A 1770s watercolour of Banksia serrata, the type species of Banksia. Banksia serrata, commonly known as Old Man Banksia, Saw Banksia, Saw-tooth Banksia and Red Honeysuckle, is one of the most common In Taxonomy, a type species is the species that originally defined a genus. Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. One of the first ever drawings of a Banksia species, it was produced by one of Sir Joseph Banks' London artists, based on original drawings by Sydney Parkinson, who was present when the genus was first collected at Botany Bay. Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of Sydney Parkinson ( c 1745 - 26 January 1771) was a Scottish Quaker, Botanical illustrator and Natural history Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district.

As with other flowering plants, the taxonomy of Banksia is based on anatomical and morphological properties of the Banksia flower, fruiting structure and seed, along with secondary characteristics such as leaf structure and growth habit. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the Anatomy of Organisms It is closely related to Evolutionary biology and Phylogeny Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The genus is placed in family Proteaceae, subfamily Grevilleoideae, tribe Banksieae and subtribe Banksiinae, alongside its close relative Dryandra. Proteaceae is a family of Flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family with around 80 genera Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. The currently accepted infrageneric arrangement is based on Alex George's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series, and recognises two subgenera, three sections, 13 series, 77 species, 6 subspecies and 18 varieties. Alexander Segger George (born 4 April 1939 is a Western Australian Botanist. The Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants bryophytes and lichens present in Australian and its external territories Recent cladistic analyses have cast doubt on aspects of this arrangement, but proposed alternative arrangements have not been widely accepted. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry

Background

See also: Banksia

Banksia is a genus of around 80 species in the plant family Proteaceae. Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Proteaceae is a family of Flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family with around 80 genera An iconic Australian wildflower and popular garden plant, they are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones". For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They grow in forms varying from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 35 metres tall, and occur in all but the most arid areas of Australia. A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering As heavy producers of nectar, they are important sources of food for nectariferous animals such as honeyeaters and honey possums, and they are of economic importance to the nursery and cut flower industries. Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea, The Honey Possum ( Tarsipes rostratus) or Noolbenger is a tiny Australian Marsupial weighing just seven to eleven grams for the male and A nursery is a place where Plants are propagated and grown to usable size Floristry is the general term used to describe the professional floral trade However they are threatened by a number of processes, including land clearing, frequent burning, and disease; and a number of species are rare and endangered. A rare species is an Organism which is very uncommon or scarce An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation

Taxonomic history

See also: Timeline of Banksia

Banksia was first described in Carolus Linnaeus the Younger's April 1782 publication Supplementum Plantarum. This is a timeline of developments in knowledge and understanding of the Australian plant genus Banksia: 18th century April Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus the Younger ( 20 January 1741 &ndash 1 November 1783) was a Swedish naturalist Supplementum Plantarum Systematis Vegetabilium Editionis Decimae Tertiae Generum Plantarum Editiones Sextae et Specierum Plantarum Editionis Secundae, commonly abbreviated to Supplementum

Specimens of Banksia were first collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, naturalists on the Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of Daniel Carlsson Solander or Daniel Charles Solander ( 19 February 1733 – 13 May 1782) was a Swedish Botanist Construction The Endeavour was originally a merchant collier named Earl of Pembroke, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named Botany Bay in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place". Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. ^[1] Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including the first specimens of a new genus that would later be named Banksia in Banks' honour. Four species were present in this first collection: B. serrata (Saw Banksia), B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia), B. ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) and B. robur (Swamp Banksia). Banksia serrata, commonly known as Old Man Banksia, Saw Banksia, Saw-tooth Banksia and Red Honeysuckle, is one of the most common Banksia integrifolia, commonly known as Coast Banksia, is a Species of Tree that grows along the east coast of Australia. Banksia ericifolia, the Heath-leaved Banksia (also known as the Lantern Banksia or Heath Banksia) is a Species of woody Shrub Banksia robur, commonly known as Swamp Banksia or less commonly Broad-leaved Banksia grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from Cooktown In June the ship was careened at Endeavour River, where specimens of B. dentata (Tropical Banksia) were collected. Careening a sailing vessel means to beach it at high Tide in order usually to expose one side or another of the ship's hull for maintenance The Endeavour River ( Guugu Yimithirr: Wabalumbaal) on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 The Tropical Banksia ( Banksia dentata) is a species of small tree in the Plant Genus Banksia.

Every specimen collected during the Endeavour voyage was sketched by Banks' botanical illustrator Sydney Parkinson. A botanical illustrator is a person who paints sketches or otherwise illustrates botanical subjects such as trees and flowers Sydney Parkinson ( c 1745 - 26 January 1771) was a Scottish Quaker, Botanical illustrator and Natural history On the Endeavour's return to England in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his London herbarium, and artists were employed to paint watercolours from Parkinson's sketches. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. In Botany, a Herbarium is a collection of preserved Plant specimens Watercolor ( US) or Watercolour ( UK) (and "aquarelle" in French is a Painting method Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "Banks' Florilegium", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the Banksia species were formally published. Banks' Florilegium is a collection of Copperplate Engravings of plants collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander while they ^[2] By this time, a sixth species had been collected; in 1776, during Cook's third voyage, David Nelson collected specimens of B. marginata (Silver Banksia) from South Bruny Island, Tasmania. David Nelson may refer to David Nelson (British Army officer, an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross David Nelson (actor, an American Banksia marginata, commonly known as Silver Banksia, is a species of tree or woody shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia Bruny Island ( is an island off the south-eastern coast of Tasmania, from which it is separated by the D’Entrecasteaux Channel. Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass

The Banksia genus was finally described and named by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in his April 1782 publication Supplementum Plantarum; hence the full name for the genus is "Banksia L. Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus the Younger ( 20 January 1741 &ndash 1 November 1783) was a Swedish naturalist Supplementum Plantarum Systematis Vegetabilium Editionis Decimae Tertiae Generum Plantarum Editiones Sextae et Specierum Plantarum Editionis Secundae, commonly abbreviated to Supplementum f. ". Linnaeus placed the genus in class Tetrandra, order Monogynia of his father's classification,^[3] and named it in honour of Banks. The name Banksia had in fact already been published in 1775 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst, referring to some New Zealand species that the Forsters had collected during Cook's second voyage. Johann Reinhold Forster ( October 22, 1729 &ndash December 9, 1798) was a German naturalist of partial Scottish Johann Georg Adam Forster (November 27 1754 – January 10 1794 was a German naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, Journalist New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island However Linnaeus incorrectly attributed the Forsters' specimens to the genus Passerina, and therefore considered the name Banksia available for use. Passerina is a Genus in the Plant family Thymelaeaceae. List of species Passerina By the time Joseph Gaertner corrected Banks' error in 1788, Banksia L. Joseph Gaertner ( March 12, 1732, near Calw - July 14, 1791, Tübingen; in German Joseph Gärtner) was a f. was widely known and accepted, so Gaertner renamed Banksia J. A nomen novum ( Latin for "new name" or replacement name is a scientific name that is created specifically to replace a name which is a junior R. Forst & G. Forst to Pimelia, a name previously chosen for the genus by Banks and Solander. Pimelea (often seen spelled Pimelia) is a genus of plants belonging to the family Thymelaeaceae. ^[2]

Banksia L. f. has since been challenged a number of times. The later near-homonym Banksea Koenig was published in 1783, but subsequently determined to be a synonym of Costus L. The plant known to the Ancient Romans as costus is probably Saussurea lappa Costus is a genus of perennial In 1790 James Bruce published Bankesia Bruce, later corrected to Banksia Bruce, but the name was rejected in favour of Johann Friedrich Gmelin's name Hagenia. James Bruce ( December 14, 1730 &ndash April 27, 1794) was a Scottish traveller and Travel writer who spent more than a Johann Friedrich Gmelin ( August 8, 1748 – November 1, 1804) was a German naturalist, Botanist and Hagenia abyssinica is a species of Flowering plant native to the high-elevation Afromontane regions of central and eastern Africa. In 1820 the name Banksia Dombey ex DC. was published, but this was later determined by be a nomen nudum that referred to the genus Cuphea, In 1891, Otto Kuntze proposed to enforce the right of precedent of Banksia J. The phrase nomen nudum is a Latin term meaning "naked name" Cuphea is a genus of about 260 species of annual and perennial Flowering plants native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas. Otto Carl Ernst Kuntze ( June 23 1843 - 1907 was a German botanist. R. Forst & G. Forst, renaming Pimelea to Banksia, and proposing the name Sirmuellera Kuntze in place of Banksia L. f. This challenge failed, as did James Britten's 1905 challenge. James Britten ( 3 May 1846 – 8 October 1925) was an English botanist ^[4] In 1940, Banksia L. f. was formally conserved against Banksia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst by Thomas Sprague. Thomas Lamison Sprague ( October 2, 1894 – September 17, 1972) was an American admiral who served during World War II as commander ^[5]

In 1810, Robert Brown published descriptions and a taxonomic arrangement of the 31 known species of Banksia in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. Robert Brown FRS ( 21 December, 1773 &ndash 10 June, 1858) was a Scottish scientist who is acknowledged as the leading botanist Robert Brown 's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in his 1810 Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen (Prodromus of the Flora of New Holland and Van Diemen's Land) is an 1810 Flora of He placed B. ilicifolia alone in subgenus Isostylis, in recognition of its unusual dome-shaped inflorescence. --> Banksia ilicifolia, commonly known as Holly-leaved Banksia, is a Tree in the Plant family Proteaceae. Banksia subg Isostylis is a Subgenus of Banksia. It contains three closely related species all of which occur only in Southwest An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches All other species were placed in subgenus Banksia verae, the "True Banksias". Brown made no attempt to classify the species below the subgenus level. He described another eleven Banksia species in his 1830 supplement, placing them all in Banksia verae in accordance with his 1810 classification. ^[6]. Banksia verae was renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847. Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher ( June 24 1804 &ndash March 28 1849) was an Austrian Botanist, numismatist and Sinologist

By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 classification of the Proteaceae, there were 58 described Banksia species. Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner ( 1 November 1800 – 2 May 1874) was a Swiss Botanist. Meissner's arrangement gave Isostylis and Eubanksia sectional rank, and divided the latter into four series based on leaf properties; these series were all highly heterogeneous. Carl Meissner 's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A ^[6]

George Bentham published his arrangement of the Banksia in his landmark 1870 publication Flora Australiensis. George Bentham CMG FRS ( September 22, 1800 &ndash September 10, 1884) was an English Botanist, characterized by Duane Isely George Bentham 's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1870 in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis. Flora Australiensis a description of the plants of the Australian Territory, more commonly referred to as Flora Australiensis, and also known by its standard ^[7] The number of recognised Banksia species was reduced to 46, and Meissner's four heterogeneous series were replaced by four sections based on leaf, style and pollen-presenter characters, taking the number of sections to five. A pollen-presenter is an area on the tip of the style in flowers of plants of the family Proteaceae. Three of these sections were fairly well-defined and homogeneous, while another, Orthostylis, was somewhat heterogeneous. The fourth, Cyrtostylis, was erected to contain the species that did not belong in the other sections, and was therefore highly heterogeneous. ^[6] Despite these shortcomings, this arrangement would stand for over 100 years.

Classification and relationships within Proteaceae

Banksia is closely related to Dryandra (D. sessilis pictured). Banksia sessilis, commonly known as Parrot Bush, is a Species of Shrub or Tree in the Plant Genus In fact the two genera are so closely related that there have been calls for Dryandra to be merged into Banksia.

The framework for classification of genera within Proteaceae was laid in 1975 by L. A. S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs. Proteaceae is a family of Flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family with around 80 genera Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson, ( 26 June 1925 &ndash 1 August 1997) known as Lawrie Johnson, was an Australian Barbara G Briggs (1934-) is one of the foremost Australian botanists ^[8] Their classification has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, resulting in a fairly stable and widely accepted arrangement. Proteaceae is divided into seven subfamilies, with Banksia placed in subfamily Grevilleoideae because the individual flowers in its inflorescence occur in pairs. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. On the basis of certain characters of the leaf venation, hairs and pollen, it is grouped with three other genera in the tribe Banksieae. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Two small genera, Austromuellera and Musgravea, both of which occur only in the rainforests of Queensland, are placed in subtribe Musgraveinae. Austromuellera is a small genus of 2 species of rainforest tree from Northern Queensland Musgravea is a genus of rainforest tree from north-eastern Queensland. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Banksia and Dryandra are placed in subtribe Banksiinae on a number of grounds of which the most obvious and easily recognised is the occurrence of flowers in condensed heads. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. ^[9] The placement of Banksia in Proteaceae can be summarised as follows:

Family Proteaceae

Subfamily Persoonioideae

Subfamily Bellendenoideae

Subfamily Eidotheoideae

Subfamily Proteoideae

Subfamily Sphalmioideae

Subfamily Carnarvonioideae

Subfamily Grevilleoideae

Tribe Oriteae

Tribe Knightieae

Tribe Embothrieae

Tribe Helicieae

Tribe Macadamieae

Tribe Grevilleeae

Tribe Banksieae

Subtribe Musgraveinae

Genus Austromuellera

Genus Musgravea

Subtribe Banksiinae

Genus Banksia

Genus Dryandra

Although the taxonomic legitimacy of tribe Banksiinae is universally recognised, there has been some debate about the legitimacy of the tribe's resolution into genera Banksia and Dryandra. Proteaceae is a family of Flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family with around 80 genera The Persoonioideae are a subfamily of closely releted genera within the large and diverse Proteaceae family and incorporates such genera as Persoonia, Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Austromuellera is a small genus of 2 species of rainforest tree from Northern Queensland Musgravea is a genus of rainforest tree from north-eastern Queensland. Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae Family of Flowering plants. Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. For a number of years this debate centred on similarities between the inflorescences of Banksia subg. Isostylis species and those of Dryandra. These similarities led to calls for the genera to be merged, or for Isostylis to be moved across to Dryandra. However, Alex George and other supporters of the status quo argued that the similarities between Isostylis and Dryandra were matters of superficial appearance, whereas similarities between Isostylis and other Banksia species were far more important diagnostically. ^[10] Recent DNA analyses led by Austin Mast have confirmed George's position that Dryandra and Isostylis are not especially closely related, but have also provided powerful evidence that Banksia is paraphyletic with Dryandra. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Mast has advised that the least disruptive approach to restore monophyly would be to sink Dryandra into Banksia. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor ^[11][12]

Classical taxonomic treatment

B.  ericifolia is placed in section Oncostylis on the basis of its hooked styles, which can be seen clearly here.

In 1981, Alex George published his classic 1981 monograph The Genus Banksia L. Alexander Segger George (born 4 April 1939 is a Western Australian Botanist. f. (Proteaceae). George's arrangement was based on a variety of properties including leaf, style, pollen-presenter, follicle and seed characters, with the criterion that a taxa was considered a distinct species only if it exhibited a "significant and consistent difference in the morphology of flowers and/or fruit". A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. In botany a follicle is a dry unilocular many-seeded Fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing by the ventral suture in order to release seeds such as in Larkspur ^[10] It was the first thorough revision of the taxonomy of Banksia for over a century, and formed the basis for George's 1984 The Banksia Book,^[13] which remains the standard text on the genus, and the treatment of Banksia in the Flora of Australia series. The Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants bryophytes and lichens present in Australian and its external territories ^[9]

George followed Brown in dividing Banksia into two subgenera, Banksia and Isostylis. Banksia subg Banksia is a valid Botanic name for a Subgenus of Banksia. He then divided subgenus Banksia into two sections: Banksia for species with straight or slightly curved styles, and Oncostylis for species with hooked styles. Banksia sect Banksia is one of four sections of Banksia Subgenus ''Banksia''. Banksia sect Oncostylis is one of four sections of Subgenus ''Banksia'' subg ^[10] These two sections were then divided into nine and three series respectively. The arrangement into series largely followed Bentham, with series Orthostylis remaining somewhat heterogeneous, and Cyrtostylis remaining highly heterogeneous. ^[6]

The standard taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, as determined by George and published in the Flora of Australia series, may be summarised as follows:

Genus Banksia

Subgenus Banksia

Section Banksia

Series Salicinae

B. dentata - B. aquilonia - B. integrifolia - B. plagiocarpa - B. oblongifolia - B. robur - B. conferta - B. paludosa - B. marginata - B. canei - B. saxicola

Series Grandes

B. grandis - B. solandri

Series Banksia

B. serrata - B. aemula - B. ornata - B. baxteri - B. speciosa - B. menziesii - B. candolleana - B. sceptrum

Series Crocinae

B. prionotes - B. burdettii - B. hookeriana - B. victoriae

Series Prostratae

B. goodii - B. gardneri - B. chamaephyton - B. blechnifolia - B. repens - B. petiolaris

Series Cyrtostylis

B. media - B. praemorsa - B. epica - B. pilostylis - B. attenuata - B. ashbyi - B. benthamiana - B. audax - B. lullfitzii - B. elderiana - B. laevigata - B. elegans - B. lindleyana

Series Tetragonae

B. lemanniana - B. caleyi - B. aculeata

Series Bauerinae

B. baueri

Series Quercinae

B. quercifolia - B. oreophila

Section Coccinea

B. coccinea

Section Oncostylis

Series Spicigerae

B. spinulosa - B. ericifolia - B. verticillata - B. seminuda - B. littoralis - B. occidentalis - B. brownii

Series Tricuspidae

B. tricuspis

Series Dryandroidae

B. dryandroides

Series Abietinae

B. sphaerocarpa - B. micrantha - B. grossa - B. telmatiaea - B. leptophylla - B. lanata - B. scabrella - B. violacea - B. incana - B. laricina - B. pulchella - B. meisneri - B. nutans

Subgenus Isostylis

B. ilicifolia - B. oligantha - B. cuneata

Cladistic analyses

Thiele and Ladiges

Main article: Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a cladistic analysis of the Banksia genus in the journal Australian Systematic Botany. Banksia is a Genus of around 170 Species in the Plant family Proteaceae. Banksia subg Banksia is a valid Botanic name for a Subgenus of Banksia. Banksia sect Banksia is one of four sections of Banksia Subgenus ''Banksia''. Banksia ser Salicinae is a valid Botanic name for a series of Banksia. The Tropical Banksia ( Banksia dentata) is a species of small tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia aquilonia is a Species of tall Shrub or Tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia integrifolia, commonly known as Coast Banksia, is a Species of Tree that grows along the east coast of Australia. The Dallachy's Banksia ( Banksia plagiocarpa) is a species of shrub or tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Fern-leaved Banksia ( Banksia oblongifolia) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia robur, commonly known as Swamp Banksia or less commonly Broad-leaved Banksia grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from Cooktown The Glasshouse Banksia ( Banksia conferta) is a species of montane shrub or small tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Swamp Banksia ( Banksia paludosa) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia marginata, commonly known as Silver Banksia, is a species of tree or woody shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia The Mountain Banksia ( Banksia canei) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Grampians Banksia ( Banksia saxicola) is a species of tree or shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia ser Grandes is a taxonomic series in the Genus Banksia. Banksia grandis, commonly known as Bull Banksia, Giant Banksia or Mangite, is a common and distinctive tree in South West Banksia solandri, commonly known as Stirling Range Banksia, is a species of large shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia Banksia ser Banksia is a valid Botanic name for a series of Banksia. Banksia serrata, commonly known as Old Man Banksia, Saw Banksia, Saw-tooth Banksia and Red Honeysuckle, is one of the most common Banksia aemula, previously known in New South Wales as Banksia serratifolia, is a Lignotuberous Shrub closely related to Banksia serrata The Desert Banksia ( Banksia ornata) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia which grows up to 3m tall The Baxter's Banksia ( Banksia baxteri) also known as Bird's Nest Banksia, is a species of Shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia The Showy Banksia ( Banksia speciosa) is a species of large shrub or small tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia menziesii, commonly known as Firewood Banksia, Menzies Banksia or Firewheel Banksia, is a Species of small Tree The Propeller Banksia ( Banksia candolleana) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia sceptrum, the Sceptre Banksia occurs in Western Australia near the central west coast from Geraldton north through Kalbarri to Hamelin Pool Banksia ser Crocinae is a taxonomic Series (botany in the Genus Banksia. Banksia prionotes, commonly known as Acorn Banksia or Orange Banksia, is a species of woody Shrub or tree of the genus Banksia Burdett's Banksia ( Banksia burdettii) is a species of large shrub or small tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Hooker's Banksia ( Banksia hookeriana) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia victoriae, commonly known as Woolly Orange Banksia, is a species of large shrub or small tree in the Plant Genus Banksia Banksia ser Prostratae is a taxonomic series in the Genus Banksia. Banksia goodii, commonly known as Good's Banksia, is an endangered Shrub of Southwest Western Australia. The Prostrate Banksia ( Banksia gardneri) is a species of prostrate shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Fishbone Banksia ( Banksia chamaephyton) is a species of prostrate shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Description Banksia blechnifolia is a prostrate shrub with thick horizontal stems and vertical leathery herringbone leaves rising some 20cm high The Creeping Banksia ( Banksia repens) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia petiolaris is one of the prostrate banksias a group with horizontal stems and thick leathery upright leaves Banksia ser Cyrtostylis is a valid Botanic name for a taxonomic series within the Plant Genus Banksia The Southern Plains Banksia ( Banksia media) also known as Golden Stalk Banksia, is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia The Cut-leaf Banksia ( Banksia praemorsa) is a species of shrub or tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia epica is a Shrub that grows on the south coast of Western Australia. The Marsh Banksia ( Banksia pilostylis) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Candlestick Banksia ( Banksia attenuata) is a Species of Shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Ashby's Banksia ( Banskia ashbyi) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Bentham's Banksia ( Banksia benthamiana) is a Species of Shrub or Tree in the Plant Genus Banksia Banksia audax is a Species of Shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia lullfitzii is a Species of Shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Swordfish Banksia ( Banksia elderiana) also known as the Palm Banksia, is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia Banksia laevigata is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Elegant Banksia ( Banksia elegans) is a species of shrub or small tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Porcupine Banksia ( Banksia lindleyana) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia ser Tetragonae is a taxonomic series in the Genus Banksia. The Yellow lantern Banksia ( Banksia lemanniana) sometimes known as Lemann's Banksia, is a species of tall shrub in the Plant Genus The Cayley's Banksia ( Banksia caleyi) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Prickly Banksia ( Banksia aculeata) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Woolly Banksia ( Banksia baueri) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia ser Quercinae is a valid Botanic name for a series of Banksia. The Oak-leaved Banksia ( Banksia quercifolia) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Western Mountain Banksia or Mountain Banksia ( Banksia oreophila) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia Banksia coccinea, commonly known as the Scarlet Banksia, Waratah Banksia or Albany Banksia, is an erect shrub or small tree in the Banksia sect Oncostylis is one of four sections of Subgenus ''Banksia'' subg Banksia ser Spicigerae is a taxonomic series in the Genus Banksia. The Hairpin Banksia ( Banksia spinulosa) is a species of woody Shrub, of the genus Banksia in the Proteaceae family native to eastern Banksia ericifolia, the Heath-leaved Banksia (also known as the Lantern Banksia or Heath Banksia) is a Species of woody Shrub The Granite Banksia or Albany Banksia ( Banksia verticillata) is a species of large bushy shrub or tree in the Plant Genus Banksia Banksia seminuda, commonly known as the River Banksia, is a Tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia littoralis, commonly known as the Swamp Banksia, Swamp Oak, Pungura and the Western Swamp Banksia, is a Tree The Red Swamp Banksia or Waterbush ( Banksia occidentalis) is a species of shrub or small tree in the Plant Genus Banksia Banksia brownii, commonly known as Feather-leaved Banksia or Brown's Banksia, is a Species of Shrub that occurs in southwest The Lesueur Banksia or Pine Banksia ( Banksia tricuspis) is a species of shrub or tree in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Dryandra-leaved Banksia ( Banksia dryandroides) is a species of small shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia ser Abietinae is a valid Botanic name for a series of Banksia. The Fox Banksia or Round-fruit Banksia ( Banksia sphaerocarpa) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia micrantha is a Species of Shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Coarse Banksia ( Banksia grossa) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia telmatiaea, commonly known as Swamp Fox Banksia or rarely Marsh Banksia, is a shrub that grows in marshes and swamps along the lower west coast The Slender-leaved Banksia ( Banksia leptophylla) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Coomallo Banksia ( Banksia lanata) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Burma Road Banksia ( Banksia scabrella) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia violacea, commonly known as Violet Banksia, is a species of small shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Hoary Banksia ( Banksia incana) is a species of small shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Rose-Fruited Banksia ( Banksia laricina) is a species of shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Teasel Banksia ( Banksia pulchella) is a species of small shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. The Meisner's Banksia ( Banksia meisneri) is a species of small shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia. Banksia nutans, commonly known as Nodding Banksia, is a small shrub native to the south coast of Western Australia. Banksia subg Isostylis is a Subgenus of Banksia. It contains three closely related species all of which occur only in Southwest --> Banksia ilicifolia, commonly known as Holly-leaved Banksia, is a Tree in the Plant family Proteaceae. Banksia oligantha, commonly known as the Wagin Banksia, is an Endangered species in the Plant family Proteaceae. Banksia cuneata, commonly known as the Matchstick Banksia or Quairading Banksia, is an Endangered species in the Plant family Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, published in 1996 was a novel taxonomic arrangement that was intended to align the Kevin R Thiele is Curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. Australian Systematic Botany is a peer-reviewed international Journal that publishes original research and sometimes review articles on topics related ^[6] As their cladogram differed substantially from the current taxonomic arrangement, they published a revised arrangement that accorded better with their results. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Four varieties were promoted to species rank: B.  conferta var. penicillata to B.  penicillata (now B. conferta subsp. penicillata); B. The Newnes Plateau Banksia ( Banksia conferta subsp penicillata) is a plant only described in 1981 though collected in the 1970s  gardneri var. brevidentata to B.  brevidentata; B.  gardneri var. hiemalis to B.  hiemalis; and B.  sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla to B.  dolichostyla. Two new series and elevensubseries were introduced; Banksia sect. Oncostylis and Banksia ser. Crocinae were discarded; and Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis was largely redefined. Banksia sect Oncostylis is one of four sections of Subgenus ''Banksia'' subg Banksia ser Crocinae is a taxonomic Series (botany in the Genus Banksia. Banksia ser Cyrtostylis is a valid Botanic name for a taxonomic series within the Plant Genus Banksia Six species were left incertae sedis. Incertae sedis ( Latin for "of uncertain placement" abbreviated "inc ^[6]

Most aspects of Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement were not accepted by George in his 1999 revision. He stated that "the infrageneric classification and systematic sequence presented here are modified from that of George (1981) and take into account new data revealed in the work of Thiele & Ladiges (1996)", but none of the four promotions to species rank was accepted, and none of the thirteen infrageneric taxa introduced by Thiele and Ladiges was retained. ^[9] However a number of Australian herbaria have continued to follow Thiele and Ladiges on some points, for example by recognising the four species that they promoted. In Botany, a Herbarium is a collection of preserved Plant specimens ^[5]

DNA Analysis

Following on from an earlier molecular study,^[14] Austin Mast and co-authors published cladistic analyses of genetic data from DNA samples of almost all species of Banksia, along with five Dryandra species in 2002 and 2005. Austin R Mast is a research botanist Born in 1972 he obtained a Ph Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Their results indicated the presence of two large clades of Banksia, which they named "/Cryptostomata" ("hidden stomates") and "/Phanerostomata" ("visible stomates").

The /Phanerostomata were defined as those taxa in which the leaf stomata occur superficially or in shallow pits. In Botany, a stoma (also stomate; plural stomata) is a tiny opening or pore found mostly on the underside of a Plant Leaf These taxa are typically tall shrubs and trees that occur in moist areas; they have unbeaked follicles and soft, short-lived leaves that are in many cases needle-like. The clade includes all eastern taxa of the series Salicinae and Spicigerae (that is, all taxa except B. serrata, B. aemula and B. ornata) and also the western Spicigerae, Quercinae, Grandes, Abietinae and Dryandroideae.

The /Cryptostomata were defined as those taxa in which the leaf stomata occur in crypts with constricted entrances. These are usually small shrubs that occur on dry, infertile sandplains. They have beaked follicles and thick, tough, long-lived serrated leaves. It includes all other western taxa, plus the eastern species B. serrata, B. aemula and B. ornata, and also appears to include Dryandra. It is worth noting that Dryandra does not appear especially closely related to the Isostylis group, which is instead most closely related to B.  elegans and then B. attenuata. The Candlestick Banksia ( Banksia attenuata) is a Species of Shrub in the Plant Genus Banksia.

Thus, the results presented by Mast et al. strongly suggest that Banksia is polyphyletic with Dryandra. Although they did not propose a new taxonomic arrangement, they did consider various options for adjusting the current accepted arrangement to remove the polyphyly. They conclude that the simplest and least disruptive solution would be to merge Dryandra into Banksia. ^[11][12]

References