest Stock exchange market in the world by market value second only to the New York Stock Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need In Telecommunication, the term telecommunications service has the following meanings 1 In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 441 billion (2007)[1]
Operating income ▲€13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In financial and business Accounting, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT is a measure of a firm's profitability that excludes interest and income tax expenses Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 338 billion (2007)[1]
Net income ▲€8. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Net income is equal to the Income that a firm has after subtracting costs and Expenses from the total Revenue. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 906 billion (2007)[1]
Employees 244,052[1]
Subsidiaries Telefónica de España
Telefónica Móviles
Telefónica O2 Europe
Terra Networks, S.A.
Vivo S.A.
Website www.telefonica.com

Telefónica, S. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A subsidiary, in business matters is an entity that is controlled by a bigger and more powerful entity Telefónica SA, (,,,,) is a Spanish telecommunication company. Movistar is a major Mobile phone operator owned by Telefónica Móviles. Telefónica Europe plc is a European Telecommunications company providing both fixed and mobile communication products usually under the styled brand O2 Terra Networks (aka WUM S A, usually referred to as "Terra" is an Internet multinational company with headquarters in Spain. Vivo ( Bovespa: VIVO3 / VIVO4;) is the largest Mobile phone service provider in Brazil and A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A. , (BMAD: TEF, Euronext: TEF, NYSE: TEF, LSE: TDE, FWB: TEF, TYO: 9481) is a Spanish telecommunication company. Bolsa de Madrid (Madrid Stock Exchange is the largest and most international of Spain's four regional Stock exchanges located in Barcelona, Valencia Euronext NV is a pan- European Stock exchange based in Paris and with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The London Stock Exchange or LSE is a Stock exchange located in London, England. The Frankfurt Stock Exchange ( FWB Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) is a Stock exchange located in Frankfurt, Germany. The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest Stock exchange market in the world by market value second only to the New York Stock Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A telephone company (or telco) provides Telecommunications services such as Telephony and Data communications Most of the largest telcos whatever Operating globally, it is one of the largest fixed-line and mobile telecommunications companies in the world: 4th in terms of number of clients (with the acquisition of O2 plc., Movistar and Manx Telecom) only behind China Mobile, Vodafone and China Unicom, and in the top five in market value. This is a list of Mobile phone network operating companies.For a more comprehensive list (UMTS and GSM operators only see Mobile Network Code. Telefónica Europe plc is a European Telecommunications company providing both fixed and mobile communication products usually under the styled brand O2 China Mobile Communications Corporation ( Chinese: 中国移动通信 Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó Yídòng Tōngxìn () also known as China Mobile Vodafone is a Mobile network operator headquartered in Berkshire, England, UK. China Unicom, full name China United Telecommunications Corporation, ( () is a Telecommunication operator in the People's Republic of China. They were behind China Mobile, AT&T, and Vodafone in November 2007.

Created in 1924, until liberalisation of the telecom market in 1997 Telefónica was the only telephone operator in Spain and still holds a dominant position, over 75% in 2004. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Since 1997, the Spanish government has privatised its interest in the company. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business On 5th July, 2007, the European Commission ordered Telefónica to pay a record antitrust fine of almost €152 million for activities in the Spanish broadband market that "harmed Spanish consumers, Spanish businesses and the Spanish economy as a whole, and by extension Europe's economy", as said by European Union competition commissioner Neelie Kroes. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. Neelie Kroes (born 19 July 1941 in Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland) is a Dutch Politician and Businessperson. [2]

Contents

Financial data

Financial data in millions of euro
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Sales 31 052 28 411 28 399 30 322 37 882 52 901
EBITDA 12 804 11 724 12 600 13 215 15 276 19 126
Net Results 2 106 -5 577 2 203 2 877 4 446 6 233
Net Debt 28 941 22 533 19 235 20 982 33 574 52 145
Source :'OpesC'

Key operations

Europe

Edificio Telefónica on Gran Vía in Madrid.
Edificio Telefónica on Gran Vía in Madrid. Earnings before interest taxes depreciation and amortization (EBITDA is a non- GAAP metric that can be used to evaluate a company's profitability Gran Vía (literally "Great Way" is an ornate and upscale shopping street located in central Madrid. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain.

Spain

Telefónica is the second largest corporation in Spain, only behind Grupo Santander. Grupo Santander (,;;) is a banking group centered on Banco Santander, the largest bank in Spain, which originated in Santander, Cantabria [3] It owns Telefónica de España which is the largest fixed phone and ADSL operator in Spain, Telefónica Moviles, the largest mobile phone operator in Spain (under the Movistar brand), and Terra Networks, S.A., an Internet subsidiary. Movistar is a major Mobile phone operator owned by Telefónica Móviles. Terra Networks (aka WUM S A, usually referred to as "Terra" is an Internet multinational company with headquarters in Spain.

Czech Republic

In 2005, Telefónica bought Český Telecom (Czech Telecom), the former state-owned Czech phone operator which still dominates the Czech fixed-line market. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, As part of this deal Telefónica also gained its 100% subsidiary Eurotel, one of three mobile phone operators in the Czech Republic. Eurotel is former name for Slovak (now T-Mobile) and Czech (now O2) mobile network Starting July 1st, 2006, both companies were merged into one legal entity and renamed Telefónica O2 Czech Republic. Telefónica O2 Czech Republic is the largest telecommunications company in the Czech Republic.

Slovakia

In summer 2006, Telefónica (Telefónica O2 Slovakia) won the tender for the 3rd mobile phone operator in Slovakia, under the brand O2. Telefónica O2 Slovakia is a provider of mobile service O2 in Slovakia Calls for bids or calls for tenders or invitations to tender (ITT (often called tenders for short are special procedures to generate competing offers A mobile network operator ( MNO) also known as carriage service provider ( CSP) wireless service provider, wireless carrier, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million It began providing services on the 2 February 2007, of which the first customers' registration started from the 15 December 2006 under the operation O2 Jednotka. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. At the start, it will provide a basic pre-paid service, and in the 2nd quarter of 2007, O2 start contracts.

United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Germany and Isle of Man

On 26th January 2006 Telefónica completed its £17. 7 billion (€ 25. 7 billion) acquisition of the UK-based operator O2 which provides mobile phone services in the UK, Republic of Ireland, Germany and Isle of Man (where it also operates a small number of fixed-line services). Telefónica Europe plc is a European Telecommunications company providing both fixed and mobile communication products usually under the styled brand O2 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical As part of the takeover deal these services will continue to use the O2 brand and be based in the UK.

Telefónica is also the owner of Telefónica Deutschland and Telefónica UK, two alternative IP carriers which provide of the merger of two ISPs, Telefónica subsidiaries, 'mediaWays' and 'HighwayOne' merged in January 2003, purchased by Telefónica in 2001 and February 2002 respectively.

Italy

In April 2007, Telefonica enters in the newco Telco, which holds the 23% of Telecom Italia. Telecom Italia () is the largest Italian Telephone company. Now a private company it was founded in 1994 by the merger of several state-owned telecommunications

Latin America

Telefónica operates the movistar mobile phone brand throughout Latin America. Movistar is a major Mobile phone operator owned by Telefónica Móviles. In Mexico it occupies a far second place as mobile phone operator and the largest in Chile, Venezuela, Brazil and Peru. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. See movistar article for complete country list. Movistar is a major Mobile phone operator owned by Telefónica Móviles.

Argentina

Telefónica owns Telefónica de Argentina which is the largest fixed-line operation in the country. It provides broadband, local and long distance telephone services in southern part of the country as well as the Great Buenos Aires area. The Telefónica Group has been in the country since 1990. The mobile business is run by Telefónica Móviles through movistar, a local subsidiary. Movistar is a major Mobile phone operator owned by Telefónica Móviles.

Brazil

Telefónica's largest fixed-line operation in Latin America is in São Paulo where it provides broadband, local and long distance telephone services in the aforementioned state, which alone represents the highest GDP of South America. ( is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy It also jointly owns the Brazilian wireless operator Vivo with Portugal Telecom. Vivo ( Bovespa: VIVO3 / VIVO4;) is the largest Mobile phone service provider in Brazil and Portugal Telecom (PT is the largest Telecommunications service provider in Portugal. The Telefónica Group has been in the country since 1996 when it acquired CRT, a fixed-line and mobile operator in the southern part of the country. The landline division is currently part of Brasil Telecom. Brasil Telecom SA (BrT ( Bovespa: BRTP3 / BRTP4( NYSE: BRP is a major Brazilian Telecommunications company headquartered in the Brazilian Telefónica is the parent of Telecomunicações de São Paulo S.A.

Chile

In Chile Telefónica owns Telefónica Chile, formerly CTC (Compañía de Teléfonos de Chile) which is the biggest fixed-line operator and internet service provider in the country. Telesp - Telecomunicações de São Paulo SA ( was a Telecommunications company in São Paulo state, Brazil. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The Telefónica Group has been in the country since 1989. The mobile business is run by Telefónica Móviles through a local subsidiary.

Colombia

In April 18, 2006, Telefónica's president Cesar Alierta signs an agreement with the Colombian government to buy 50% and one share of the state-owned communications company, Colombia Telecomunicaciones (TELECOM). Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. With this sale, Telefónica becomes the largest Colombian land-line operator, and also gains an important presence in the local, long-distance and broadband market. The mobile business is run by Telefónica Moviles through the brand movistar. Movistar is a major Mobile phone operator owned by Telefónica Móviles. It's unknown what's going to happen with their previous established subsidiary Telefónica Empresas, being most probable a merger with TELECOM. Now the company is known as Telefónica - Telecom.

Dominican Republic

In 2000, Telefónica acquired a 26. 5% stake in TRICOM when it purchased part of the shares Motorola had obtained in 1993. Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. [4]

Ecuador

After acquiring 100% of OTECEL S. A. (Bellsouth), Telefónica Móviles Ecuador started its operations in October 14, 2004 as Movistar. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " It offers mobile solutions for the Ecuadorian market and is one of only three mobile operators in Ecuador.

Peru

The Telefónica Group has been in the country since 1994 and owns the largest fixed-line operator in the country. The local subsidiary offers local, long distance and broadband services nationwide. The mobile business is run by Telefónica Móviles through a local subsidiary.

Telefónica is the owner of cable television operator Cable Mágico.

Puerto Rico

Telefónica in Puerto Rico has presence through Telefónica Empresas, Telefónica Larga Distancia (TLD) and Atento. There is another "Telefónica" in Puerto Rico: PRT (Puerto Rico Telephone), the main telecommunications provider in the island, wholly owned by América Móvil, sister company of Telmex, the Mexican telco. Puerto Rico Telephone ( PRT) is the largest Puerto Rican telecommunications services company América Móvil (,) is the fifth largest mobile network operator and the largest corporation in Latin America, and a Fortune 500 company PRT is popularly and commonly referred as "Telefónica" because for many years it was marketed as "Nuestra Telefónica" or "Telefónica de Puerto Rico", long time before Telefónica (of Spain) entered the Puerto Rican market. Puerto Rico Telephone ( PRT) is the largest Puerto Rican telecommunications services company

Venezuela

Telefonica offers EvDO-based Internet access at low rates from 2004 and owns movistar, the first and larger mobile operator of Venezuela, being in second place movilnet of CANTV (Government). Compañía Anónima Nacional de Teléfonos de Venezuela ( CANTV) was one of the first telephone service enterprises in Venezuela, founded in 1930 Compañía Anónima Nacional de Teléfonos de Venezuela ( CANTV) was one of the first telephone service enterprises in Venezuela, founded in 1930 Telefonica offers in Venezuela EvDO/1x and GSM GPRS networks and its preparing 3G from earlier 2008.

Asia

China

Telefónica has a 7. 22% stake in China Netcom as of 2008. China Netcom, full name China Netcom Group Corporation (Hong Kong Limited (former stock codes,) abbreviated CNC, was originally formed in August 1999 by [5]

Africa

Morocco

Telefónica also has a stake in the second Moroccan operator, Méditel. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Méditel (or Médi Télécom) is one of three licensed Telecommunications operators in Morocco.

United States

Based In Miami, FL, Telefonica USA, Inc. provides services to US based multinational companies that have operations in Latin America and Europe. Telefonica USA also operates the Key Center, a category 5 data center in Miami, from where the company supports Business Continuity and IT services for Enterprise customers in South Florida.

Ownership

Telefónica is a publicly owned company. It is estimated that a large part of its stock is owned by capital investment funds. Major stockholders include:

In addition to this, the company held 75% of Dutch TV firm Endemol in shares, although these have been sold to Mediaset in May 2007. Endemol is a television production company based in the Netherlands, with Subsidiaries and Joint ventures in 23 countries including the United Mediaset is the main Italian commercial Television network with headquarters in Milan, Lombardy. May 2007 is the fifth month of that year It began on a Tuesday and 31 days later ended on a Thursday.

Sponsorship

Telefónica was a major sponsor of the Renault F1 Team until Fernando Alonso's departure to Vodafone McLaren Mercedes F1 Team and Formula 1 Gran Premio De España Telefónica. 1970s and 1980s 1977 Renault first involvement in Formula One was made by the Renault Sport subsidiary Fernando Alonso Díaz (born July 29, 1981 in Oviedo, Spain) is a Spanish Formula One racing driver and a two-time McLaren, founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren (1937&ndash1970 is a Formula One team based in Woking, Surrey, UK Through its acquisition of O2, Telefónica also indirectly sponsors the BMW Sauber. Telefónica Europe plc is a European Telecommunications company providing both fixed and mobile communication products usually under the styled brand O2 BMW Sauber F1 are a Formula One team with bases in Hinwil, Switzerland and Munich, Germany. F1 Racing estimates these sponsorships amount to $18 million, $15 million and $23 million respectively. F1 Racing is a monthly Magazine focused on Formula One Racing which launched in March 1996

They also sponsored the Ford Focus WRC during the 2000 season. The Ford Focus WRC is a car built for the BP Ford World Rally Team by Malcolm Wilson 's M-Sport and based on the Ford Focus ST production The sponsorship said Telefonica Movistar on it and the stickers were on the front bumper, the rear 3-quarters and the rear spoiler.

Teléfonica also sponsors the Spanish football teams Real Zaragoza and Valencia CF. Real Zaragoza is a Spanish football team from Zaragoza in Aragón. Valencia Club de Fútbol (also known as Valencia or Los Che) is a Spanish professional football club based in Valencia

Controversy

Europe

Telefónica has received several fines due to convictions over unfair competition, abuse of its position as dominant provider, and antitrust violations through the Commission of Telecomunications, European Commission, and Spanish tribunals. These fines include: 900,000 euro fine, Spanish tribunals,[6] 18 million euro fine, Spanish Telecommunication Market commission, 57 million in 2004 for unfair competition,[7] and 151. 9 million euro by European Commission for abusing of its dominant position. [8][9] This last fine is the biggest fine on the history of the European for Defence of the Compentence tribunal imposed to any entity in its whole history. Now Telefonica has in court two more fines, with a value of 793 million euros. [10]

Several consumer groups in Spain have reported unnecessary delays to cancel Telefonica's ADSL service. Those consumer groups also claim that services are billed to them after being canceled. They also claim that cancellations of services are ignored. [11] This has led Spanish people to organize themselves in consumer groups like "Asociación de Internautas" or user communities like "Bandaancha" in order to defend them from Telefónica's abuses, giving support and help to diverse reclamations against bad practices of Telefónica. Those practices include the complex process to cancel lines. [12] These procedures to cancel the line are justified by Telefonica as a way of "defending customers against jokes". Anyway, in areas where ADSL lines are scarce, there are also reports of customers that claim to have their service cancelled to give that connection to another customer for unknown reasons despite paying their bills. [13] This practice is considered by some to be used by Telefonica in certain areas of Spain where there are few broadband connections.

South America

Telefónica has been continually targeted by most recent governments in South America because of its monopolistic business practices, due to the evidence of bribery and underhanded legal agreements when originally entering the markets in association with corrupt governments. Most of the administrations which allowed Telefónica entry into South American markets have been unmasked as corrupt and prone to bribery, a situation which, according to investigators, Telefónica took advantage of. To wit, Fujimori in Peru, Menem in Argentina, etc.

The problem lies in the fact that these administrations allowed Telefónica enormous latitude in the agreements, effectively giving them the power to operate above the law in some situations (for example, assigning or loaning land lines in Peru; where other companies must go through a lengthy approval process, Telefónica is able to unilaterally add or remove land lines at will). With the return to democracy, these nations have been attempting to resolve this situation and reach more balanced agreements with the company; however, Telefónica now takes advantage of the transparency and legality of these new governments and is reticent to give up any powers it gained with the older administrations.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Informe 2007 (in Spanish), <http://www.telefonica.es/accionistaseinversores/esp/pdf/rdos07t4-esp.pdf> 
  2. ^ European Commissioner for Competition Policy (2007-07-04). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples "Press conference on Telefónica decision – introductory remarks". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  3. ^ Spanish companies in Fortune Global 500 ranking. The Fortune Global 500 is a ranking of the top 500 Corporations worldwide as measured by Revenue.
  4. ^ DR1. October 12, 2000. Tricom sells 26.5% of its shares to Telefónica de España
  5. ^ communicationsdirect. January 18, 2008.
  6. ^ Confirman la multa de 900.000 euros a Telefónica por una denuncia de la Asociación de Internautas (Spanish). Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  7. ^ "Competencia multa a Telefónica con 57 millones por abuso de posición dominante - elmundo.es economía". Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy (Spanish) 
  8. ^ "Bruselas multa a Telefónica con 151,8 millones de euros por impedir la competencia en ADSL". Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy (Spanish) 
  9. ^ "Telefonica Profit Doubles; Annual Forecasts Raised (Update5)", Bloomberg. com. Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy  
  10. ^ Jazztel presenta dos nuevas demandas contra Telefónica por 793 millones (Spanish). ADSL 4 EVER. COM. Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  11. ^ Telefónica ADSL - Opinión - Un timo, una estafa, un robo, una mentira
  12. ^ Baja en Terra y Telefonica con Burofax completo (con plantilla) - Telefónica - Foros - BandaAncha.st
  13. ^ Gestionando el conocimiento

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