Tea is an infusion made by steeping processed leaves, buds, or twigs of the tea bush, Camellia sinensis, in hot water for several minutes. An infusion is the outcome of steeping plants with a desired flavour in Water or oil. Steeping or weltering may mean Soaking in Liquid until saturated with a Soluble ingredient as in for example the steeping of Camellia sinensis is the tea plant, the Plant Species whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce Tea. The processing can include oxidation, heating, drying, and the addition of other herbs, flowers, spices, and fruits. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state The four basic types of true tea are black tea, oolong tea, green tea, and white tea. Black tea is a variety of Tea that is more oxidized than the Oolong, green, and white varieties Oolong ( → wūlóng) is a traditional Chinese Tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation Green tea is a type of Tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal Oxidation during processing White tea is the uncured and unfermented tea leaf Like green, oolong and Black tea, white tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant The term "herbal tea" usually refers to infusions or tisane of fruit or herbs that contain no Camellia sinensis. An herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is an Herbal Infusion made from anything other than the leaves of the Tea bush ( Camellia An infusion is the outcome of steeping plants with a desired flavour in Water or oil. An herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is an Herbal Infusion made from anything other than the leaves of the Tea bush ( Camellia ^[1]

Tea is one of the most widely-consumed beverages in the world, second only to water. ^[2] It has a cooling, slightly bitter, astringent flavor. An astringent (also spelled adstringent) substance is a chemical that tends to shrink or constrict Body tissues usually locally after Topical medicinal ^[3] It has almost no carbohydrates, fat, or protein. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Tea is a natural source of the amino acid theanine, methylxanthines such as caffeine and theobromine,^[4] and polyphenolic antioxidant catechins^[3] (often referred to as tannins). In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Theanine is an Amino acid commonly found in Tea (infusions of Camellia sinensis Xanthine (ˈzænθiːn ˈzænθaɪn] (37-dihydro-purine-26-dione is a Purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Catechins are polyphenolic Antioxidant Plant Metabolites. They belong to the family of Flavonoids and to be more specific flavan-3-ols Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what

The word tea came into the English language from the Chinese word for tea (茶), which is pronounced tê in the Min Nan spoken variant. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects Spoken Chinese ( comprises many regional variants the largest of which are Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese, and Min. The British English slang word "char" for "tea" arose from its Mandarin Chinese pronunciation "cha" with its spelling affected by British English arhotic dialect pronunciation. English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups the rhotic (ˈroʊtɪk and non-rhotic, depending on when the sound typically represented ^[5]

Contents 1 Cultivation 2 Processing and classification 3 Blending and additives 4 Content 5 Origin and history 5.1 Creation myths 5.2 China 5.3 Japan 5.4 Korea 5.5 India 5.6 Taiwan 5.7 United Kingdom 5.8 United States of America 5.9 Sri Lanka/Ceylon 5.10 Tea spreads to the world 6 Potential effects of tea on health 7 Etymology and cognates in other languages 7.1 The derivatives from tê 7.2 The derivatives from cha or chai 8 Tea culture 9 Preparation 9.1 Black tea 9.2 Green tea 9.3 Oolong tea (or Wulong) 9.4 Premium or delicate tea 9.5 Pu-erh tea (or Pu'er) 9.6 Serving 9.7 Adding milk to tea 9.8 Other additives 10 Economics of tea 11 Statistics 11.1 Production 11.1.1 Organic Tea production 11.2 Trade 11.2.1 Export 11.2.2 Import 11.3 Prices 12 Packaging 12.1 Tea bags 12.2 Pyramid tea bags 12.3 Loose tea 12.4 Compressed tea 12.5 Instant tea 12.6 Canned tea 13 Storage 14 See also 15 Tea companies 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links

Cultivation

Camellia sinensis is an evergreen plant that grows mainly in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Camellia sinensis is the tea plant, the Plant Species whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce Tea. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 However, it is commercially cultivated from the equator to as far north as Cornwall on the UK mainland. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar ^[6]

In addition to a tropical climate, it requires at least 50 inches of rainfall a year, and prefers acidic soils. ^[7] Many high quality tea plants grow at elevations up to 1500 meters (5,000 ft), as the plants grow more slowly and acquire a better flavor. ^[8]

Only the top 1-2 inches of the mature plant are picked. These buds and leaves are called flushes,^[9] and a plant will grow a new flush every seven to ten days during the growing season.

Tea plants will grow into a tree if left undisturbed, but cultivated plants are pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. ^[10]

Two principal varieties are used, the small-leaved China plant (C. sinensis sinensis) and the large-leaved Assam plant (C. sinensis assamica). Leaf size is the chief criterion for the classification of tea plants. ^[11] Based upon this criterion, tea is classified into (1) Assam type characterized by the largest leaves, (2) China type characterized by the smallest leaves and (3) Cambod characterized by leaves of intermediate size. ^[11]

Processing and classification

Main article: Tea processing

Types of tea are distinguished by the processing they undergo. Tea processing is the method in which the leaves and flushes from Camellia sinensis are transformed into the dried leaves for brewing Tea. Leaves of Camellia sinensis soon begin to wilt and oxidize if not dried quickly after picking. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state The leaves turn progressively darker because chlorophyll breaks down and tannins are released. Chlorophyll is a green Pigment found in most Plants Algae and Cyanobacteria. Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what This process, enzymatic oxidation, is called fermentation in the tea industry although it is not a true fermentation: it is not caused by micro-organisms, and is not an anaerobic process. The next step in processing is to stop the oxidation process at a predetermined stage by heating, which deactivates the enzymes responsible. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state With black tea this is done simultaneously with drying. Without careful moisture and temperature control during its manufacture and thereafter, fungi will grow on tea. This form of fungus causes real fermentation that will contaminate the tea with toxic and sometimes carcinogenic substances and off-flavours, rendering the tea unfit for consumption.

Tea is traditionally classified based on producing technique:^[12]

• White tea: Un-Wilted and unoxidized
• Yellow tea: Un-wilted and unoxidized but allowed to yellow
• Green tea: Wilted and unoxidized
• Oolong: Wilted, bruised, and partially oxidized
• Black tea/Red tea: Wilted, crushed, and fully oxidized
• Post-fermented tea: Green Tea that has been allowed to ferment/compost

Blending and additives

Main article: Tea blending and additives

Almost all teas in bags and most other teas sold in the West are blends. White tea is the uncured and unfermented tea leaf Like green, oolong and Black tea, white tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant Yellow tea ( Chinese: 黃[[wikt 茶|茶]] pinyin huángchá usually implies a special tea processed similarly to Green tea, but with a slower drying phase Green tea is a type of Tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal Oxidation during processing Oolong ( → wūlóng) is a traditional Chinese Tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation Black tea is a variety of Tea that is more oxidized than the Oolong, green, and white varieties Post-fermented teas are a class of Teas that have undergone a period of "aging" in open air from several months to many years Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous Tea blending describes the process of blending different teas together to produce a final product Blending may occur in the tea-planting area (as in the case of Assam), or teas from many areas may be blended. Assam is a Black tea named after the region of its production Assam, India. The aim is to obtain better taste, better price or both, as more expensive, better-tasting tea may cover the inferior taste of cheaper varieties. Blending may also achieve more consistent taste of the blend, regardless of the variation of taste among pure teas.

Various teas, as sold, are not pure varieties but have been enhanced through additives or special processing. Tea is indeed highly receptive to inclusion of various aromas; this may cause problems in processing, transportation and storage, but also allows for the design of an almost endless range of scented variants, such as vanilla-flavored, caramel-flavored and many others. Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. Caramel (pronounced /ˈkærəmɛl/ or /ˈkɑrməl/ refers to a range of confections that are Beige to dark brown in Color, derived from the

Content

Tea contains catechins, a type of antioxidant. Catechins are polyphenolic Antioxidant Plant Metabolites. They belong to the family of Flavonoids and to be more specific flavan-3-ols An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules In a fresh tea leaf, catechins can be up to 30% of the dry weight. Catechins are highest in concentration in white and green teas, while black tea has substantially less due to its oxidative preparation. Tea contains theanine, and the stimulant caffeine at about 3% of its dry weight, translating to between 30 mg and 90 mg per 8 oz (or 0. Theanine is an Amino acid commonly found in Tea (infusions of Camellia sinensis Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic 25 L) cup depending on type, brand^[13] and brewing method. ^[14] Tea also contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma ^[15] Tea also contains fluoride, with certain types of brick tea made from old leaves and stems having the highest levels. Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides Tea bricks (traditional Chinese 磚[[wikt 茶|茶]] simplified Chinese 砖[[wikt 茶|茶]] zhūan chá or compressed tea (traditional 緊[[wikt ^[16]

Origin and history

According to Mondal (2007), p.  519): "Tea originated in southeast Asia, specifically around the intersection of latitude 29°N and longitude 98°E, the point of confluence of the lands of northeast India, north Burma, southwest China and Tibet. The plant was introduced to more than 52 countries, from this ‘centre of origin’. "

Yunnan Province has been identified as "the birthplace of tea. . . the first area where humans figured out that eating tea leaves or brewing a cup could be pleasant. ^[17]

Creation myths

In one popular Chinese legend, Shennong, the legendary Emperor of China, inventor of agriculture and Chinese medicine, was drinking a bowl of boiling water, some time around 2737 BC. Chinese mythology is a collection of Cultural history, Folktales, and Religions that have been passed down in oral or written form Shennong ( also known as the Yan Emperor (炎帝 or the Emperor of the Five Grains ( is a Legendary ruler of China and Culture hero The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. The wind blew and a few leaves from a nearby tree fell into his water and began to change its colour. The ever inquisitive and curious monarch took a sip of the brew and was pleasantly surprised by its flavour and its restorative properties. A variant of the legend tells that the emperor tested the medical properties of various herbs on himself, some of them poisonous, and found tea to work as an antidote. ^[18] Shennong is also mentioned in Lu Yu's famous early work on the subject, Cha Jing. ^[19]

A Tang Dynasty legend regarding tea spread along with Buddhism and Bodhidharma, founder of the Zen school of Buddhism based on meditation known as "Chan". The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Biography Contemporary accounts There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. After meditating in front of a wall for nine years, he accidentally fell asleep. He woke up in such disgust at his weakness, he cut off his eyelids and they fell to the ground and took root, growing into tea bushes. ^[20] Sometimes, the second story is retold with Gautama Buddha in place of Bodhidharma^[21] In another variant of the first mentioned myth, Gautama Buddha discovered tea when some leaves had fallen into boiling water. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder ^[22]

Whether or not these legends have any basis in fact, tea has played a significant role in Asian culture for centuries as a staple beverage, a curative, and a symbol of status. For these reasons, perhaps it is not surprising that its discovery is ascribed to religious or royal origins.

China

Main article: History of tea in China

The Chinese have enjoyed tea for thousands of years. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Wen Zhengming ( 1470&ndash1559 was a leading Ming Dynasty painter, Calligrapher, and scholar The history of tea in China is long and complex The Chinese have enjoyed tea for millennia While historically the use of tea as a medicinal herb useful for staying awake is unclear, China is considered to have the earliest records of tea drinking, with recorded tea use in its history dating back to the first millennium BC. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires The Han Dynasty used tea as medicine. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China.

Laozi (ca. Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient 600-517 BC), the classical Chinese philosopher, described tea as "the froth of the liquid jade" and named it an indispensable ingredient to the elixir of life. The elixir of life, from Arabic الإكسير also known as the elixir of immortality or Dancing Water or Persian: Aab-e-Hayaat آب حیات Legend has it, master Lao was disgusted at his nation's immoral way of life, so he fled westward to Ta Chin. Daqin ( is the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire and the Near East. While passing through the Han Pass, he was offered tea by a customs inspector named Yin Hsi. Han (韓國 Hánguó) ( 403 BC - 230 BC) was a kingdom during the Warring States Period in China. Yin Hsi may have inspired the writers of the Dao De Jing, a collection of Laozi's sayings. The Tao Te Ching or Dao De Jing ( originally known as Laozi or Lao tzu ( is a Chinese classic Yin's generosity helped many people and thus began a national custom of offering tea to guests, in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

In 220, a famed physician and surgeon named Hua Tuo wrote Shin Lun, in which he describes tea's ability to improve mental functions: "to drink k'u t'u [bitter tea] constantly makes one think better"

In 59 BC, Wang Bao wrote the first known book providing instructions on buying and preparing tea, establishing that, at this time, tea was not only a medicine but an important part of diet. Hua Tuo (d 208 was a renowned physician during the Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China.

During the Sui Dynasty (589-618 AD) tea was introduced to Japan by Buddhist monks. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices

The Tang Dynasty writer Lu Yu's 陸羽 (729-804 AD) Cha Jing 茶經 is an early work on the subject. "Lu Yu" could also refer to the Song dynasty poet Lu You. UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by "Lu Yu" could also refer to the Song dynasty poet Lu You. (See also Tea Classics) According to Cha Jing writing, around 760 AD, tea drinking was widespread. Tea as a beverage was consumed in China no later than the fifth century BCE. The book describes how tea plants were grown, the leaves processed, and tea prepared as a beverage. It also describes how tea was evaluated. The book also discusses where the best tea leaves were produced. Teas produced in this period were mainly tea bricks which were often used as currency, especially further from the center of the empire where coins lost their value. Tea bricks (traditional Chinese 磚[[wikt 茶|茶]] simplified Chinese 砖[[wikt 茶|茶]] zhūan chá or compressed tea (traditional 緊[[wikt

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), production and preparation of all tea changed. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The tea of Song included many loose-leaf styles (to preserve the delicate character favoured by the court society), but a new powdered form of tea emerged. Steaming tea leaves was the primary process used for centuries in the preparation of tea. After the transition from compressed tea to the powdered form, the production of tea for trade and distribution changed once again. The Chinese learned to process tea in a different way in the mid-13th century. Tea leaves were roasted and then crumbled rather than steamed. This is the origin of today's loose teas and the practice of brewed tea.

Tea production in China, historically, was a laborious process, conducted in distant and often poorly accessible regions. This led to the rise of many apocryphal stories and legends surrounding the harvesting process. For example, one story that has been told for many years is that of a village where monkeys pick tea. According to this legend, the villagers stand below the monkeys and taunt them. The monkeys, in turn, become angry, and grab handfuls of tea leaves and throw them at the villagers. ^[23] There are products sold today that claim to be harvested in this manner, but no reliable commentators have observed this firsthand, and most doubt that it happened at all. ^[24] For many hundreds of years the commercially-used tea tree has been, in shape, more of a bush than a tree. ^[25] "Monkey picked tea" is more likely a name of certain varieties than a description of how it was obtained. ^[26]

In 1391, the Ming court issued a decree that only loose tea would be accepted as a "tribute. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led " As a result, loose tea production increased and processing techniques advanced. Soon, most tea was distributed in full-leaf, loose form and steeped in earthenware vessels.

Japan

Main article: History of tea in Japan

Tea use spread to Japan about the sixth century. The Japanese tea ceremony is called chanoyu (茶の湯 lit "tea hot-water" or also chadō or sadō (ja The history of tea in Japan has its earliest known references in a text written by a Buddhist monk in the 9th century ^[27] Tea became a drink of the religious classes in Japan when Japanese priests and envoys, sent to China to learn about its culture, brought tea to Japan. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Ancient recordings indicate the first batch of tea seeds were brought by a priest named Saichō (最澄, Saichō^? 767-822) in 805 and then by another named Kūkai (空海, Kūkai^? 774-835) in 806. (767&ndash822 was a Japanese Buddhist monk credited with founding the Tendai school in Japan based around the Chinese Tiantai tradition he was exposed (767&ndash822 was a Japanese Buddhist monk credited with founding the Tendai school in Japan based around the Chinese Tiantai tradition he was exposed Kūkai (ja 空海 or also known posthumously as Kōbō-Daishi (ja 弘法大師 774&ndash835 CE was a Japanese monk, Scholar Kūkai (ja 空海 or also known posthumously as Kōbō-Daishi (ja 弘法大師 774&ndash835 CE was a Japanese monk, Scholar It became a drink of the royal classes when Emperor Saga (嵯峨天皇, Emperor Saga^?), the Japanese emperor, encouraged the growth of tea plants. Emperor Saga (嵯峨天皇 Saga-tennō) (786&ndash842 was the 52nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Emperor Saga (嵯峨天皇 Saga-tennō) (786&ndash842 was the 52nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Seeds were imported from China, and cultivation in Japan began.

In 1191, the famous Zen priest Eisai (栄西, Eisai^? 1141-1215) brought back tea seeds to Kyoto. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. Myōan Eisai (明菴栄西 ( April 20, 1141 – July 5, 1215) was a Japanese Buddhist priest credited with bringing the Myōan Eisai (明菴栄西 ( April 20, 1141 – July 5, 1215) was a Japanese Buddhist priest credited with bringing the (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. Some of the tea seeds were given to the priest Myoe Shonin, and became the basis for Uji tea. The oldest tea specialty book in Japan, Kissa Yōjōki (喫茶養生記, Kissa Yōjōki^? How to Stay Healthy by Drinking Tea), was written by Eisai. Eisai was also instrumental in introducing tea consumption to the warrior class, which rose to political prominence after the Heian Period.

Green tea became a staple among cultured people in Japan -- a brew for the gentry and the Buddhist priesthood alike. Production grew and tea became increasingly accessible, though still a privilege enjoyed mostly by the upper classes. The modern tea ceremony developed over several centuries by Zen Buddhist monks under the original guidance of the monk Sen no Rikyū (千 利休, Sen no Rikyū^? 1522-1591). is considered the historical figure with the most profound influence on the Japanese tea ceremony, particularly the tradition of Wabi-cha. is considered the historical figure with the most profound influence on the Japanese tea ceremony, particularly the tradition of Wabi-cha. In fact, both the beverage and the ceremony surrounding it played a prominent role in feudal diplomacy.

In 1738, Soen Nagatani developed Japanese sencha (煎茶, sencha^?), literally roasted tea, which is an unfermented form of green tea. Sencha (煎茶 is a Japanese Green tea, specifically one made without grinding the tea leaves Sencha (煎茶 is a Japanese Green tea, specifically one made without grinding the tea leaves It is the most popular form of tea in Japan today. In 1835, Kahei Yamamoto developed gyokuro (玉露, gyokuro^?), literally jewel dew, by shading tea trees during the weeks leading up to harvesting. Gyokuro ( 玉[[wikt 露|露]] is a fine and expensive type of Green tea from Japan. Gyokuro ( 玉[[wikt 露|露]] is a fine and expensive type of Green tea from Japan. At the end of the Meiji period (1868-1912), machine manufacturing of green tea was introduced and began replacing handmade tea. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July

Korea

See also: Korean tea ceremony and Korean tea

The first historical record documenting the offering of tea to an ancestral god describes a rite in the year 661 in which a tea offering was made to the spirit of King Suro, the founder of the Geumgwan Gaya Kingdom (42-562). For the information regarding various types of Korean tea see Korean tea The Korean tea ceremony or darye is a traditional Korean tea refers to various types of Tisane that can be served hot or cold For the information regarding various types of Korean tea see Korean tea The Korean tea ceremony or darye is a traditional Suro, or Sureung (수릉 首陵 (r 42 - 199 was the legendary founder and king of the state of Geumgwan Gaya in southeastern Korea. Geumgwan Gaya (43 - 532 or " Crown Gaya" also known as Bon-Gaya (본가야 本伽倻 "origin Gaya" or Garakguk (가락국 "Garak Records from the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) show that tea offerings were made in Buddhist temples to the spirits of revered monks. The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon.

The latitude of Korea is high and the climate is unsuitable for tea growing; production of tea is slight, the quality was bad and the taste was unpalatable. The Koreans therefore imported tea leaf, chiefly from Beijing.

During the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), the royal Yi family and the aristocracy used tea for simple rites. The "Day Tea Rite" was a common daytime ceremony, whereas the "Special Tea Rite" was reserved for specific occasions. These terms are not found in other countries. Toward the end of the Joseon Dynasty, commoners joined the trend and used tea for ancestral rites, following the Chinese example based on Zhu Xi's text formalities of Family.

Stoneware was common, ceramic more frequent, mostly made in provincial kilns, with porcelain rare, imperial porcelain with dragons the rarest. The earliest kinds of tea used in tea ceremonies were heavily pressed cakes of black tea, the equivalent of aged pu-erh tea still popular in China. Pu-erh, Pu'er tea, Puer tea or Bolay tea is a type of Tea made from a " large leaf " variety of the tea plant Camellia However, importation of tea plants by Buddhist monks brought a more delicate series of teas into Korea, and the tea ceremony. For the information regarding various types of Korean tea see Korean tea The Korean tea ceremony or darye is a traditional Green tea, "chaksol" or "chugno," is most often served. However other teas such as "Byeoksoryung" Chunhachoon, Woojeon, Jakseol, Jookro, Okcheon, as well as native chrysanthemum tea, persimmon leaf tea, or mugwort tea may be served at different times of the year.

India

See also: Assam tea, Darjeeling tea, and Nilgiri tea

Tea cultivation in India has somewhat ambiguous origins. The Rock Garden (also known as Barbotey Rock Garden) at Chunnu Summer Falls and Ganga Maya Park, near it are recently added Tourist attractions in the hilly Assam is a Black tea named after the region of its production Assam, India. For other teas grown in Darjeeling see Darjeeling tea (disambiguation. Nilgiri tea is generally described as being a dark intensely aromatic fragrant and flavourful Tea grown in the southern portion of the Western Ghats mountains Though the extent of the popularity of tea in Ancient India is unknown, it is known that the tea plant was a wild plant in India that was indeed brewed by local inhabitants of different regions.

Indian legends credit the creation of tea as known in the modern sense to Bodhidharma (ca. Biography Contemporary accounts There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma 460-534), a monk born near Madras, India, and the founder of the Ch'an (or Zen) sect of Buddhism. ^[28] Interestingly, ancient Japanese tales credit the origin of tea to Bodhidharma as well. ^[29][30]

The Singpho tribe and the Khamti tribe also validate that they have been consuming tea since the 12th century. The Singpho people of Arunachal Pradesh inhabit in the district of Lohit and Changlang and the Kachin State of Burma. The Khamti, whose name is also spelled as Hkamti by the Burmese and Khampti by the Assamese is a sub-group of the Shan people found in the ^[31][32]

The first recorded reference to tea in India was in the ancient epic of the Ramayana, when Hanuman was sent to the Himalayas to bring the Sanjeevani tea plant for medicinal use. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Hanuman (हनुमत् sa-Latn '''Hanumat''' nominative singular sa हनुमान् sa-Latn ''Hanumān'' known also as ' Anjaneya' (son of Anjana is one of the ^[33][34][35]

The next recorded reference to tea in India dates to 1598, when a Dutch traveler, Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, noted in a book that "the Indians ate the leaves as a vegetable with garlic and oil and boiled the leaves to make a brew. For the Dutch city see Linschoten. Jan Huyghen van Linschoten (1563 Haarlem - Feb 8 1611, Enkhuizen "^[36][37]

The same year, another reference to tea in India was recorded, by a different group of Dutch explorers. ^[38]

In an 1877 pamphlet written by Samuel Baildon, and published by W. Newman and Co. of Calcutta, he writes, ". . . various merchants in Calcutta were discussing the chance of imported China seeds thriving in Assam, when a native from the province present, seeing some tea said, "We have the plant growing wild in our jungles. " It is then documented that the Assamese nobleman, Maniram Dutta Barua, (also known as Maniram Dewan) showed British surveyors existing fields used for tea cultivation and wild tea plants growing in the Assamese jungle. ^[39]

Writing in The Cambridge World History of Food (Kiple & Ornelas 2000:715-716), Weisburger & Comer sum up the history of tea in India from early times till 2000:

The tea cultivation begun there [India] in the nineteenth century by the British, however, has accelerated to the point that today India is listed as the world's leading producer, its 715, 000 tons well ahead of China's 540, 000 tons, and of course, the teas of Assam, Ceylon (from the island nation known as Sri Lanka), and Darjeeling are world famous. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Assam) ( Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a northeastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Darjeeling ( Nepali:) is a town in the Indian state of West Bengal. However, because Indians average half a cup daily on per capita basis, fully 70 percent of India's immense crop is consumed locally.

In general, even though India leads the world in tea technology, the methods employed to harvest the crop vary with the type of tea and terrain. Fine-leaf tea is hand plucked, and hand shears are used on mountain slopes and in other areas where tractor-mounted machines cannot go. A skilled worker using hand shears can harvest between 60 to 100 kg of tea per day, whereas machines cut between 1,000 and 2, 000 kg. The latter, however, are usually applied to low grade teas that often go into teabags. A tea bag is a small porous paper silk or nylon sealed Bag containing tea leaves for brewing Tea. The tea "fluff" and waste from processing is used to produce caffeine for soft drinks and medicine. Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic

According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (2008): "In 1824 tea plants were discovered in the hills along the frontier between Burma and the Indian state of Assam. The British introduced tea culture into India in 1836 and into Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1867. Tea culture is defined by the way Tea is made and consumed by the way the people interact with tea and by the aesthetics surrounding tea drinking At first they used seeds from China, but later seeds from the Assam plant were used. "^[40]

It is evident that Western accounts of the history of tea in India and Eastern and Indian accounts differ not only in minor details, but in major facts as well. Current research is being conducted to settle the issue, but research to date has been largely inconclusive.

India was the top producer of tea for nearly a century, but was displaced by China as the top tea producer in the 21st century. ^[41] Indian tea companies have acquired a number of iconic foreign tea enterprises including British brands Tetley and Typhoo. Tetley, a fully-owned subsidiary of Tata Tea Limited, is the world's second largest manufacturer and distributor of Tea. Typhoo is a brand of Tea in the United Kingdom. It was launched in 1903 by John Sumner Jr ^[41] India is also the world's largest tea-drinking nation. ^[41] However, the per capita consumption of tea in India remains a modest 750 grams per person every year due to the large population base and high poverty levels. ^[41]

Taiwan

Taiwan is famous for the making of Oolong tea and green tea, as well as many western-styled teas. Bubble Tea or "Zhen Zhu Nai Cha" is black tea mixed with condensed milk and tapioca. Bubble tea, also called "Boba" tea, is a Tea beverage that originated in Taiwan in the 1980s Since the island was known to Westerners for many centuries as Formosa — short for the Portuguese Ilha Formosa, or "beautiful island" — tea grown in Taiwan is often identified by that name.

United Kingdom

The importing of tea into Britain began in the 1660s with the marriage of King Charles II with the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza where she brought to the court the habit of drinking tea. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Catherine Henrietta of Braganza (25 November 1638 &ndash 31 December 1705 was a Portuguese Infanta and the Queen consort of Charles II of ^[42] In the same year Samuel Pepys records drinking "a china drink of which I had never drunk before". Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703 was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for ^[42] It is probable that early imports came via Amsterdam or through sailors on eastern boats. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west ^[42]

Regular trade began in Guangzhou (Canton). Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city ^[42] Trade was controlled by two monopolies: the Chinese Hongs (trading companies) and the British East India Company. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or ^[42] The Hongs acquired tea from 'the tea men' who had an elaborate supply chain into the mountains and provinces where the tea was grown. ^[42]

The East India Company brought back many products, of which tea was just one, but it was to prove one of the most successful. ^[42] It was initially promoted as a medicinal beverage or tonic. ^[42] By the end of the seventeenth century tea was taken as a drink, albiet mainly by the aristocracy. ^[42] In 1690 nobody would have predicted that by 1750 tea would be the national drink. ^[42]

The escalation of tea importation and sales over the period 1690 to 1750 is mirrored closely by the increase in importation and sales of cane sugar: the British were not drinking just tea but sweet tea. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae ^[42] Thus, two of Britain's trading triangles were to meet within the cup: the sugar sourced from Britain's trading triangle encompassing Britain, Africa and the West Indies and the tea from the triangle encompassing Britain, India and China. ^[42]

Britain had to pay China for its tea, but China had little need of British goods, so much of it was paid for with silver bullion. Critics of tea at this time would point to the damage caused to Britain's wealth by this loss of bullion. ^[42] As an alternative, Britain began producing Opium in India and forced China to trade tea for Opium as part of several treaties after the Opium wars. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( The Opium Wars ( also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 the climax of a trade dispute between China under the Qing Tea became an important lubricant of Britain's global trade, contributing to Britain's global dominance by the end of the eighteenth century. To this day tea is seen as a symbol of 'Britishness', particularly Englishness; but also, to some, as a symbol of British Colonialism. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism ^[42]

Tea is now commercially cultivated on the UK mainland at Tregothnan in Cornwall. The Tregothnan Estate, located near Truro in Cornwall, UK, is the traditional home of the Boscawen family and the seat of Lord Falmouth Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar ^[43][44]

United States of America

While coffee is more popular, hot brewed black tea is enjoyed both with meals and as a refreshment by much of the population. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Iced tea is consumed throughout similarly. For other meanings see Iced tea (disambiguation Ice tea, also known as iced tea, is a form of cold Tea, often served in a glass In the Southern states sweet tea is the fashion. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive Sweet tea is a form of Iced tea in which Sugar or some other form of sweetener is added to the hot Water before Brewing, while brewing the Outside the South, "Sweet Tea" is rarely found in restaurants as well as other places. Sugar or an artificial sweetener must be added.

The American speciality tea market has quadrupled in the years from 1993-2008, now being worth $6. 8billion a year. ^[45]

Sri Lanka/Ceylon

Main article: Ceylon tea (black)

The plantations started by the British were initially taken over by the government in the 1960s, but have been privatised and are now run by 'plantation companies' which own a few 'estates' or tea plantations each. Ceylon Black tea is black tea that is grown in Sri Lanka (which was known as Ceylon before 1972

Sri Lanka is renowned for its high quality tea and as the 3rd biggest tea producing country globally[2], has a production share of 9% in the international sphere, and one of the world's leading exporters with a share of around 19% of the global demand. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The total extent of land under tea cultivation has been assessed at approximately 187,309 hectares.

Ceylon tea is divided into 3 groups as Upcountry, Mid country and Low country tea based on the geography of the land on which it is grown. Today, Ceylon tea is known as one of the best in the world.

Tea spreads to the world

The earliest record of tea in a more occidental writing is said to be found in the statement of an Arabian traveler, that after the year 879 the main sources of revenue in Canton were the duties on salt and tea. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Marco Polo records the deposition of a Chinese minister of finance in 1285 for his arbitrary augmentation of the tea taxes. Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer The travelers Giovanni Batista Ramusio (1559), L. Almeida (1576), Maffei (1588), and Taxiera (1610) also mentioned tea. In 1557, Portugal established a trading port in Macau and word of the Chinese drink "ch'a" spread quickly, but there is no mention of them bringing any samples home. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. In the early 17th century, a ship of the Dutch East India Company brought the first green tea leaves to Amsterdam from China. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Tea was known in France by 1636. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It enjoyed a brief period of popularity in Paris around 1648. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The history of tea in Russia can also be traced back to the seventeenth century. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Tea was first offered by China as a gift to Czar Michael I in 1618. The Russian ambassador tried the drink; he did not care for it and rejected the offer, delaying tea's Russian introduction by fifty years. In 1689, tea was regularly imported from China to Russia via a caravan of hundreds of camels traveling the year-long journey, making it a precious commodity at the time. Tea was appearing in German apothecaries by 1657 but never gained much esteem except in coastal areas such as Ostfriesland. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( Low Saxon: Oostfreesland, German Ostfriesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the ^[46] Tea first appeared publicly in England during the 1650s, where it was introduced through coffee houses. From there it was introduced to British Colonies in America and elsewhere.

Potential effects of tea on health

Main article: Potential effects of tea on health

According to Mondal (2007), pp. This article only deals with the effects of tea which is made from the plant Camellia sinensis (i  519–520):

Tea leaves contain more than 700 chemicals, among which the compounds closely related to human health are flavanoides, amino acids, vitamins (C, E and K), caffeine and polysaccharides. Moreover, tea drinking has recently proven to be associated with cell-mediated immune function of the human body. Tea plays an important role in improving beneficial intestinal microflora, as well as providing immunity against intestinal disorders and in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage. Tea also prevents dental caries due to the presence of fluorine. The role of tea is well established in normalizing bloodpressure, lipid depressing activity, prevention of coronary heart diseases and diabetes by reducing the blood-glucose activity. Tea also possesses germicidal and germistatic activities against various gram-positive and gram negative human pathogenic bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. Gram-negative bacteria are those Bacteria that do not retain Crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol Both green and black tea infusions contain a number of antioxidants, mainly catechins that have anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic and anti-tumor properties.

Etymology and cognates in other languages

The Chinese character for tea is 茶, but it is pronounced differently in the various Chinese dialects. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Two pronunciations have made their way into other languages around the world^[47]. One is tê, which comes from the Amoy Min Nan dialect, spoken around the port of Xiamen (Amoy). ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo This pronunciation is believed to come from the old words for tea 梌 (tú) or 荼 (tú). The other is chá, used by the Cantonese dialect spoken around the ports of Guangzhou (Canton), Hong Kong, Macau, and in overseas Chinese communities, as well as in the Mandarin dialect of northern China. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. This term was used in ancient times to describe the first flush harvest of tea. Yet another different pronunciation is zu, used in the Wu dialect spoken around Shanghai. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million The word for tea in both Korea and Japan is 차 and 茶(ちゃ), both transliterated as cha.

The derivatives from tê

Language	Name	Language	Name	Language	Name	Language	Name	Language	Name
Afrikaans	tee	Armenian, Catalan	te	Czech	té or thé (1)	Danish	te	Dutch	thee
English	tea	Esperanto	teo	Estonian	tee	Faroese	te	Finnish	tee
French	thé	West Frisian	tee	Galician	té	German	Tee	Hebrew	תה, te
Hindi	chi	Marathi	chaha	Hungarian	tea	Icelandic	te	Indonesian	teh
Irish	tae	Italian	tè or thè	Javanese	tèh	scientific Latin	thea	Latvian	tēja
Limburgish	tiè	Lithuanian	arbata (2)	Low Saxon	Tee [t(ʰɛˑɪ] or Tei [t(ʰaˑɪ]	Malay	teh	Malayalam	"theyila" means "tea leaf" (ila=leaf)
Norwegian	te	Occitan	tè	Polish	herbata (3)	Sesotho	tea	Scots Gaelic	tì, teatha
Singhalese	thé	Spanish	té	Scots	tea [tiː] ~ [teː]	Sundanese	entèh	Swedish	te
Tamil	தேநீர் thenīr (nīr = water)	Telugu	తేనీళ్ళు tēnīru	Welsh	te	Yiddish	טיי, tei

• Note: ₍₁₎ té or thé, but these words sound archaic; čaj is used nowadays, as explained in the next table. Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Faroese ( føroyskt ˈføːɹɪst or) often also spelled Faeroese (cf Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people West Frisian ( Frysk) is a Language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland ( Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Latvian language (latviešu valoda is the official state language of Latvia. Limburgish, or Limburgian or Limburgic ( Dutch: Limburgs, German: Limburgisch, French: Limbourgeois Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. West Low German (also known as Low Saxon) is a group of Low German dialects spoken in western portions of the German state of Lower Saxony The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. History Should include probable history of the language what form of Bantu it is most closely derived from (the coolest forms! dates of movement of major groups Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Sinhalese or Sinhala (සිංහල ISO 15919: siṁhala ˈsiŋhələ earlier referred to as Singhalese) is the language of the Sinhalese Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Sundanese ( Basa Sunda, literally "language of Sunda " is the Language of about 27 million people from the western third of Java Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High see ₍₄₎. In case of _{(2), (3)}, arbata and herbata are from Latin herba thea. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

The derivatives from cha or chai

Language	Name	Language	Name	Language	Name	Language	Name	Language	Name
Albanian	çaj	Amharic	ሻይ shai	Arabic	شاي shai	Assamese	saah	Aramaic	pronounced chai
Azeri	çay	Bengali	চা cha	Bosnian	čaj	Bulgarian	чай chai	Capampangan	cha
Cebuano	tsa	Croatian	čaj	Czech	čaj (4)	English	char, slang	Georgian	ჩაი, chai
Greek	τσάι tsái	Gujarati	ચા cha	Hindi	चाय chai	Japanese	茶, ちゃ, cha	Kannada	Chaha
Kazakh	шай shai	Khasi	sha	Konkani	cha	Korean	茶,차 cha	Macedonian	чај, čaj
Malayalam	"chaaya"	Marathi	चहा chahaa	Mongolian	цай, tsai	Nepali	chiya चिया	Oriya	cha
Persian	چای chaay	Punjabi	ਚਾਹ cha	Portuguese	chá	Romanian	ceai	Russian	чай, chai
Serbian	чај, čaj	Slovak	čaj	Slovene	čaj	Somali	shaah	Swahili	chai
Tagalog	tsaa	Thai	ชา, cha	Tibetan	ཇ་ ja	Tlingit	cháayu	Turkish	çay
Telugu	chai	Ukrainian	чай chai	Urdu	چاىchai	Uzbek	choy	Vietnamese	*trà and chè (5)

• ₍₅₎ They are both direct derivatives of the Chinese 茶; the latter term is used mainly in the north and describes a tea made with freshly-picked leaves. Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Amharic (አማርኛ amarəñña) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Assamese (অসমীয়া) (ɔxɔmija is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language, spoken mainly in the state of Assam in North-East Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Kapampangan is one of the major Languages of the Philippines. "Cebuano" redirects here For the inhabitants of Cebu see Cebuano people Cebuano (Cebuano Sinugbuanon, "language Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants natively kk Qazaq tili, kk Қазақ тілі; pronounced tˈlə is a Turkic language closely related to Khasi is an Austro-Asiatic language spoken primarily in Meghalaya state in India. Konkani ( Devanāgarī: कोंकणी Roman: Konknni Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ Malayalam: കൊങ്കണി IAST This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of Nepali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and some parts of India and Myanmar (Burma Oriya (ଓଡ଼ିଆ oṛiā) is one of the Indian Languages mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Swahili (called Kiswahili in the language itself is the First language of the Swahili people (Waswahili who inhabit several large stretches Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. Thai (th ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration:; pʰāːsǎːtʰāj is the national and Tibetan refers to a group of languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia as well as by overseas The Tlingit language (ˈklɪŋkɪt in English Lingít ɬɪŋkɪ́t in Tlingit is spoken by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Uzbek ( O‘zbek tili or O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam)

The Polish word for a tea-kettle is czajnik, which could be derived directly from cha or from the cognate Russian word. However, tea in Polish is herbata, which, as well as Lithuanian arbata, was derived from the Latin herba thea, meaning "tea herb".

It is tempting to correlate these names with the route that was used to deliver tea to these cultures, although the relation is far from simple at times. As an example, the first tea to reach Britain was traded by the Dutch from Fujian, which uses te, and although later most British trade went through Canton, which uses cha, the Fujianese pronunciation continued to be the more popular. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the People's Republic of China province

In Ireland, or at least in Dublin, the term cha is sometimes used for "tea", with "tay" as a common pronunciation throughout the land (derived from the Irish Gaelic tae), and char was a common slang term for tea throughout British Empire and Commonwealth military forces in the 19th and 20th centuries, crossing over into civilian usage. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.

In North America, the word chai is used to refer almost exclusively to the Indian masala chai beverage. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

The original pronunciation "cha" in the Cantonese and Mandarin languages has no [j] ending. Therefore it is merely an adaptation of the Mandarin and Cantonese word "cha" in mainly Eurasian languages that do not usually tolerate a syllable that openly ends in "[a]". The different articulations of the word for tea into the two main groups: "teh-derived" (Min Chinese dialects) and "cha-derived" (Mandarin, Cantonese and other non-Min Chinese dialects) is an interesting one, as it reveals the particular Chinese local cultures where non-Chinese nations acquired their tea and "tea cultures". Not surprisingly, India and the Arab world most likely got their tea cultures from the Cantonese or the Southwestern Mandarin speakers, whereas the Russians got theirs from the northern Mandarin speakers. The Portuguese,the first Europeans to import the herb in large amounts, took the Cantonese form "chá", as used in their trading posts in the south of China, especially Macau. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. On the contrary, other Western Europeans who copied the Min articulation "teh" probably traded with the Hokkienese while in Southeast Asia.

Quite recently, no more than 20 years ago, "chai" entered North American English with a particular meaning: Indian masala black tea. Of course this is not the case in other languages, where "chai" usually just means black tea (as people traditionally drink more black tea than green outside of East Asia). English is thus one of the few languages that allow for the dual articulations of "tea" into a "teh-derived" word and a "cha-derived" one, such as Moroccan colloquial Arabic (Darija): in the case of Moroccan Arabic, "ash-shay" means "generic, or black Middle Eastern tea" whereas "atay" means a specialty tea: Zhejiang or Fujian green tea with fresh mint leaves. Darija ( الدارجة; also transcribed (ad-dārija (standard derija or darja) is a term used by Maghreb Arabic speakers Moroccan Arabic (also known as Darija, الدارجة) is the variety of Arabic spoken in the Arabic -speaking areas of Morocco The Moroccans are said to have acquired a unique penchant in the Arab world for East Chinese green tea after the ruler Mulay Hassan exchanged some European hostages captured by the Barbary Pirates for a whole ship of Chinese tea. They have thus acquired a word for this special tea different from the generic "ash-shay". see Moroccan tea culture

Perhaps the only place in which a word unrelated to tea is used to describe the beverage is South America (particularly Andean countries), because a similar stimulant beverage, yerba mate, was consumed there long before tea arrived. Moroccan tea culture (اتاي - Ataí) is defined by the way Tea (exclusively Green tea) is prepared and consumed in Morocco, where it is widely

Tea culture

Main article: Tea culture

In many cultures, tea is often had at fancy social events, such as afternoon tea and the tea party. Tea culture is defined by the way Tea is made and consumed by the way the people interact with tea and by the aesthetics surrounding tea drinking Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Depending on a country's customs tea can refer to any of several different meals or mealtimes In Anglo-American culture a Tea party is typically a formal ritualized gathering (traditionally of women for afternoon tea, although men may be invited to participate It may be consumed early in the day to heighten alertness; it contains theophylline and bound caffeine^[3] (sometimes called "theine"), although there are also decaffeinated teas. Theophylline, also known as dimethylxanthine, is a Methylxanthine drug used in therapy for Respiratory diseases such as COPD or Asthma Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic Decaffeination is the act of removing Caffeine from coffee beans, mate, Cocoa, Tea leaves and other caffeine-containing materials In many cultures such as Arab culture tea is a focal point for social gatherings. Literature See also Arabic literature Arabic literature is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers of the

There are tea ceremonies which have arisen in different cultures, Japan's complex, formal and serene one being one of the most well known. A tea ceremony is an Asian ritualised form of making Tea. The term generally refers to the Japanese tea ceremony. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Other examples are the Chinese tea ceremony which uses some traditional ways of brewing tea. Chinese tea culture refers to the methods of preparation of Tea, the equipment used to make tea and the occasions in which tea is consumed in China One form of Chinese tea ceremony is the Gongfu tea ceremony, which typically uses small Yixing clay teapots and oolong tea. A gongfu tea ceremony or kung fu tea ceremony ( Chinese: 工[[wikt 夫|夫]] 茶 or 功夫茶 POJ: Kang Hu Te is a type of Yixing clay teapots ( (also called Purple Sand ( are a traditional pots made from Yixing clay and commonly used to brew Tea. Oolong ( → wūlóng) is a traditional Chinese Tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation

Preparation

For a more detailed treatment of tea preparation and serving habits, particularly in non-Western countries, see Tea culture. Tea culture is defined by the way Tea is made and consumed by the way the people interact with tea and by the aesthetics surrounding tea drinking

The traditional method of making a cup of tea is to place loose tea leaves, either directly, or in a tea infuser, into a tea pot or teacup and pour hot water over the leaves. A tea infuser is a device in which loose Tea leaves are placed for brewing it is often called a teaball, and sometimes a tea egg. A teapot is a vessel used for steeping Tea leaves or an herbal mix in near-boiling Water. A teacup is a small cup with a handle generally a small one that may be grasped with the Thumb and one or two Fingers It is typically made of Porcelain After a couple of minutes the leaves are usually removed again, either by removing the infuser, or by straining the tea while serving.

Most teas should be allowed to steep for about three minutes, although some types of tea require as much as ten. The strength of the tea should be varied by changing the amount of tea leaves used, not by changing the steeping time. The amount of tea to be used per amount of water differs from tea to tea but one basic recipe may be one slightly heaped teaspoon of tea (about 5 ml) for each teacup of water (200 ml) prepared as above. Stronger teas, like Assam, to be drunk with milk are often prepared with more leaves, and a more delicate high grown tea such as a Darjeeling are prepared with a little less (as the stronger mid-flavours can overwhelm the champagne notes).

The best temperature for brewing tea depends on its type. Teas that have little or no oxidation period, such as a green or white tea, are best brewed at lower temperatures between 60 °C and 85 °C (140-185 °F), while teas with longer oxidation periods should be brewed at higher temperatures around 100 °C (212 °F). ^[48][49]

Some tea sorts are often brewed several times using the same tea leaves. Historically, in China, tea is divided into a number of infusions. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The first infusion is immediately poured out to wash the tea, and then the second and further infusions are drunk. The third through fifth are nearly always considered the best infusions of tea, although different teas open up differently and may require more infusions of hot water to bring them to life. ^[50]

One way to taste a tea, throughout its entire process, is to add hot water to a cup containing the leaves and after about 30 seconds to taste the tea. As the tea leaves unfold (known as "The Agony of the Leaves") they give up various parts of themselves to the water and thus the taste evolves. Continuing this from the very first flavours to the time beyond which the tea is quite stewed will allow an appreciation of the tea throughout its entire length. ^[51]

Black tea

The water for black teas should be added at the boiling point (100 °C or 212 °F). The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Many of the active substances in black tea don't develop at temperatures lower than 90 °C. For some more delicate teas lower temperatures are recommended. The temperature will have as large an effect on the final flavour as the type of tea used. The most common fault when making black tea is to use water at too low a temperature. Since boiling point drops with increasing altitude, this makes it difficult to brew black tea properly in mountainous areas. It is also recommended that the teapot be warmed before preparing tea, easily done by adding a small amount of boiling water to the pot, swirling briefly, before discarding. Black teas are usually brewed for about 4 minutes and should not be allowed to steep for less than 30 seconds or more than about five minutes (a process known as brewing or [dialectally] mashing in the UK, specifically in Yorkshire. ). Longer steeping times make the tea bitter (at this point it is referred to as being stewed in the UK). When the tea has brewed long enough to suit the tastes of the drinker, it should be strained while serving. ^[48]

Green tea

Water for green tea, according to most accounts, should be around 80 °C to 85 °C (176 °F to 185 °F); the higher the quality of the leaves, the lower the temperature. Hotter water will burn green-tea leaves, producing a bitter taste. Preferably, the container in which the tea is steeped, the mug, or teapot should also be warmed beforehand so that the tea does not immediately cool down. A mug is a sturdily built type of cup often used for drinking hot beverages such as Coffee, Tea, or Hot chocolate. ^[48]

Oolong tea (or Wulong)

Oolong teas should be brewed around 90 °C to 100 °C (194 °F to 212 °F), and again the brewing vessel should be warmed before pouring in the water. Oolong ( → wūlóng) is a traditional Chinese Tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation Yixing purple clay teapots are the traditional brewing vessel for oolong tea. Yixing clay ( is a type of clay from the region near the city of Yixing in Jiangsu province China. A teapot is a vessel used for steeping Tea leaves or an herbal mix in near-boiling Water. For best results use spring water, as the minerals in spring water tend to bring out more flavour in the tea. High quality oolong can be brewed multiple times from the same leaves, and unlike green tea it improves with reuse. It is common to brew the same leaves three to five times, the third steeping usually being the best. ^[48]

Premium or delicate tea

Some teas, especially green teas and delicate Oolong or Darjeeling teas, are steeped for shorter periods, sometimes less than 30 seconds. Oolong ( → wūlóng) is a traditional Chinese Tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation For other teas grown in Darjeeling see Darjeeling tea (disambiguation. Using a tea strainer separates the leaves from the water at the end of the brewing time if a tea bag is not being used. A tea strainer is a type of Strainer that is placed over or in a Teacup to catch tea leaves Elevation and time of harvest offer varying taste profiles, proper storage and water quality also plays a large impact on taste. ^[48]

Pu-erh tea (or Pu'er)

Pu-erh teas require boiling water for infusion. Pu-erh, Pu'er tea, Puer tea or Bolay tea is a type of Tea made from a " large leaf " variety of the tea plant Camellia Some prefer to quickly rinse pu-erh for several seconds with boiling water to remove tea dust which accumulates from the aging process. Infuse pu-erh at the boiling point (100 °C or 212 °F), and allow to steep for 30 seconds or up to five minutes. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid ^[48]

Serving

In order to preserve the pre-tannin tea without requiring it all to be poured into cups, a second teapot is employed. The steeping pot is best unglazed earthenware; Yixing pots are the best known of these, famed for the high quality clay from which they are made. The serving pot is generally porcelain, which retains the heat better. Larger teapots are a post-19th century invention, as tea before this time was very rare and very expensive. Experienced tea-drinkers often insist that the tea should not be stirred around while it is steeping (sometimes called winding in the UK). This, they say, will do little to strengthen the tea, but is likely to bring the tannins out in the same way that brewing too long will do. For the same reason one should not squeeze the last drops out of a teabag; if stronger tea is desired, more tea leaves should be used.

Adding milk to tea

The addition of milk to tea was first mentioned in 1680 by the epistolist Madame de Sévigné. Marie de Rabutin-Chantal Marquise de Sévigné ( February 5, 1626 &ndash April 17, 1696) was a French aristocrat ^[52] Many teas are traditionally drunk with milk. These include Indian chai, and British tea blends. These teas tend to be very hearty varieties which can be tasted through the milk, such as Assams, or the East Friesian blend. Milk is thought to neutralise remaining tannins and reduce acidity. ^[53][54]

The order in which to make a cup of tea is a much-debated area. Some say that it is preferable to add the milk before the tea, as the high temperature of freshly brewed tea can denature the proteins found in fresh milk, similar to the change in taste of UHT milk, resulting in an inferior tasting beverage. Ultra-high temperature processing or (less often ultra-heat treatment (both abbreviated UHT) is the partial sterilization of Food by heating ^[55] Others insist that it is better to add the milk after brewing the tea, as most teas need to be brewed as close to boiling as possible. The addition of milk chills the beverage during the crucial brewing phase, meaning that the delicate flavour of a good tea cannot be fully appreciated. By adding the milk afterwards, it is easier to dissolve sugar in the tea and also to ensure that the desired amount of milk is added, as the colour of the tea can be observed.

In Britain and some Commonwealth countries, the order in which the milk and the tea enter the cup is often considered an indicator of social class. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. Persons of working class background are supposedly more likely to add the milk first and pour the tea in afterwards, whereas persons of middle and upper class backgrounds are more likely to pour the tea in first and then add milk. This is said to be a continuing practice from a time when porcelain (the only ceramic which could withstand boiling water) was only within the purchasing range of the rich - the less wealthy had access only to poor quality earthenware, which would crack unless milk was added first in order to lower the temperature of the tea as it was poured in.

A recent medical study found that certain beneficial effects of tea are lost through the addition of milk. This article only deals with the effects of tea which is made from the plant Camellia sinensis (i

Other additives

Other popular additives to tea include sugar or honey, lemon, fruit jams, mint. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants MiNT ("MiNT is Now TOS" is a Free software alternative Operating system kernel for the Atari ST and its successors In colder regions such as Mongolia, Tibet and Nepal, butter is added to provide necessary calories. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. Tibetan butter tea contains rock salt and dre (yak) butter, which is then churned vigorously in a cylindrical vessel closely resembling a butter churn. The flavour of this beverage is more akin to a rich broth than to tea, and may be described as an acquired taste to those unused to drinking it. The same may be said for salt tea, which is consumed in some cultures in the Hindu-Kush region of northern Pakistan, and probably in other areas as well. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

The flavour of the tea can also be altered by pouring it from different heights, resulting in varying degrees of oxidisation. Teh tarik (literally pulled tea or 拉茶 in Mandarin) is a type of Tea which can be bought in restaurants outdoor stalls and A mamak stall, also referred to as mapley, is a type of food establishment which serves mamak food Beta oxidation is the process by which Fatty acids in the form of Acyl-CoA molecules are broken down in Mitochondria and/or in Peroxisomes to The art of high-altitude pouring is used principally by people in Northern Africa (e. g. Morocco), but also in West Africa (e. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa g. Guinea, Mali, Senegal) and can positively alter the flavour of the tea, but it is more likely a technique to cool the beverage destined to be consumed immediately, often cooked with mint leaves. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. In certain cultures the tea is given different names depending on the height it was poured form. In Mali, gunpowder tea is served in series of three, starting with the highest oxidisation or strongest, unsweetened tea (cooked from fresh leaves), locally referred to as "bitter as death". Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Gunpowder tea ( 珠[[wiktionary 茶|茶]] Pinyin: zhū chá is a form of green Chinese tea produced in Zhejiang Province of China Follows a second serving, where the same tea leaves are boiled again with some sugar added ("pleasant as life"),and a third one, where the same tea leaves are boiled for the third time with yet more sugar added ("sweet as love"). Green tea is the central ingredient of a distinctly Malian custom, the "Grin", informal social gathering that cuts across social and economic lines, starting in front of family compound gates in the afternoons, extending late in the night, and widely popular in Bamako and other large urban areas. Bamako, population 1690471 (2006 is the Capital and largest city of Mali, and currently estimated to be the fastest growing city in

In Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia and Singapore, the practice of pouring tea from a height has been refined further using black tea to which milk and usually sugar has been added, being poured from a height from one cup to another several times in alternating fashion and in quick succession, to create a tea with entrapped air bubbles creating a frothy "head" in the cup. Expert practitioners of this skill, usually in community hawker food stalls, are a pleasure to watch, a kind of street performance art that adds to the enjoyment of the drink. This beverage, teh tarik, literally, "pulled tea", has a creamier taste than flat milk tea and is extremely popular in the region. Teh tarik (literally pulled tea or 拉茶 in Mandarin) is a type of Tea which can be bought in restaurants outdoor stalls and Tea pouring in Malaysia has been further developed into an art form in which a dance is done by people pouring tea from one container to another, which in any case takes skill and precision. The participants, each holding two containers, one full of tea, pour it from one to another. They stand in lines and squares and pour the tea into each others' pots. The dance must be choreographed to allow anyone who has both pots full to empty them and refill whoever has no tea at any one point. They are full of rhythmic patterns and a joy to watch.

Economics of tea

Tea's world consumption easily equals all other manufactured drinks in the world — including coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, and alcohol — put together. ^[2] Most tea consumed outside East Asia is produced on large plantations in India or Sri Lanka, destined to be sold to large businesses. Opposite this large-scale industrial production there are many small "gardens", sometimes minuscule plantations, that produce highly sought-after teas prized by gourmets. These teas are both rare and expensive, and can be compared to some of the most expensive wines in this respect.

India is the world's largest tea-drinking nation. ^[41] However, the per capita consumption of tea in India remains a modest 750 grams per person every year due to the large population base and high poverty levels. ^[41]

Statistics

Production

In 2003, world tea production was 3. 15 million tonnes annually. The primary producer was China, followed by India (the order has since reversed), followed by Sri Lanka and Kenya. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south China is the only country today to produce in industrial quantities all different kinds of tea (white tea, yellow tea, green tea, blue-green tea, red tea and black tea)

Production in tonnes. Figures for 2004-2005 Data from de FAOSTAT (FAO) FAO database, accessed November 14, 2006
China	855,192	25 %	830,700	24 %
India	850,500	25 %	940,500	27 %
Sri Lanka	308,090	9 %	308,090	9 %
Kenya	295,000	9 %	295,000	9 %
Turkey	201,663	6 %	202,000	6 %
Indonesia	164,817	5 %	171,410	5 %
Vietnam	108,422	3 %	110,000	3 %
Japan	101,000	3 %	100,000	3 %
Argentina	64,000	2 %	64,000	2 %
Bangladesh	58,000	2 %	58,000	2 %
Iran	52,000	2 %	52,000	2 %
Malawi	50,090	1 %	50,000	1 %
Uganda	36,000	1 %	36,000	1 %
Other countries	208,949	6 %	215,940	6 %
Total	3,353,723	100 %	3,433,640	100 %

Organic Tea production

Production of organic tea is rising ; 3,500 tonnes of organic tea were grown in 2003. The majority of this tea (about 75%)is sold in France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States

Trade

Export

The amount of tea produced is rising but exports are declining. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In 2003, 1. 4 million tonnes of tea were exported, a decline of 2. 6% compared to 2002. This is primarily due to the strong drop in exports from India and Indonesia.

Import

The principal importers are the CIS, the EU, Pakistan, the United States, Egypt and Japan. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In 2003, 1. 39 million tons were imported – an increase of 1% over 2002.

Prices

The large quantities produced in 2003 did not greatly affect the prices, which were relatively stable in that year.

Packaging

Tea bags

In 1907, American tea merchant Thomas Sullivan began distributing samples of his tea in small silk bags with a drawstring. Consumers noticed that they could simply leave the tea in the bag, and better still re-use it with fresh tea. However, the potential of this distribution/packaging method would not be fully realized until later on. During World War II, tea was rationed. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1953 (after rationing in the UK ended), Tetley launched the tea bag to the UK and it was an immediate success. Rationing in the United Kingdom is the series of Food rationing policies put in place by the government of the United Kingdom during certain wartime periods of Tetley, a fully-owned subsidiary of Tata Tea Limited, is the world's second largest manufacturer and distributor of Tea.

Tea leaves are packed into a small (usually paper) tea bag. A tea bag is a small porous paper silk or nylon sealed Bag containing tea leaves for brewing Tea. It is easy and convenient, making tea bags popular for many people today. However, the tea used in tea bags has an industry name - it is called "fannings" or "dust" and is the waste product produced from the sorting of higher quality loose leaf tea. It is commonly held among tea aficionados that this method provides an inferior taste and experience. The paper used for the bag can also be tasted by many, which can detract from the tea's flavor. Because fannings and dust are a lower quality of the tea to begin with, the tea found in tea bags is less finicky when it comes to brewing time and temperature.

Additional reasons why bag tea is considered less well-flavored include:

• Dried tea loses its flavour quickly on exposure to air. Most bag teas (although not all) contain leaves broken into small pieces; the great surface area to volume ratio of the leaves in tea bags exposes them to more air, and therefore causes them to go stale faster. In Chemical reactions involving a solid material the surface area to volume ratio is an important factor for the Reactivity, that is the rate at which the chemical Loose tea leaves are likely to be in larger pieces, or to be entirely intact.

• Breaking up the leaves for bags extracts flavoured oils.
• The small size of the bag does not allow leaves to diffuse and steep properly.

Pyramid tea bags

The "pyramid tea bag", introduced by PG Tips in 1996, has an unusual design that addresses two of connoisseurs' arguments against paper tea bags. Its three-dimensional, pyramidal shape allows more room for tea leaves to expand while steeping, and because the bags are made of nylon mesh, they do not leave flavours (such as paper) in the tea. A pyramid is a Building where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by These characteristics let the delicate flavors of gourmet selections (such as white teas) shine through; however, the bags have been criticized as being environmentally unfriendly, since the synthetic material does not break down in landfills as loose tea leaves and paper tea bags do. ^[57]

Loose tea

The tea leaves are packaged loosely in a canister or other container. Rolled gunpowder tea leaves, which resist crumbling, are commonly vacuum packed for freshness in aluminized packaging for storage and retail. Gunpowder tea ( 珠[[wiktionary 茶|茶]] Pinyin: zhū chá is a form of green Chinese tea produced in Zhejiang Province of China Biaxially-oriented Polyethylene terephthalate (boPET Polyester film is used for its high Tensile strength, Chemical and dimensional Stability The portions must be individually measured by the consumer for use in a cup, mug, or teapot. This allows greater flexibility, letting the consumer brew weaker or stronger tea as desired, but convenience is sacrificed. Strainers, "tea presses", filtered teapots, and infusion bags are available commercially to avoid having to drink the floating loose leaves and to prevent over-brewing. A more traditional, yet perhaps more effective way around this problem is to use a three-piece lidded teacup, called a gaiwan. A gàiwǎn or gai wan (trad 蓋[[wiktionary 碗|碗]] simp 盖[[wiktionary 碗|碗]] lit "lidded bowl" also known as 蓋[[wiktionary 杯|杯]] The lid of the gaiwan can be tilted to decant the leaves while pouring the tea into a different cup for consumption.

Compressed tea

Some teas (particularly Pu-erh tea) are still compressed for transport, storage, and aging convenience. Pu-erh, Pu'er tea, Puer tea or Bolay tea is a type of Tea made from a " large leaf " variety of the tea plant Camellia The tea is prepared and steeped by first loosening leaves off the compressed cake using a small knife. Compressed teas can usually be stored for longer periods of time without "spoilage" when compared with loose leaf tea. Tea bricks (traditional Chinese 磚[[wikt 茶|茶]] simplified Chinese 砖[[wikt 茶|茶]] zhūan chá or compressed tea (traditional 緊[[wikt

Instant tea

In recent times, "instant teas" are becoming popular, similar to freeze dried instant coffee. Freeze drying (also known as lyophilization or cryodesiccation) is a Dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material Instant coffee is a beverage derived from brewed Coffee beans Through various manufacturing processes the coffee is dehydrated into the form of powder or granules Instant tea was developed in the 1930s, but not commercialized until the late 1950s, and is only more recently becoming popular. These products often come with added flavours, such as vanilla, honey or fruit, and may also contain powdered milk. Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Powdered milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating Milk to dryness. Similar products also exist for instant iced tea, due to the convenience of not requiring boiling water. For other meanings see Iced tea (disambiguation Ice tea, also known as iced tea, is a form of cold Tea, often served in a glass Tea connoisseurs tend to criticise these products for sacrificing the delicacies of tea flavor in exchange for convenience.

Canned tea

This latest method of marketing tea was first launched in 1981 in Japan. Canned tea is a relatively recent method of marketing Tea which has been sold traditionally as Leaf tea and also for the last 100 years in Tea bag form Canned tea is a relatively recent method of marketing Tea which has been sold traditionally as Leaf tea and also for the last 100 years in Tea bag form

Storage

Tea has a shelf-life that varies with storage conditions and type of tea. Black tea has a longer shelf-life than green tea. Some teas such as flower teas may go bad in a month or so. An exception, Pu-erh tea improves with age. Pu-erh, Pu'er tea, Puer tea or Bolay tea is a type of Tea made from a " large leaf " variety of the tea plant Camellia Tea stays freshest when stored in a dry, cool, dark place in an air-tight container. Black tea stored in a bag inside a sealed opaque canister may keep for two years. Green tea loses its freshness more quickly, usually in less than a year. Gunpowder tea, its leaves being tightly rolled, keeps longer than the more open-leafed Chun Mee tea. Gunpowder tea ( 珠[[wiktionary 茶|茶]] Pinyin: zhū chá is a form of green Chinese tea produced in Zhejiang Province of China Chun Mee is a popular Green tea. It has a dusty appearance and is generally more acidic and less sweet than other green teas Storage life for all teas can be extended by using desiccant packets or oxygen absorbing packets, and by vacuum sealing. A Desiccant is a Hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness ( Desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container

When storing green tea, discreet use of refrigeration or freezing is recommended. In particular, drinkers need to take precautions against temperature variation. ^[58]

Improperly stored tea may lose flavor, acquire disagreeable flavors or odors from other foods, or become moldy.

Da Hong Pao tea an Oolong tea

Fuding Bai Hao Yinzhen tea, a white tea

Green Pu-erh tuo cha, a type of compressed raw pu-erh

Huoshan Huangya tea, a Yellow tea

See also

Tea companies

Main article: List of tea companies

Tea v • d • e
Black tea | Blended and flavored teas | Green tea | Masala chai | Oolong tea | Post-fermented tea | White tea | Yellow tea
Ceremonies and methods	Related to tea
China | India | Japan | Korea | Morocco | Turkey	Tea house | Teapot | Tea and health

Notes

1. ^ Dictionary.com search Herbal tea URL accessed February 15, 2007. Tea as a beverage was consumed in China no later than the fifth century BCE. Teh tarik (literally pulled tea or 拉茶 in Mandarin) is a type of Tea which can be bought in restaurants outdoor stalls and Thai tea (also known as Thai iced tea) or "cha-yen" (ชาเย็น when ordered in Thailand, is a drink made from strongly-brewed Black tea[http Turkish tea ( çay) is a type of Tea that is drunk by most people living in the Turkic speaking world the Arabic-speaking world, and the Horn of Africa This is a list of companies that manufacture or distribute Tea Black tea is a variety of Tea that is more oxidized than the Oolong, green, and white varieties Tea blending describes the process of blending different teas together to produce a final product Green tea is a type of Tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis, that has undergone minimal Oxidation during processing Oolong ( → wūlóng) is a traditional Chinese Tea somewhere between green and black in oxidation Post-fermented teas are a class of Teas that have undergone a period of "aging" in open air from several months to many years White tea is the uncured and unfermented tea leaf Like green, oolong and Black tea, white tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant Yellow tea ( Chinese: 黃[[wikt 茶|茶]] pinyin huángchá usually implies a special tea processed similarly to Green tea, but with a slower drying phase Tea culture is defined by the way Tea is made and consumed by the way the people interact with tea and by the aesthetics surrounding tea drinking Chinese tea culture refers to the methods of preparation of Tea, the equipment used to make tea and the occasions in which tea is consumed in China The Japanese tea ceremony is called chanoyu (茶の湯 lit "tea hot-water" or also chadō or sadō (ja For the information regarding various types of Korean tea see Korean tea The Korean tea ceremony or darye is a traditional Moroccan tea culture (اتاي - Ataí) is defined by the way Tea (exclusively Green tea) is prepared and consumed in Morocco, where it is widely Turkish tea ( çay) is a type of Tea that is drunk by most people living in the Turkic speaking world the Arabic-speaking world, and the Horn of Africa A tea house or tearoom is a venue centered on drinking Tea. Their function varies widely depending on the culture and some cultures have a variety of distinct A teapot is a vessel used for steeping Tea leaves or an herbal mix in near-boiling Water. This article only deals with the effects of tea which is made from the plant Camellia sinensis (i Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
2. ^ ^{a b} Alan Macfarlane; Iris Macfarlane. The Empire of Tea. The Overlook Press, 32. ISBN 1-58567-493-1.  
3. ^ ^{a b c} Penelope Ody,. Complete Guide to Medicinal Herbs. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 48. ISBN 0-7894-6785-2.  
4. ^ Archive - Food Surveillance Information Sheets
5. ^ Hobhouse 2005:117–118
6. ^ Telegraph Online, 17 Sept 2005. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/main.jhtml?xml=/gardening/2005/09/17/gtea17.xml
7. ^ Rolfe, Jim; Yvonne Cave (2003). Camellias: A Practical Gardening Guide. Timber Press. ISBN 0881925772.  
8. ^ Pruess, Joanna (2006). Tea Cuisine: A New Approach to Flavoring Contemporary and Traditional Dishes. Globe Pequot. ISBN 1592287417.  
9. ^ Tea 101 URL accessed February 15, 2007. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
10. ^ Britannica Tea Cultivation URL accessed June, 2007.
11. ^ ^{a b} Mondal 2007, p.  519
12. ^ Liu Tong (2005). Chinese tea. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 137. ISBN 7-5085-0835-1.  
13. ^ Tea Guide - Caffeine in Tea - Choice Organic Teas
14. ^ M. B. Hicks, Y-H. P. Hsieh, L. N. Bell, Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration, Food Research International 29(3-4) 325-330 (1996)
15. ^ Graham H. N. ; Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry; Preventive Medicine 21(3):334-50 (1992)
16. ^ [1]
17. ^ Fuller, Thomas. "A Tea From the Jungle Enriches a Placid Village", The New York Times, New York: The New York Times Company, 2008-04-21, p. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)  A8. (English) 
18. ^ Chow p. 19-20 (Czech edition); also Arcimovicova p. 9, Evans p. 2 and others
19. ^ Lu Ju p. 29-30 (Czech edition)
20. ^ Chow p. 20-21
21. ^ Evans p. 3
22. ^ Okakura
23. ^ George Staunton (1797). An Historical Account of the Embassy to the Emperor of China, Undertaken By Order of the King of Great Britain; Including the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants; and Preceded By an Account of the Causes of the embassy and Voyage to China. J. Stockdale, 452.  “The Chineſe perceiving theſe diſpoſitions in the monkey took advantage of the propenſities of the animal and converted them to life in a domeſtic ſtate which in that of nature were exerted to their annoyance. ” 
24. ^ Robert Fortune (1852). A Journey to the Tea Countries of China; including Sung-Lo and the Bohea Hills. J. Murray, 237.  “I should not like to assert that no tea is gathered on these hills by the agency of chains and monkeys but I think it may be safely affirmed that the quantity in such is small. ” 
25. ^ Constance Frederica Gordon Cumming. Wanderings in China. W. Blackwood and Sons, 318.  
26. ^ Laura C. Martin. Tea: The Drink that Changed the World. Tuttle Publishing, 133. ISBN 0804837244.  
27. ^ Kiple & Ornelas 2000:4
28. ^ Tea Glossary. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Retrieved on 2008-05-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
29. ^ All About Tea. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
30. ^ Tea Glossary. Retrieved on 2008-05-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
31. ^ Karmakar (2008)
32. ^ "Tea festival's missing ingredient". Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Retrieved on 2008-05-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.  
33. ^ The Ramayana and Tea. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
34. ^ The Valley of Flowers: The Source of the Sanjeevani. Retrieved on 2008-05-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
35. ^ (1874) "Canto CII", The Ramayana Book VI.  
36. ^ The Origins of Indian Tea. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
37. ^ Tea cultures of the indigenous kind. Retrieved on 2008-05-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
38. ^ Weisburger & Comer in Kiple & Ornelas 2000:715
39. ^ Origin of "Chai". Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
40. ^ tea. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
41. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Sanyal (2008)
42. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} (In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 29 April 2004)
43. ^ Tregothnan - English Country Estate Products. Tea, Bouquets, Garlands, Gates, Botanic Garden
44. ^ Telegraph Online, 17 Sept 2005. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/main.jhtml?xml=/gardening/2005/09/17/gtea17.xml
45. ^ 'Tea finally making a stir in America' Times Online, Retrieved 17 February 2008.
46. ^ Book of Tea By Kakuzō Okakura (pages 5 - 6). Published 1964. Courier Dover Publications. Sociology. 94 pages. ISBN 0486200701
47. ^ Dahl, Östen, “Feature/Chapter 138: Tea”, The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Max Planck Digital Library, <http://wals.info/feature/138>. Retrieved on 4 June 2008 
48. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Tea Facts. Timana Tea Company (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
49. ^ In Pursuit of Tea (2005). Brewing Guide. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
50. ^ Infusion Guide. Zhong Guo Cha (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
51. ^ Agony of the Leaves. Margaret Chittenden (1999). Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
52. ^ Brief Guide to Tea. BriefGuides (2006). Retrieved on 2006-11-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat
53. ^ "Some tea and wine may cause cancer - tannin, found in tea and red wine, linked to esophageal cancer" Nutrition Health Review, Fall, 1990
54. ^ Tierra, Michael (1990). The Way of Herbs. Pocket Books. ISBN 0671724037.  
55. ^ How to make a perfect cuppa. BBC News (2003-06-25). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Retrieved on 2006-07-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
56. ^ Tea Producing Nations (2007-04-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
57. ^ [http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0305/tea.htm The New Shape of Teabags]. Tea & Coffee Trade Journal (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
58. ^ [www. o-cha. net/english/cup/pdf/29. pdf Green Tea Storage]

References

• Jana Arcimovičová, Pavel Valíček (1998): Vůně čaje, Start Benešov. ISBN 80-902005-9-1 (in Czech)
• Kit Chow, Ione Kramer (1990): All the Tea in China, China Books & Periodicals Inc. ISBN 0-8351-2194-1 References are to Czech translation by Michal Synek (1998): Všechny čaje Číny, DharmaGaia Praha. ISBN 80-85905-48-5
• John C. Evans (1992): Tea in China: The History of China's National Drink,Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28049-5
• Eelco Hesse (1982), Tea: The eyelids of Bodhidharma, Prism Press. ISBN 0-907061-05-0
• Hobhouse, Henry (2005), Seeds of Change: Six Plants that Transformed Mankind, Shoemaker & Hoard, ISBN 1593760493 
• Lu Yu (陆羽): Cha Jing (茶经) (The classical book on tea). References are to Czech translation of modern-day edition (1987) by Olga Lomová (translator): Kniha o čaji. Spolek milců čaje, Praha, 2002. (in Czech)
• Roy Moxham (2003), Tea: Addiction, Exploitation, and Empire
• Jane Pettigrew (2002), A Social History of Tea
• Stephan Reimertz (1998): Vom Genuß des Tees : Eine heitere Reise durch alte Landschaften, ehrwürdige Traditionen und moderne Verhältnisse, inklusive einer kleinen Teeschule (In German)
• James Norwood Pratt (2005), Tea Dictionary
• Kiple, Kenneth F. Roy Moxham is a British writer author of historical books highlighting little known historical facts Stephan Reimertz (born 4 March 1962 in Aachen, Germany is an Art historian and Novelist. & Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè, eds. (2000), The Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521402166 .
• Mondal, T. K. (2007), “Tea”, in Pua, E. C. & Davey, M. R. , Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 60: Transgenic Crops V, Berlin: Springer, pp. 519–535, ISBN 3540491600 .
• Sanyal, Amitava (April 13, 2008), “How India came to be the largest tea drinking nation”, Hindustan Times (New Delhi): 12, <http://in.news.yahoo.com/hindustantimes/20080413/r_t_ht_nl_features/tnl-how-india-came-to-be-the-largest-tea-6b6720b.html> . Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement
• Karmakar, Rahul (April 13, 2008), “The Singpho: The cup that jeers”, Hindustan Times (New Delhi): 12, <http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=9f771c3d-6527-4859-964d-49ffa5cf4133> . Hindustan Times ( HT) is a leading newspaper in India, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement

External links

General

• The United Kingdom Tea Council
• Tea FAQ (rec.food.drink.tea)
• Tea Bureau
• The Tea Man's Tea Talk
• International Tea Day-December 15

Online books

• Tea Leaves, Francis Leggett & Co., 1900, from Project Gutenberg
• The Book of Tea by Kakuzo Okakura from Project Gutenberg and a PDF version (2. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works 8 MB) typeset in TeX
• The Little Tea Book, by Arthur Gray, 1903, from Project Gutenberg

Tea history, culture and local specifics

• The Industrial Revolution and Tea-drinking
• Russian Tea How to describes the Russian method for making tea and elaborates on the surrounding culture and equipment (notably samovar)
• British Standard 6008:1980 (aka ISO 3103:1980) Method for preparation of a liquor of tea for use in sensory tests. TeX (ˈtɛx as in Greek, often /ˈtɛk/ in English; written with a lowercase 'e' in imitation of the logo is a Typesetting system designed and mostly Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works A samovar ( Russian: самовар literally "self-boiler" is a heated metal container traditionally
• How to make a perfect cup of tea News Release from Royal Society of Chemistry
• A humorous article on making tea An excerpt from The Salmon of Doubt by Douglas Adams
• Tea, In Our Time (BBC Radio 4), 29 April 2004. The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC is a Learned society ( Professional association) in the United Kingdom with the goal of "advancing the The Salmon of Doubt Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time is a posthumous collection of previously unpublished material by Douglas Adams. Douglas Noël Adams (11 March 1952 &ndash 11 May 2001 was an English author comic Radio dramatist In Our Time is a discussion programme hosted by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom.
  • A 45 minute programme hosted by Melvyn Bragg and with three academic guests discussing tea as the British national drink. Melvyn Baron Bragg, FRSL, FRTS (born 6 October 1939) is a British author and broadcaster The programme is available to listen to in Real Audio format. RealAudio is a proprietary Audio format developed by RealNetworks.

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