Techno
Stylistic origins	Electro, industrial, synthpop, electronic art music, Chicago house
Cultural origins	mid-1980s Detroit, Michigan, USA
Typical instruments	Keyboard, synthesizer, drum machine, sequencer, sampler
Mainstream popularity	Moderate, largely in late-1980s and 1990s Europe, more popular in Eastern Europe and Brazil currently
Derivative forms	IDM, trance, acid house,hardcore
Subgenres
Acid, ambient, minimal, wonky, industrial
Fusion genres
Microhouse, ghettotech, tech house, tech trance, techstep
Regional scenes
Detroit techno, Nortec, Schranz, Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass, Jtek
Other topics
Electronic musical instrument – computer music – record labels – raves – free party – teknival

Techno is a form of electronic dance music (EDM) that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s. Synonyms Since around the mid-1980s electronic dance music has enjoyed popularity in many Nightclubs and as of 2006 is the predominant type of music played in Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno, a genre in its own right, is seen as the foundation upon which a number of subgenres have been built. Detroit techno is an early style of electronic music beginning in 1980s A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set ^[1]

The initial take on techno arose from the melding of Eurocentric synthesizer-based music with various African American styles such as Chicago house, funk, electro, and electric jazz. Eurocentrism is the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective with an implied belief either consciously or subconsciously in the preeminence of European (and African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Chicago house is the earliest style of House music. House music originated in North America at a Chicago, USA, nightclub called The Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Added to this was the influence of futuristic and fictional themes that were relevant to life in American late capitalist society: most particularly the novel The Third Wave by Alvin Toffler. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where For Samuel P Huntington 's book go to The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century The Third Wave Alvin Toffler (born October 3, 1928) is an American Writer and futurist, known for his works discussing ^[2] Techno music pioneer Juan Atkins cites Toffler's phrase "techno rebels" as inspiring him to use the word techno to describe the musical style he helped to create. Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician He is widely credited as the originator of Techno music specifically This unique blend of influences aligns techno with the aesthetic referred to as AfroDiasporic Futurism. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Black science fiction Afrofuturism, or afro-futurism, is an African diaspora cultural and literary movement whose thinkers and artists see Science ^[3] To producers such as Derrick May, the transference of spirit from the machine to the body is often a central preoccupation; essentially an expression of technological spirituality. Derrick May, also known as Mayday and Rhythim is Rhythim, is an Electronic musician from Detroit Michigan U Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality In this manner: "techno dance music defeats what Adorno saw as the alienating effect of mechanisation on the modern consciousness". Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist ^[4]

Music journalists and fans of techno are generally selective in their use of the term; so a clear distinction can be made between sometimes related but often qualitatively different styles, such as tech house and trance. Tech house, like Progressive house, represents a fusion of house and Techno. Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s "Techno" is also commonly confused with generalized descriptors, such as electronic music and dance music. Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music. ^[5][6]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.1.1 School days 1.1.2 The Originator 1.1.3 Music Institute 1.1.4 Windy city 1.1.5 London calling 1.2 Detroit sound 1.3 Proto-techno 1.4 Developments 1.4.1 Exodus 1.4.2 Free techno 1.4.3 Minimal techno 1.4.4 Jazz Is the Teacher 1.4.5 Intelligent dance music 1.5 Divergence 1.6 Commercial exposure 2 Music production practice 2.1 Stylistic considerations 2.2 Compositional techniques 2.3 Retro technology 2.4 Technological advances 3 Noted artists 4 Bibliography 5 Filmography 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

History

Origins

The initial blueprint for techno was developed during the mid 1980s in Detroit by Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson, Derrick May (the so-called Belleville Three), and Eddie Fowlkes, all of whom attended school together at Belleville High, near Detroit, Michigan. Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician He is widely credited as the originator of Techno music specifically Kevin Maurice Saunderson (born in Brooklyn, New York on Sept 5 1964) is an electronic music producer Derrick May, also known as Mayday and Rhythim is Rhythim, is an Electronic musician from Detroit Michigan U By the close of the 1980s, the four had operated under various guises: Atkins as Model 500, Flinstones, and Magic Juan; Fowlkes simply as Eddie "Flashin" Fowlkes; Saunderson as Reese, Keynotes, and Kaos; with May using the aliases Mayday, R-Tyme, and Rhythim Is Rhythim. Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician He is widely credited as the originator of Techno music specifically Derrick May, also known as Mayday and Rhythim is Rhythim, is an Electronic musician from Detroit Michigan U There were also a number of joint ventures, the most commercially successful of which was the Atkins and Saunderson (with James Pennington) collaboration on the first Inner City single, Big Fun. James Pennington, also known as Suburban Knight, is an artist and DJ and Producer with Underground Resistance (UR an Independent The inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis Paradise (renamed Big Fun in the US is the debut album by Detroit -based Dance music duo Inner City, released in 1989

School days

Prior to achieving notoriety, the budding musicians, "mix" tape traders, and aspiring DJs^[7] found inspiration in Midnight Funk Association, an eclectic five-hour late-night radio program hosted on various Detroit radio stations, including WCHB, WGPR, and WJLB-FM from 1977 through the mid-1980s by DJ Charles "The Electrifying Mojo" Johnson. A DJ mix or DJ mixset is a sequence of musical tracks typically mixed together to appear as one continuous track WCHB is an American AM radio station licensed to Taylor Michigan, at 1200 kHz and serving the Detroit market WGPR ( "The New 107-5 WGPR") is a FM Radio station in Detroit Michigan. The Electrifying Mojo (b Charles Johnson in Little Rock Arkansas) was a Detroit Disc jockey whose on-air journey of musical and social development shaped ^[8] Mojo's show featured heavy doses of electronic sounds from the likes of Giorgio Moroder, Kraftwerk, and Tangerine Dream alongside the funk of Parliament and the new wave sounds of the B-52s. Hansjörg "Giorgio" Moroder (born on April 26 1940 in Urtijëi, Italy) is an Italian Record producer, songwriter Kraftwerk (ˈkʁaftvɛɐk German for " power plant " or " Power station " is an influential Electronic music band from Tangerine Dream is a German Electronic music group founded in 1967 by Edgar Froese. Parliament was an African American music band most prominent during the 1970s The B-52's originated as a New Wave Rock band formed in Athens Georgia, United States, in 1976 ^[9] Atkins has noted that:

“

He [Mojo] played all the Parliament and Funkadelic that anybody ever wanted to hear. Funkadelic was an African American music band most prominent during the 1970s Those two groups were really big in Detroit at the time. In fact, they were one of the main reasons why disco didn't really grab hold in Detroit in '79. Mojo usd to play a lot of funk just to be different from all the other stations that had gone over to disco. When 'Knee Deep'[10] came out, that just put the last nail in the coffin of disco music. [11]

”

Despite the short-lived disco boom in Detroit, it had the effect of inspiring many individuals to take up mixing, Juan Atkins among them. Subsequently, Atkins taught Derrick May how to mix records, and in 1980 the pair started working together as a DJ duo called Deep Space Soundworks,^[12] or just Deep Space. ^[13] In 1980 or 1981 they met with Mojo and proposed that they provide mixes for his show, which they did end up doing the following year. ^[11]

The music was initially conceived as party music that was played on daily mixed radio programs and played at high school club parties in Detroit. Late 1970s/early 1980s high school clubs such as Brats, Charivari, Ciabattino, Comrades, Gables, Hardwear, Rafael, Rumours, Snobs, and Weekends^[14] created the incubator in which techno was grown. These young promoters developed and nurtured the local dance music scene by both catering to the tastes of the local audience of young people and by marketing parties with new DJs and their music. As these local clubs grew in popularity, groups of DJs began to band together to market their mixing skills and sound systems to the clubs in order to cater to the growing audiences of listeners. A sound system is a group of DJs and engineers contributing and working together as one often playing and producing one particular kind of Music. Locations like local church activity centers, vacant warehouses, offices, and YMCA auditoriums were the early locations where underage crowds gathered and the musical form was nurtured and defined. The Young Men's Christian Association (" YMCA " or " the Y " was founded on June 6, 1844 in London England by a young man ^[15]

The Originator

Main article: Juan Atkins

Of the four individuals responsible for establishing techno as a genre in its own right, it is Juan Atkins who is recognized as "The Originator";^[16] a fact acknowledged in 1995 by the American music technology publication Keyboard Magazine who honored Atkins as one of "12 Who Count" in the history of keyboard music. Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician He is widely credited as the originator of Techno music specifically Keyboard Magazine is a Music -related Magazine that covers the Electronic keyboard instruments ^[17] In the early 1980s Atkins began recording with musical partner Richard "3070" Davis (and later with a third member, Jon-5) as Cybotron. Richard Dean (Rick or Ricky Davis (born November 24, 1958 in Denver, Colorado and grew up in Claremont California This trio released a number of electro-inspired tunes, the best known of which is "Clear. Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk " According to a recent bio on MySpace, Atkins . . . coined the term techno to describe their music, taking as one inspiration the works of Futurist and author Alvin Toffler, from whom he borrowed the terms 'cybotron' and 'metroplex. Futurists, or futurologists, are those who speculate about the future ' Atkins has used the term to describe earlier bands that made heavy use of synthesizers, such as Kraftwerk, although many people would consider Kraftwerk's music and Juan's early music in Cybotron as electro. ^[18]

Eventually, Atkins started producing his own music under the pseudonym Model 500, and in 1985 he established the record label Metroplex. Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician He is widely credited as the originator of Techno music specifically Metroplex is a Techno Record label in Detroit, founded in 1985 by techno pioneer Juan Atkins. ^[19] In the same year, he released a seminal work entitled "No UFOs," one of the first Detroit techno productions to receive wider attention and an important turning point for the music. ^[20][21] Of this time, Atkins has said:

“

When I started Metroplex around February or March of '85 and released "No UFOs," I thought I was just going to make my money back on it, but I wound up selling between 10,000 and 15,000 copies. I had no idea that my record would happen in Chicago. Derrick's parents had moved there, and he was making regular trips between Detroit and Chicago. So when I came out with 'No UFOs,' he took copies out to Chicago and gave them to some DJs, and it just happened. [11]

”

Music Institute

In mid 1988, developments in the Detroit scene lead to the opening of nightclub called the Music Institute (MI), located at 1315 Broadway in downtown Detroit. The venue was secured by George Baker and Alton Miller with Darryl Wynn and Derrick May participating as Friday night DJs, and Baker and Chez Damier playing to a mostly gay crowd on Saturday nights. The club closed on November 24, 1989, with Derrick May playing "Strings of Life" along with a recording of clock tower bells. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) ^[22] Though short-lived, MI was known internationally for its all-night sets, its sparse white rooms, and its juice bar stocked with "smart drinks" (the Institute never served liquor). Smart drinks, also known as Nootropic drinks are beverages made from a mix of fruit juices Vitamins, herbal supplements and a variety of Amino acid

Windy city

Main article: House music

The music's producers, especially May and Saunderson, admit to having been fascinated by the Chicago club scene and influenced by house in particular. House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino ^[23][24] May's 1987–88 hit "Strings of Life" (released under the nom de plume Rhythm Is Rhythm), for example, is considered a classic in both the house and techno genres. ^[25][26][27] Atkins also believes that the first acid house producers, seeking to distance house music from disco, emulated the techno sound. Acid house is a sub-genre of House music that emphasizes a repetitive hypnotic and trance -like style with samples or spoken lines usually used rather than sung lyrics Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define ^[28]There is also evidence that the Chicago house sound developed as a result of Frankie Knuckles' using a drum machine he bought from Derrick May. Frankie Knuckles (born January 18 1955, New York) is an American DJ, Record producer and Remix artist Juan Atkins claims that:

“

Derrick sold Chicago DJ Frankie Knuckles a TR909 drum machine. This was back when the Powerplant was open in Chicago, but before any of the Chicago DJs were making records. They were all into playing Italian imports; 'No UFOs' was the only U. S. -based independent record that they played. So Frankie Knuckles started using the 909 at his shows at the Powerplant. Boss had just brought out their little sampling footpedal, and somebody took one along there. Somebody was on the mic, and they sampled that and played it over the drumtrack pattern. Having got the drum machine and the sampler, they could make their own tunes to play at parties. One thing just led to another, and Chip E used the 909 to make his own record, and from then on, all these DJs in Chicago borrowed that 909 to come out with their own records. [11]

”

London calling

See also: Acid house and Rave

Relatively quickly, techno began to be seen by its originators and up-and-coming producers as an expression of Future Shock post-industrial angst. Alvin Toffler (born October 3, 1928) is an American Writer and futurist, known for his works discussing A post-industrial society is a society in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy, a diffusion Angst is a German word for Fear or Anxiety. ( Anguish is its almost entirely synonymous Latinate equivalent It also took on increasingly high-tech and science fiction-oriented themes but it was the success of House music, and in particular Acid house, on the UK club scene, that paved the way for the Detroit sound. Following the release in 1988 of an album compiled by Neil Rushton (an A&R scout for 10 Records)^[29] and Derrick May, titled Techno! The New Dance Sound Of Detroit,^[30] the music press began to characterize techno as Detroit's relatively high-tech, mechanical brand of house music, as it retained the same basic structure as the soulful, minimalist post-disco styles that were forged in Chicago and New York City at the start of the decade. Artists and Repertoire ( A&R) is the division of a Record label that is responsible for talent scouting and artist development House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define Chicago house is the earliest style of House music. House music originated in North America at a Chicago, USA, nightclub called The Derrick May views this as one of his busiest times and recalls that it as a period where he

“

was working with Carl Craig, helping Kevin, helping Juan, trying to put Neil Rushton in the right position to meet everybody, tyring to get Blake Baxter endorsed so that everyone liked him, trying to convince Shake (Anthony Shakir) that he should be more assertive. Carl Craig is a Detroit -based producer of Techno music, and is considered to be one of the most important names in the Detroit second generation of techno producers . . and keep making music as well as do the Mayday mix (for the show Street Beat on Detroit's WJLB radio station) and run Transmat records. . . For years no one cared about what Juan and I were doing in Detroit, and then I found myself dealing with people that were jealous, out of the clear blue sky. [31]

”

Despite Virgin Records disappointment with the poor sales of Rushton's compilation, the record was successful in establishing an identity for techno. Virgin Records is a British Record label founded by English entrepreneur Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell The release served as a means to distinguish the Detroit sound from Chicago house and various other dance music derivatives that emerged during the rave era of the late 1980's and early 90's and in so doing established a platform in the UK for a number of prominent Detroit producers. ^[32]

Detroit sound

In merging a European synth-pop aesthetic with the sensibilities of soul, funk, house, and electro, the early producers pushed dance music into unchartered terrain. Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave and Pop music in which the Synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument Soul music is a Music genre that combines Rhythm and blues and Gospel music, originating in the United States. Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino The initial pioneers of the emerging genre melded the beat-centric styles of their Motown predecessors with the music technology of the time to create characteristically intense grooves and percussive basslines. "Motown" redirects here For the city see Detroit Michigan. The resulting Detroit sound exerted an influence on widely differing styles of electronic music but also maintained an identity as a genre in its own right, one commonly referred to as "Detroit techno. Detroit techno is an early style of electronic music beginning in 1980s " Derrick May famously described the sound of techno as something that is ". . . like Detroit. . . a complete mistake, it's like George Clinton and Kraftwerk are stuck in an elevator with only a sequencer to keep them company. Kraftwerk (ˈkʁaftvɛɐk German for " power plant " or " Power station " is an influential Electronic music band from "^[33]

Proto-techno

See also: Italo disco, Euro disco, Synth-pop, New romantic, Electro, and Electronic art music

Undoubtedly, the Euro disco and Italo disco music of various acts including Moroder, Alexander Robotnick, and Claudio Simonetti (refered to as progressive in Detroit) and new romantic synth pop performers such as Visage, Human League, and Heaven 17 were popular on the Detroit high school party scene from which techno emerged^[34] but certain commentators have attempted to redefine the origins of techno, by incorporating musical precursors to the Detroit sound as part of a wider historical survey of the genres development. Italo-Disco, is a very wide term that describes the 80's non UK European Disco productions Euro Disco (also Eurodisco or Euro-disco or "80s European dance" is a term that was first used during the 1970s to describe a variety of non UK-based European Disco Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave and Pop music in which the Synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument New Romantic was a short- lived Fashion and music movement that occurred primarily in the United Kingdom and Ireland during the very early 1980s Kraftwerk (ˈkʁaftvɛɐk German for " power plant " or " Power station " is an influential Electronic music band from Euro Disco (also Eurodisco or Euro-disco or "80s European dance" is a term that was first used during the 1970s to describe a variety of non UK-based European Disco Italo-Disco, is a very wide term that describes the 80's non UK European Disco productions Alexander Robotnick (aka Maurizio Dami is an Italian electronic Musician. Claudio Simonetti (born February 19, 1952 in São Paulo Brazil) is an Italian composer New Romantic was a short- lived Fashion and music movement that occurred primarily in the United Kingdom and Ireland during the very early 1980s Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave and Pop music in which the Synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument Visage is a British pop band Formed in 1978 the band became closely linked to the burgeoning New Romantic movement of the early 1980s Heaven 17 are a British Synthpop band originating from the city of Sheffield in the early 1980s This results in a chronologically distinct point of origination being removed. To support this view, they point to examples such as "Sharevari" (1981) by A Number of Names,^[35] the earliest compositions by Cybotron (1981), Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder's "I Feel Love" (1977), Moroder's "From Here to Eternity" (1977), and the more dance floor-oriented selections from Kraftwerk's repertoire (1977–83). Donna Summer (born LaDonna Adrian Gaines December 31, 1948) is an American Singer-songwriter and Musician who gained Hansjörg "Giorgio" Moroder (born on April 26 1940 in Urtijëi, Italy) is an Italian Record producer, songwriter Kraftwerk (ˈkʁaftvɛɐk German for " power plant " or " Power station " is an influential Electronic music band from Another example is a record entitled Love in C minor, released in 1976 by Parisian Euro disco producer Jean-Marc Cerrone. It has been cited as the first so called conceptual disco production and the record from which house, techno, and other EDM styles flowed. ^[36]

Juan Atkins has acknowledged that his earliest enthusiasm was for Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder, particularly Moroder's work with Donna Summer and the producer's own album E=MC2. Atkins also mentions that ". . . around 1980 I had a tape of nothing but Kraftwerk, Telex, Devo, Giorgio Moroder and Gary Numan, and I'd ride around in my car playing it. "^[11]Derrick May has also identified the influence of Kraftwerk and other European synthesizer music in commenting that it was just classy and clean, and to us it was beautiful, like outer space. Living around Detroit, there was so little beauty. . . everything is an ugly mess in Detroit, and so we were attracted to this music. It, like, ignited our imagination!. ^[37]However, Atkins has claimed he was unaware of Kraftwerk's music prior to his collaboration with Rick Davis, which was two years after he had first started experimenting with electronic instruments. ^[38] Regarding his initial impression of Kraftwerk Atkins noted that they were clean and precise relative to the weird UFO sounds featured in his seemingly psychedelic music. ^[39]

It seems apparent that certain electro-disco and European synth pop productions share with techno a dependence on machine-generated beats and dance floor popularity. Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define However, for some, the comparisons remain contentious, as do the efforts to regress further into the past to find antecedents. The logical extension of this rationale entails a further regression to the sequenced electronic music of Raymond Scott, whose "The Rhythm Modulator," "The Bass-Line Generator," and "IBM Probe" are considered early examples of technolike music. Raymond Scott (born Harry Warnow, 10 September 1908 &mdash 8 February 1994) was an American composer band leader pianist engineer ^[40] It is also noteworthy that the possible influence of electronic music found in American sci-fi movie soundtracks, such as the work of Louis and Bebe Barron for the film Forbidden Planet, appears to be unconsidered. Louis ( 23 April, 1920, Minneapolis &ndash 1 November, 1989, Los Angeles) and Bebe Barron ( 16 June Forbidden Planet is a 1956 Science fiction film directed by Fred M

Developments

As the original sound evolved it also diverged to such an extent that a wide spectrum of stylistically distinct musics was being referred to as techno. Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR is a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America The Wire is a British Avant garde music Magazine, founded in 1982 by jazz promoter Anthony Wood and journalist Chrissie Murray ^[41] This ranged from overtly pop oriented acts such as Moby to the distinctly anti-commercial sentiments of the appropriately named Underground Resistance. Richard Melville Hall, also known as Moby (born September 11, 1965 in Harlem, New York) is an American DJ Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR is a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America Derrick May's experimentation on works such as Beyond the Dance (1989) and The Beginning (1990) were credited with taking techno in dozens of new directions at once and having the kind of expansive impact John Coltrane had on Jazz. ^[42] By the late 1980s and early '90s, the original techno sound had garnered a large underground following in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The growth of techno's popularity in Europe between 1988 and 1992 was largely due to the emergence of the party scene known as rave and a thriving club culture. A rave (or rave party) is a term in use since the 1980s to describe Dance Parties (often all-night events ^[43]

Exodus

In America, apart from regional scenes in Detroit, New York, and Chicago, interest was limited. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Producers from Detroit, frustrated by the lack of opportunity in their home country, looked to Europe for their future livelihood. This first wave of Detroit expatriates was soon joined by a number of up-and-coming artists, the so called second-wave, including Carl Craig, Jay Denham, Kenny Larkin, and Stacey Pullen, with UR's Jeff Mills, Mike Banks, and Robert Hood pushing their own unique sound. Carl Craig is a Detroit -based producer of Techno music, and is considered to be one of the most important names in the Detroit second generation of techno producers Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR is a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America Jeff Mills (born 18 June 1963 in Detroit, Michigan USA) is an influential Techno DJ and producer Michael Anthony Banks, better known as "Mad" Mike Banks, is an American Techno producer Robert Hood is an American electronic music producer and DJ. He is a founding member of the legendary group Underground Resistance as a 'Minister Of Information' with A number of New York producers were also making an impression at this time, notably Frankie Bones, Lenny Dee, and Joey Beltram. Frankie Bones (real name Frank Mitchell) is an American Techno and House music Disc jockey from New York City. Joey Beltram (born November 6, 1971) is an American DJ and Record producer, best-known for the pioneering House music recordings In the same period, close to Detroit (Windsor, Ontario), Richie Hawtin, with business partner John Acquaviva, launched the influential imprint Plus 8 Records. Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and lies at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Richard (Richie Hawtin (born June 4 1970, Banbury, Oxfordshire, England) is a English - Canadian Electronic John Acquaviva, aka "Swen Weber" is a second-wave techno artist and club DJ from London Ontario Plus 8 (also spelled as Plus8, without the space is a Canadian Techno Record label, based in Windsor, Ontario and founded ^[44]

Arguably, it was developments in American-produced techno between 1990 and 1992 that fueled the expansion and eventual divergence of techno in Europe, particularly in Germany. ^[45] In Berlin, following the closure of a free party venue called UFO, the club Tresor opened in 1991. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Tresor (German for Safe or vault) is an underground techno Nightclub and Record label - one of the most influential clubs for techno The venue was for a time the standard bearer for techno and played host to many of the leading Detroit producers, some of whom relocated to Berlin. By 1993, as interest in techno in the UK club scene started to wane, Berlin was considered the unofficial techno capital of Europe. ^[46]

By 1994 there were a number of techno producers in the UK and Europe building on the Detroit sound, but a growing range of EDM styles were by then vying for attention. Some drew upon the Detroit techno aesthetic, while others fused components of preceding dance music forms. This led to the appearance (in the UK initially) of inventive new music, some of which bore little, if any, relation to the original techno sound; jungle (drum and bass) being a primary example, its origins having more to do with hip-hop, soul, and reggae, than with the EDM from Detroit and Chicago. Oldskool jungle is the name given to a style of Electronic music that incorporates influences from genres including Breakbeat hardcore, techno, Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s

Free techno

See also: Free tekno, Teknival, Free Party, Acid techno, and DIY culture

In the early 1990's a post-rave, DIY, free party scene had established itself in the UK. Free tekno is the name given to the music predominantly played at free parties in Europe Teknivals (the word is a Portmanteau of the words tekno and festival) are large free parties which take place worldwide A free party is a party " free " from the restrictions of the legal club scene which typically involves a sound system playing electronic dance music from Acid techno is the term used to describe a style of Techno that originated in the London Squat party scene in the mid 1990s DIY (or Do It Yourself culture is a broad term that refers to a wide range of Grassroots political activism The DIY ethic ( Do it yourself ethic refers to the ethic of being self-reliant by completing tasks oneself as opposed to having others who are likely more experienced complete A free party is a party " free " from the restrictions of the legal club scene which typically involves a sound system playing electronic dance music from It was largely based around an alliance between warehouse party goers from various urban squat scenes and politically inspired new age travellers. Acid house is a sub-genre of House music that emphasizes a repetitive hypnotic and trance -like style with samples or spoken lines usually used rather than sung lyrics Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use The new agers offered a readymade network of countryside festivals that were hastily adopted by squatters and ravers alike. Prominent among the sound systems operating at this time were Tonka in Brighton, DiY in Nottingham, Bedlam, Circus Warp, LSDiesel and London’s Spiral Tribe. Brighton ( is a town on the south coast of England and with its neighbour Hove, forms the city of Brighton and Hove. The DiY Sound System was one of Britain 's first house sound systems alongside Tonka. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. Spiral Tribe was a Free party soundsystem which existed in the first half of the 1990s The high point of this free party period came in May 1992 when with less than 24 hours notice and little publicity more than 35,000 gathered at the Castlemorton Common Festival for 5 days of partying. The Castlemorton Common Festival was a week-long free festival and Rave held in the Malvern Hills near Great Malvern, England in 1992 ^[47]

This one event was largely responsible for the introduction in 1994 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act; ^[48] effectively leaving the British free party scene for dead. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was an Act of Parliament brought into law by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A free party is a party " free " from the restrictions of the legal club scene which typically involves a sound system playing electronic dance music from Following this many of the traveller artists moved away from Britain to Europe, the US, Goa in India, Koh Phangan in Thailand and Australia’s East Coast. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Ko Pha Ngan (or Koh Phangan, เกาะพะงัน is an Island in the Gulf of Thailand in South East Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. ^[47] In the rest of Europe, due in some part to the inspiration of traveling sound systems from the UK,^[47] rave enjoyed a prolonged existence as it continued to expanded across the continent. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European ^[49]

Spiral Tribe, Bedlam and other English sound systems took their cooperative techno ideas to Europe, particularly Eastern Europe where it was cheaper to live, and audiences were quick to appropriate the free party ideology. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. It was European Teknival free parties, such as the annual Czechtek event in the Czech Republic that gave rise to several French, German and Dutch sound systems. Teknivals (the word is a Portmanteau of the words tekno and festival) are large free parties which take place worldwide CzechTek was an annual Teknival normally held on the weekend at the end of July in the Czech Republic. Many of these groups found audiences easily and were often centered around squated locations in cities such as Amsterdam and Berlin. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. ^[50]

Minimal techno

Main article: Minimal techno

As EDM continued to transmute a number of Detroit producers began to question the trajectory techno was taking. Minimal techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that is considered a minimalist sub- Genre of Techno. One response came in the form of so-called minimal techno (a term producer Daniel Bell found difficult to accept, finding minimalism in the artistic sense of the word, too "arty"). Minimal techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that is considered a minimalist sub- Genre of Techno. Daniel Bell (born 10 May 1919 in New York) is a sociologist and a professor emeritus at Harvard University. ^[51] Another Detroit based producer credited with ushering the emergence of the minimal strain is one time member of UR, Robert Hood. ^[52] Hood describes the situation in the early 1990's as one where techno had become too "ravey", with increasing tempos leading to the emergence of gabber. A rave (or rave party) is a term in use since the 1980s to describe Dance Parties (often all-night events Gabber (IPA pronunciation English /gæbər/ Dutch /xɑbər/ gabba or hardcore, is a style of Electronic music and a subgenre of Such trends saw the demise of the soul infused techno that typified the original Detroit sound leading Hood and others to redefine the music as a basic stripped down, raw sound. Soul music is a Music genre that combines Rhythm and blues and Gospel music, originating in the United States. Just drums, basslines and funky grooves and only what's essential. Only what is essential to make people move. ^[53] Hood explains that

“

I think Dan [Bell] and I both realized that something was missing - an element. . . in what we both know as techno. It sounded great from a production point of standpoint, but there was a 'jack' element in the [old] structure. People would complain that there's no funk, no feeling in techno anymore, and the easy escape is to put a vocalist and some piano on top to fill the emotional gap. I thought it was time for a return to the original underground. [51]

”

Jazz Is the Teacher

See also: Jazz, Jazz fusion, and Musical improvisation

Another significant development was the infusion of techno with a jazz sensibility. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Musical Improvisation is the creative activity of immediate Musical composition, which combines performance with communication of emotions and instrumental This lead to increased sophistication in the use of both rhythm and harmony in a number of notable productions. ^[54] Arguably, it was Manchester (UK) based techno act 808 State that fueled this development, with tracks such as Pacific and Cobra Bora, taken from the 1989 release Ninety. 808 State are an English Electronic music outfit formed in 1988 in Manchester, taking their name from the Roland TR-808 Drum machine Ninety is the second full-length album and first on ZTT Records by British House music pioneers 808 State, released in 1989 In Detroit, a producer heavily influenced by said jazz sensibilities at this time was Detroit's Mike Banks, a demonstration of which can be found on the influential Underground Resistance release Nation 2 Nation (1991). Michael Anthony Banks, better known as "Mad" Mike Banks, is an American Techno producer Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR is a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America By 1993 Detroit acts such as Model 500 and UR had made explicit references to the genre, with the tracks Jazz Is the Teacher (1993) and Hi-Tech Jazz (1993), the latter from the groundbreaking EP Galaxy 2 Galaxy. Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician He is widely credited as the originator of Techno music specifically Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR is a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America An extended play ( EP) is a Vinyl record, CD, or Music download which contains more music than a single, but is too short to qualify Galaxy 2 Galaxy is a live electronic and jazz music collective featuring members of Underground Resistance. This lead was followed by a number of techno producers in the UK who were evidently influenced of both jazz and UR, Dave Angels' Seas of Tranquility EP (1994) being a case in point. Ur ( Sumerian:urim; Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Dave Angel, (born David Angelico Nicholas Gooden in Chelsea London) is an English techno musician ^[55]

Intelligent dance music

Main article: Intelligent dance music

As the mid-1990's approached, the term "intelligent dance music" (IDM) had gained common usage in an attempt to differentiate the increasingly sophisticated takes on EDM^[56] from two other strands of techno that had emerged: one being a harder, faster, industrial sounding variant known as Schranz; and the other, an overtly commercial strain that was simply referred to as "cheese. Intelligent dance music (commonly IDM) is a genre name invented in the early 1990s by the creators of an American online mailing list Intelligent dance music (commonly IDM) is a genre name invented in the early 1990s by the creators of an American online mailing list Schranz is a European (especially German) variant of hard style Techno music. Euro-Trance is a retrospective term first used in the UK during the spring of 2002 by UK's MTV Dance. " The Warp Records compilation Artifical Intelligence^[57] is credited as the record that ushered the rise of IDM and electronica. Warp Records is a pioneering independent English Record label, founded in Sheffield in 1989 notable for discovering some of the most enduring artists in Artificial Intelligence is a series of Albums by Warp Records released from 1992 – 1994 to exhibit the capabilities and sounds of Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range Of this time, Warp founder and managing director Steve Beckett has said that

“

. . . the dance scene was changing and we were hearing B-sides that weren't dance but were interesting and fitted into experimental, progressive rock, so we decided to make the compilation Artificial Intelligence, which became a milestone. . . it felt like we were leading the market rather than it leading us, the music was aimed at home listening rather than clubs and dance floors: people coming home, off their nuts, and having the most interesting part of the night listening to totally tripped out music. The sound fed the scene. [58]

”

Divergence

See also: List of electronic music genres

With an increasing diversification (and commercialisation) of dance music, the collectivist sentiment prominent in the early rave scene diminished, each new faction having its own particular attitude and vision of how dance music (or in certain cases, non-dance music) should evolve. This is a list of Electronic music genres sub-genres and styles though for the latter not all possess their own article (in which case see the main genre article A rave (or rave party) is a term in use since the 1980s to describe Dance Parties (often all-night events Some examples not already mentioned are ambient techno, trance, industrial techno, breakbeat hardcore, acid techno, and happy hardcore. Ambient music is a Musical genre in which sound is more important than notes Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Breakbeat hardcore ( Rave music) is a derivate of Acid house that combines 4-to-the-floor rhythms with breakbeats and is associated with UK Rave scene Acid techno is the term used to describe a style of Techno that originated in the London Squat party scene in the mid 1990s Happy hardcore is a form of Dance music typified by a very fast tempo (usually around 165–180 BPM) often coupled with male or female vocals, and Less well-known styles related to techno or its subgenres include the primarily Sheffield (UK)-based bleep techno, a regional variant that had some success between 1989 and 1991, and a scene that was responsible for putting Warp Records on the map (largely as a result of its fifth release, LFO's self-titled 12″). Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass ( Yorkshire Techno) was a short-lived (1989-1991 local musical movement in the cities of Sheffield, Leeds and Bradford LFO is an English Techno act on the Warp Records label LFO were pioneers of the bass-heavy techno music of the late 1980s to mid-1990s More recent offshoots are nortec, wonky techno, and ghettotech (a style that combines some of the aesthetics of techno with hip-hop and house music). Nortec (from the combination of " norteño " and " Techno " is an electronic Musical genre from Tijuana (a border Ghettotech is a form of electronic dance music originating from Detroit. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Other niche scenes include nu jazz, speedcore, breakcore, broken beat, digital hardcore, glitch, and so-called no-beat techno. Nu jazz is an Umbrella term coined in the late 1990s to refer to music that blends Jazz elements with other musical styles such as Funk, Soul Speedcore is a form of Hardcore techno that is typically identified by its high rate of Beats per minute and aggressive themes Breakcore is a loosely defined electronic music style that brings together elements of Industrial, jungle, Hardcore techno and IDM into a breakbeat-oriented Broken beat is an Electronic music Genre which can be characterized by syncopated rhythm typically in 4/4 metre, with staggered or punctuated Digital hardcore is a Music genre fusing elements of Hardcore punk and Electronic music. Glitch is a term used to describe a genre of experimental Electronic music that emerged in the mid to late 1990s ^[59]

Commercial exposure

Whilst techno and its derivatives only occasionally produce commercially successful mainstream acts—Underworld and Orbital being two better known examples—the genre has significantly affected many other areas of music. Underworld is an English electronic group and principal name under which duo Karl Hyde and Rick Smith have recorded together since 1980 Underworld is an English electronic group and principal name under which duo Karl Hyde and Rick Smith have recorded together since 1980 Orbital were an English electronic duo consisting of brothers Phil Hartnoll and Paul Hartnoll whose career lasted from 1989 until 2004 In an effort to appear relevant, many established artists, for example Madonna and U2, have dabbled with dance music, yet such endeavors have rarely evidenced a genuine understanding or appreciation of techno's origins. Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16 1958 known as Madonna, is an American ^[60] The mainstream music industry has been responsible for the growth of a huge remix industry. A remix is an alternative version of a song different from the original version This is largely a drive to gain exposure for artists that are not identified with club styles such as house, techno, and drum & bass. Many club acts and dance DJs have made very successful careers out of remixing alone, Armand Van Helden being a good example. Armand Van Helden (born 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a Record producer and Remixer whose biggest commercial successes came from his remixes

More recently, contemporary R&B has taken a significant foray into the dance genre, thanks largely to club scene remixes such as Freemasons' recent interpretations of Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland, and whilst some criticise this as indicative of the music industry's seeking greater exposure for its big-act roster, it can also be viewed as a natural part of the process of musical evolution. Contemporary R&B (also known as R&B, urban) is a Music genre of western Popular music (predominantly American and Canadian A nightclub (or "night club" or "club" is a drinking, dancing, and entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark A remix is an alternative version of a song different from the original version Freemasons are a Dance / House / Electronica production team from Brighton, England. Beyoncé Giselle Knowles (born September 4 1981 commonly known as Beyoncé (biːˈɑn Kelendria "Kelly" Trene Rowland (born February 11 1981 is an American R&B Singer-songwriter, Dancer, and actress, One R&B artist, Missy Elliott, inadvertently exposed the popular music audience to the Detroit techno sound when she featured material from Cybotron's Clear on her 2006 release "Lose Control"; this resulted in Juan Atkins' receiving a Grammy Award nomination for his writing credit. Melissa Arnette "Missy" Elliott (born July 1 1971 is a five-time Grammy Award -winning American rapper, singer, Songwriter, and Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician He is widely credited as the originator of Techno music specifically The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Elliott's 2001 album Miss E. . . So Addictive also clearly demonstrates the influence of club culture.

In recent years, the publication of relatively accurate histories by authors Simon Reynolds (Generation Ecstasy aka Energy Flash) and Dan Sicko (Techno Rebels), plus mainstream press coverage of the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, have helped to diffuse the genre's more dubious mythology. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival (DEMF is an electronic dance music showcase held in Detroit each Memorial Day weekend since 2000 ^[61] Even the Detroit-based company Ford Motors eventually became savvy to the mass appeal of techno, noting that ". Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following . . this music was created partly by the pounding clangor of the Motor City's auto factories. It became natural for us to incorporate Detroit techno into our commercials after we discovered that young people are embracing techno. " With a marketing campaign targeting under-35s, Ford would choose Model 500's "No UFO's" to underpin its November 2000 MTV television advertisement for the Ford Focus. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. The Ford Focus is a Compact car sold in the North American market ^[62][63][64] In attempting to sum up the changes since the heyday of Detroit techno, Derrick May has since revised his famous quote in stating that “Kraftwerk got off on the third floor and now George Clinton’s got Napalm Death in there with him. The elevator’s stalled between the pharmacy and the athletic wear store. ”^[65]

Music production practice

Stylistic considerations

In general, techno is very DJ-friendly, being mainly instrumental (commercial varieties being an exception) and is produced with the intention of its being heard in the context of a continuous DJ set, wherein the DJ progresses from one record to the next via a synchronized segue or "mix. Reason is a popular music software program developed by Swedish software developers Propellerhead Software. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience An instrumental is a Musical composition or recording without Lyrics or any other sort of Vocal music; all of the Music is produced by A DJ mix or DJ mixset is a sequence of musical tracks typically mixed together to appear as one continuous track A segue is a smooth transition from one topic or section to the next "^[66] Much of the instrumentation in techno emphasizes the role of rhythm over other musical parameters, but the design of synthetic timbres, and the creative use of music production technology in general, are important aspects of the overall aesthetic practice. In Music, the word instrumentation is used to refer to the particular combination of Musical instruments employed in a composition and to the properties Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of In Music, timbre (ˈtæm-bər' like timber, or, from Fr timbre tɛ̃bʁ is the quality of a Musical note or sound that distinguishes different Music Technology is a term that refers to all forms of Technology involved with the Musical arts particularly the use of electronic devices and computer software to Traditionally the aesthetics of music or musical aesthetics concentrated on the quality and study of the beauty and enjoyment ( Plaisir and

The main drum part is almost universally in common time (4/4); meaning 4 quarter note pulses per bar. The time signature (also known as " meter signature" is a notational convention used in Western Musical notation to specify how many beats A quarter note (American or "German" terminology or crotchet (British or "classical" terminology is a note played for one quarter of the duration In Music, a pulse or tactus is beat (a series of identical yet distinct periodic short-duration stimuli perceived as points in Time ^[67] In its simplest form, time is marked with kicks (bass drum beats) on each quarter-note pulse, a snare or clap on the second and fourth pulse of the bar, with an open hi-hat sound every second eighth note. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of A bass drum is a large Drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. The snare drum is a Drum with strands of snares made of curled metal wire metal cable plastic cable or gut cords stretched across the a drumhead typically A hi-hat, or hihat, is a type of Cymbal and stand used as a typical part of a Drum kit by percussionists in R&B, hip-hop, Disco This is essentially a disco (or even polka) drum pattern and is common throughout house music and its derivatives (of which techno is one). Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define The polka is a fast lively Central European Dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas The tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 bpm (quarter note equals 120 pulses per bar) and 150 bpm, depending on the style of techno. 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO Beats per minute ( BPM) is a unit typically used as either a measure of Tempo in music or a measure of one's Heart rate.

Some of the drum programming employed in the original Detroit-based techno made use of syncopation and polyrhythm, yet in many cases the basic disco-type pattern was used as a foundation, with polyrthythmic elaborations added using other drum machine voices. For the early "drum machine" computers that used a rotating cylinder as their main memory see Drum memory A drum machine is an In Music, syncopation includes a variety of Rhythms which are in some way unexpected in that they deviate from the strict succession of regularly spaced For the early "drum machine" computers that used a rotating cylinder as their main memory see Drum memory A drum machine is an It is this syncopated-feel (funkiness) that distinguishes the Detroit strain of techno from other variants; indeed, this is a feature that many DJs and producers still use to distinguish their music from commercial forms of techno, the majority of which are devoid of syncopation. Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul Derrick May has summed up the sound as 'Hi-tech Tribalism': something "very spiritual, very bass oriented, and very drum oriented, very percussive. The original techno music was very hi-tech with a very percussive feel. . . it was extremely, extremely Tribal. It feels like you're in some sort of hi-tech village. "^[68]

Compositional techniques

EDM tends to be produced with the aid of instruments (synthesizer keyboards) that are designed with the Western musical tradition in mind. Western music is the genres of Music originating in the Western world (Europe and its former colonies including Western classical music, American However, techno does not always adhere to conventional harmonic practice,^[69] and such strictures are often ignored in favor of timbral manipulation alone. In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. The use of motivic development (though relatively limited) and the employment of conventional musical frameworks is more widely found in commercial techno styles, for example Euro-trance, where the template is often an AABA song structure. In Music, a motif or motive is a perceivable or salient recurring fragment or succession of notes that may be used to construct the entirety or parts Euro-Trance is a retrospective term first used in the UK during the spring of 2002 by UK's MTV Dance. The thirty-two-bar form, often shortened to AABA, is a Musical form common in Tin Pan Alley songs later popular music including rock and

There are numerous ways to create techno, but the vast majority depend upon the use of loop-based step sequencing as a compositional method. A music sequencer (also MIDI sequencer or just sequencer) is software or hardware designed to create and manage computer-generated music Many techno musicians, or "producers," rather than employing traditional compositional techniques, will work in an improvisatory fashion,^[70] often treating the electronic music studio as one large instrument. In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing Musical composition is an original piece of Music the structure of a musical piece the process of creating a new Musical Improvisation is the creative activity of immediate Musical composition, which combines performance with communication of emotions and instrumental This assemblage of devices will include units that are capable of producing unique timbres, but technical proficiency is required if the technology is to be successfully exploited. The equipment will be synchronised using a hardware or a computer-based MIDI sequencer; this enables the producer to combine, in one arrangement, the sequenced output of many devices. A music sequencer (also MIDI sequencer or just sequencer) is software or hardware designed to create and manage computer-generated music A typical approach is to create successive layers of material until a suitable mix is achieved. ^[71] Once a usable palette of material has been generated, a producer may then focus on developing a temporal framework, a process of dictating how the work will unfold in time. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Some producers achieve this by adding or removing layers of material at appropriate points in the mix. Quite often, this is achieved by physically manipulating a mixer, sequencer, effects, dynamic processing, equalisation, and filtering while recording to a multi-track device. In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board or soundboard, is an electronic device for combining Dynamic range compression, also called DRC (often seen in DVD player settings or simply compression, is a process that reduces the Dynamic range of Equalization (or equalisation, EQ) is the process of changing the frequency envelope of a sound in Audio processing. An audio filter is a type of filter used for processing Sound signals. Multitrack recording ('multitracking' or just 'tracking' for short is a method of Sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources to create Other producers achieve similar results by using the automation features of computer-based digital audio workstations. A digital audio workstation (DAW is an electronic system designed to record, edit and play back digital audio Some techno consists of little more than cleverly programmed rhythmic sequences and looped motifs combined with signal processing of one variety or another, frequency filtering being a commonly used process. Digital signal processing ( DSP) is concerned with the representation of the signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals An audio filter is a type of filter used for processing Sound signals. A more idiosyncratic approach to production is evident in the music of artists such as Twerk and Autechre, where aspects of algorithmic composition are employed in the generation of material. Autechre are an English Electronic music group consisting of Rob Brown and Sean Booth both natives of Rochdale, England. Algorithmic composition is the technique of using algorithms to create Music.

Retro technology

Instruments utilized by the original techno producers based in Detroit included classic drum machines like the Roland TR-808 and TR-909, devices such as the Roland TB-303 bass line generator,^[72] and synthesizers such as the Roland SH-101, Kawai KC10, Yamaha DX7, and Yamaha DX100 (as heard on Derrick May's seminal 1987 techno release Nude Photo). The Roland TR-909 Rhythm Composer is a partially analog, partially sample-based Drum machine built by the Japanese Roland Corporation The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer was one of the first programmable Drum machines ("TR" serving as an Initialism for Transistor Rhythm The Roland TR-909 Rhythm Composer is a partially analog, partially sample-based Drum machine built by the Japanese Roland Corporation The Roland TB-303 Bass Line is a Synthesizer with built-in sequencer manufactured by the Roland corporation from 1982 to 1984 Roland SH-101 is a Synthesizer from the early 1980's manufactured by Roland. The Yamaha DX7 was a Synthesizer manufactured by the Yamaha Corporation from 1983 to 1986, based on FM synthesis developed by ^[73]. Much of the early music sequencing was executed via MIDI using hardware sequencers such as the Korg SQD1 and Roland MC-50, and the limited amount of sampling that was featured in this early style was accomplished using an Akai S900. MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface, ˈmɪdi is an industry-standard protocol that enables Electronic musical instruments Computers In Music, sampling is the act of taking a portion or sample, of one Sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or element of a new recording Akai ( Japanese: AKAI in Romaji) is a consumer electronics brand founded as, a Japanese manufacturer in 1929 ^[74]

Technological advances

In recent years, as computer technology has become more accessible and music software has advanced, interacting with music production technology is now possible using means that bear no relationship to traditional musical performance practices:^[75] for instance, laptop performance (laptronica)^[76]and live coding. A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. ^[77][78] In the last decade a number of software-based virtual studio environments have emerged, with products such as Propellerhead's Reason and Ableton Live finding popular appeal. Reason is a popular music software program developed by Swedish software developers Propellerhead Software. Ableton Live is a professional loop -based software Music sequencer for Mac OS and Windows by Ableton. ^[79] These software-based music production tools provide viable and cost-effective alternatives to typical hardware-based production studios, and thanks to advances in microprocessor technology, it is now possible to create high quality music using little more than a single laptop computer. A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated Such advances have, for better or for worse, democratized music creation,^[80] leading to a massive increase in the amount of home-produced music available to the general public via the internet. Artists can now also individuate their sound by creating personalized software synthesizers, effects modules, and various composition environments. Devices that once existed exclusively in the hardware domain can easily have virtual counterparts. Some of the more popular software tools for achieving such ends are commercial releases such as Max/Msp and Reaktor and freeware packages such as Pure Data, SuperCollider, and ChucK. Max is a graphical Development environment for Music and Multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco -based software company Cycling Reaktor is a graphical Modular software music studio of proprietary license developed by Native Instruments. Freeware is computer Software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee Pure Data (or Pd) is a Graphical programming language developed by Miller Puckette in the 1990s for the creation of interactive Computer SuperCollider is an environment and Programming language originally released in 1996 by James McCartney for Real time Audio synthesis and Algorithmic ChucK is a concurrent strongly-timed audio Programming language for real-time synthesis composition and performance which runs on Mac OS X, Linux In some sense, as a result of technological innovation, the DIY mentality that was once a core part of dance music culture^[81][82] is seeing a resurgence. DIY (or Do It Yourself culture is a broad term that refers to a wide range of Grassroots political activism ^[83][84]

Noted artists

John Acquaviva (Canada) The Advent (UK) Dave Angel (UK) Juan Atkins (USA/Detroit) Si Begg (UK) Daniel Bell (USA/Detroit) Joey Beltram (USA/New York) Adam Beyer (Sweden) C. J. Bolland (Belgium) Frankie Bones (USA/New York) Thomas Brinkmann (Germany) Marco Carola (Italy)

Basic Channel (Germany) Dave Clarke (UK) Carl Cox (UK) Carl Craig (USA/Detroit) Daft Punk (France) Kirk Degiorgio (UK) Vladislav Delay (Finland) The Black Dog (UK) Drexciya (USA/Detroit) Darren Emerson (UK) Dominik Eulberg (Germany) A Guy Called Gerald (UK)

Laurent Garnier (France) Fred Giannelli (USA) Hardfloor (Germany) Richie Hawtin (Canada) DJ Hell (Germany) Robert Hood (USA/Detroit) Ken Ishii (Japan) Speedy J (Netherlands) Alexander Kowalski (Germany) Cari Lekebusch (Sweden) LFO (UK) Chris Liebing (Germany)

Derrick May (USA/Detroit) Jeff Mills (USA/Detroit) Paulo Nascimento (Portugal) Orbital (UK) James Pennington (USA/Detroit) Regis (UK) DJ Rush (USA/Chicago) Kevin Saunderson (USA/Detroit) Slam (Scotland) Luke Slater (UK) Pan Sonic (Finland) 808 State (UK)

Surgeon (UK) System 7 (UK) Keith Tucker (USA/Detroit) Aphex Twin (UK) Umek (Slovenia) UR (USA/Detroit) Underworld (UK) Sven Väth (Germany) Ricardo Villalobos (Chile) Vitalic (France) Cristian Vogel (UK) Adam X (USA/New York)

Bibliography

• Anz, P. John Acquaviva, aka "Swen Weber" is a second-wave techno artist and club DJ from London Ontario The Advent is a British Electronic music act It was originally founded in 1993 by Cisco Ferreira and Colin McBean. Dave Angel, (born David Angelico Nicholas Gooden in Chelsea London) is an English techno musician Juan Atkins (born December 9, 1962) is an American musician He is widely credited as the originator of Techno music specifically Si Begg ( Stage name of Simon Begg) wonky techno DJ and Record producer, was born in Leicester in 1972 grew up in Leamington Daniel Bell is considered to be one of the pioneers of the Minimal techno genre Joey Beltram (born November 6, 1971) is an American DJ and Record producer, best-known for the pioneering House music recordings Adam Beyer (born 1976 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish techno producer and DJ. C J Bolland (born Christian Jay Bolland 18 June 1971, Stockton-on-Tees, England, UK) is a British Electronic music Frankie Bones (real name Frank Mitchell) is an American Techno and House music Disc jockey from New York City. Thomas Brinkmann (born in 1959 is a highly regarded German producer of experimental Minimal techno music Marco Carola is an Electronic music DJ, producer label owner remixer and artist born in Naples Italy on February 7 1975 Basic Channel is a minimal techno production team and record label composed of Moritz Von Oswald and Mark Ernestus that originated in Berlin, Germany Dave Clarke (born 19 September 1968 in Brighton) is an English Techno Producer and DJ, often given Carl Cox (born July 29, 1962 in Oldham, Lancashire, England) is an international techno and house Carl Craig is a Detroit -based producer of Techno music, and is considered to be one of the most important names in the Detroit second generation of techno producers Daft Punk Kirk Degiorgio, better known as As One, is a British techno producer and DJ. Vladislav Delay is one of the pseudonyms of Sasu Ripatti (born 1976) a Finnish Electronic musician He has also recorded as Luomo The Black Dog was founded by Ken Downie along with Ed Handley and Andy Turner Drexciya was an Electronic music band from Detroit, Michigan. Darren Emerson (born 30 April 1971, in Hornchurch, England) is a dance music DJ, and later joining member of the UK electronic Dominik Eulberg, born in 1978 in Westerwald, Germany is an Electronic music artist and DJ who has released numerous singles as well as full-length A Guy Called Gerald is the Stage name for musician Record producer and DJ Gerald Simpson (born February 16, 1967) Laurent Garnier (born February 1, 1966) is a French Techno music producer and DJ. Massachusetts born Fred Giannelli began experimenting with electronics in the late 1970s as Turning Shrines Hardfloor is a German techno duo consisting of Oliver Bondzio and Ramon Zenker Richard (Richie Hawtin (born June 4 1970, Banbury, Oxfordshire, England) is a English - Canadian Electronic DJ Hell (real name Helmut Josef Geier, born in Altenmarkt an der Alz on September 6 1962 is a German House / Techno DJ. Robert Hood is an American electronic music producer and DJ. He is a founding member of the legendary group Underground Resistance as a 'Minister Of Information' with Ken Ishii (ケン・イシイ is a Japanese Techno DJ and producer from Sapporo. Speedy J (born Jochem George Paap in 1969, Rotterdam) is a Dutch Techno producer based in the Alexander Kowalski is a popular German Techno music artist He was born in 1978 in Greifswald, Germany. Cari Lekebusch (born 1972 in Blankenese, Germany) is an Electronic music producer and DJ based in Stockholm LFO is an English Techno act on the Warp Records label LFO were pioneers of the bass-heavy techno music of the late 1980s to mid-1990s Chris Liebing (born Christopher Liebing) is a German techno producer who releases on Music labels such as CLR, Derrick May, also known as Mayday and Rhythim is Rhythim, is an Electronic musician from Detroit Michigan U Jeff Mills (born 18 June 1963 in Detroit, Michigan USA) is an influential Techno DJ and producer Joao Paulo Goncalves Nascimento, better known as Paulo Nascimento, is a Portuguese electronic music producer and artist Orbital were an English electronic duo consisting of brothers Phil Hartnoll and Paul Hartnoll whose career lasted from 1989 until 2004 James Pennington, also known as Suburban Knight, is an artist and DJ and Producer with Underground Resistance (UR an Independent Regis (real name Karl O'Connor) is a British Techno musician and Record label boss DJ Rush (Isaiah Major is a successful Techno - DJ and music producer from Chicago, Illinois, U Kevin Maurice Saunderson (born in Brooklyn, New York on Sept 5 1964) is an electronic music producer Slam are a producer / DJ duo from Glasgow consisting of Stuart MacMillan (Born in Glasgow 1966 and Orde Meikle (Born in Oxford 1964 Luke Slater (Born June 12, 1968 in Reading, England) has produced Techno since the beginning of the 1990s Pan Sonic (originally called Panasonic) is a Finnish experimental Electronic music duo consisting of Mika Vainio and Ilpo Väisänen 808 State are an English Electronic music outfit formed in 1988 in Manchester, taking their name from the Roland TR-808 Drum machine Surgeon is the pseudonym of Anthony Child an English Electronic musician and DJ. System 7 are a British ambient dance band Due to Apple Inc 's trademark on System 7 for Mac OS, they are known as Keith Tucker is an American Electronic musician and DJ from Detroit Michigan. Uroš Umek (born May 16, 1976 in Ljubljana, Slovenia, better known as DJ Umek or simply Umek is a Slovenian Dance Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR is a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America Underworld is an English electronic group and principal name under which duo Karl Hyde and Rick Smith have recorded together since 1980 Sven Väth (born 26 October 1964 near Frankfurt, Germany) is a DJ who has produced a large body of work since his career began Ricardo Villalobos is a Chilean-German Electronic music producer and DJ. Vitalic (born as Pascal Arbez in 1976) is an Electronic music artist Cristian Vogel (born Santiago Chile 1972 is an experimental Electronic musician Biography Cristian Vogel was born in Chile and moved to & Walder, P. (eds. ),Techno, Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1999 (ISBN 3908010144).
• Barr, T. , Techno: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, 2000 (ISBN 978-1858284347).
• Brewster B. & Broughton F. , Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey, Avalon Travel Publishing, 2000 (ISBN 978-0802136886).
• Butler, M. J. , Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music, Indiana University Press, 2006 (ISBN 978-0253218049).
• Cannon, S. & Dauncey, H. , Popular Music in France from Chanson to Techno: Culture, Identity and Society, Ashgate, 2003 (ISBN 978-0754608493).
• Collin, M. , Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House, Serpent's Tail, 1998 (ISBN 978-1852426040).
• Cox, C. (Author), Warner D (Editor), Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music, Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. , 2004 (ISBN 978-0826416155).
• Fritz, J. , Rave Culture: An Insider's Overview, Smallfry Press, 2000 (ISBN 978-0968572108).
• Kodwo, E. , More Brilliant Than the Sun: Adventures in Sonic Fiction, Quartet Books, 1998 (ISBN 978-0704380257).
• Nelson, A. , Tu, L. T. N. , Headlam Hines, A. (eds. ), TechniColor: Race, Technology and Everyday Life, New York University Press, 2001 (ISBN 978-0814736043).
• Pesch, M. (Author), Weisbeck, M. (Editor), Techno Style: The Album Cover Art, Edition Olms; 5Rev Ed edition, 1998 (ISBN 978-3283002909).
• Reynolds, S. , Energy Flash: a Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture, Pan Macmillan, 1998 [also published in abridged form as Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture, Routledge, New York 1999] (ISBN 978-0330350563).
• Savage, J. , The Hacienda Must Be Built, International Music Publications, 1992 (ISBN 978-0863598579).
• Sicko, D. , Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk, Billboard Books, 1999 (ISBN 978-0823084289).
• St. John, G. , Rave Culture and Religion, Routledge, 2003 (ISBN 978-0415314497).
• St. John, G. (ed. ), FreeNRG: Notes From the Edge of the Dance Floor, Common Ground, Melbourne, 2001 (ISBN 978-1863350846).
• Toop, D. , Ocean of Sound, Serpent's Tail, 2001 [new edition] (ISBN 978-1852427436).
• Watten, B. , The Constructivist Moment: From Material Text to Cultural Poetics, Wesleyan University Press, 2003 (ISBN 978-0819566102).

Filmography

• High Tech Soul - Catalog No. : PLX-029; Label: Plexifilm; Released: 2006-09-19; Director: Gary Bredow; Length: 64 minutes. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
• Technomania - Released: 1996 (screened at NowHere, an exhibition held at Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Denmark, between May 15th and September 8th 1996); Director: Franz A. Pandal; Length: 52 minutes.
• Tresor Berlin: The Vault and the Electronic Frontier - Pyramids of London Films; Released 2004; Director: Michael Andrawis; Length: 62 minutes
• Universal Techno - Label: Les Films à Lou; Released: 1996; Director: Dominique Deluze; Length: 63 minutes.
• WE CALL IT TECHNO! - A documentary about Germany’s early Techno scene and culture - Label: Sense Music & Media, Berlin, DE; Released: June 2008; A film by Maren Sextro & Holger Wick. International holidays and commemorations June 8 - Dragon Boat Festival ( Traditional Chinese) June 9 - Shavuot

See also

• Detroit Electronic Music Archive
• Freetekno

References

External links

• Sounds Like Techno – an online documentary exploring techno music, from its roots and early influences in the USA to its place in Australian music today. an exhibit at Detroit Historical Museum (Jan 2003 – Jun 2004)
• Techno Music Style – Guide to techno music style; includes reviews of techno music and links to techno-related websites
• Korg EMX Summer in Detroit - A video example of Detroit techno being performed live
• photophunk.com - club 'n' dance photo archive with hundreds of djs, liveacts and bands

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