Taxonomic rank (rank, category, taxonomic category) is an abstract term used in the scientific classification, or taxonomy, of organisms. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos Taxonomic rank indicates the level of a taxon in the taxonomic hierarchy. A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to Taxa ranked at a particular taxonomic rank are groupings of organisms at the same classification level.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature defines rank, in the taxonomic sense, as:
| “ | The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a set of rules in Zoology that have one fundamental aim to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily). The ranks of the family group, the genus group, and the species group at which nominal taxa may be established are stated in Articles 10. 3, 10. 4, 35. 1, 42. 1 and 45. 1. | ” |
|
—International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. - International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, XXIX + 306 pp. |
||
Contents |
Main taxonomic ranks
Carl Linnaeus devised Linnaean taxonomy using a ranking scale: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and variety. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things originally devised by (and named for Carolus Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time
Today, nomenclature is regulated by the Nomenclature Codes, which allow names divided into exactly defined ranks. The Nomenclature Codes (or the " Codes of nomenclature") are the rulebooks that govern biological nomenclature Despite this there are slightly different ranks for zoology and for botany.
There are 8 main taxonomic ranks: domain, kingdom, phylum or division1, class, order, family, genus, species.
| Main taxonomic ranks | |||
| Latin | English | ||
| regio | domain | ||
| regnum | kingdom | ||
| phylum | divisio | phylum1 | division2 |
| classis | class | ||
| ordo | order | ||
| familia | family | ||
| genus | genus | ||
| species | species | ||
- Notes to table
- 1 Phylum is used in zoology. In biological Taxonomy, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, or empire) is the highest Taxonomic rank of Organisms In biological Taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a Taxonomic rank in either (historically the highest rank or (in the new three-domain system A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used In Biological classification, family ( Latin A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. It is at the same level as division in botany.
2 Preferred to phylum in botany, that is accounted as identical.
In zoology and in botanical nomenclature, a taxon is usually assigned to a taxonomic rank in a hierarchy. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Botanical nomenclature is the formal naming of plants from a scientific point of view The basic rank is that of species, and if an organism is named it most often will receive a species name. The next most important rank is that of genus: if an organism is given a species name it will at the same time be assigned to a genus, as the genus name is part of the species name. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The third-most important rank, although it was not used by Linnaeus, is that of family. In Biological classification, family ( Latin
A binomial is a two-word name which is used to describe a particular species. For example, the binomial name for a human is Homo sapiens. This is italicised when typing, and underlined when writing. The first word refers to the genus, which is a broad grouping of closely related species, and is capitalized. The second word, in lower case, always indicates the species to which the organism is assigned within its genus.
Ranks in zoology
There are definitions of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a set of rules in Zoology that have one fundamental aim to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature divides names into "family-group names", "genus-group names" and "species-group names". The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a set of rules in Zoology that have one fundamental aim to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming The Code explicitly mentions:
- - - superfamily
family
- - - subfamily
- - - tribe
- - - subtribe
genus
- - - subgenus
species
- - - subspecies
The rules in the Code apply to the ranks of superfamily to subspecies, and only to some extent to those above the rank of superfamily. In the "genus group" and "species group" no further ranks are allowed. Among zoologists, additional ranks such as species group, species subgroup, species complex and superspecies are sometimes used for convenience as extra, but unofficial, ranks between the subgenus and species levels in taxa with many species (e. A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to g. the genus Drosophila). Drosophila is a Genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies"
Ranks of taxa at lower levels may be denoted in their groups by adding the prefix "infra," meaning lower, to the rank. For example infraspecies or infrasubspecies. Infraspecific taxa then include all divisions of the species into subspecies or lower taxa.
Names of zoological taxa
- A taxon above the rank of species gets a scientific name in one part (a uninominal name)
- A species (a taxon at the rank of species) gets a name composed of two names (a binominal name or binomen : generic name + specific name; for example Panthera leo)
- A subspecies (a taxon at the rank of subspecies) gets a name composed of three names (a trinominal name or trinomen : generic name + specific name + subspecific name; for example Felis silvestris catus, the house cat). In zoology, a binomen, or binominal name is the name of a species In zoological nomenclature a specific name or specific epithet is the second part (second name in the name of a Species (a Binomen) The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. In zoology, a trinomen, or trinominal name refers to the name of a Subspecies. In zoological nomenclature a specific name or specific epithet is the second part (second name in the name of a Species (a Binomen) In zoology, a subspecific name is the third part of a Trinomen. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic As there is only one rank below that of species, no connecting term to indicate rank is used.
Ranks in botany
There are definitions of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature: kingdom (regnum), subregnum, division or phylum (divisio, phylum), subdivisio or subphylum, class (classis), subclassis, order (ordo), subordo, family (familia), subfamilia, tribe (tribus), subtribus, genus (genus), subgenus, section (sectio), subsectio, series (series), subseries, species (species), subspecies, variety (varietas), subvarietas, form (forma), subforma. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal Botanical names that are given to
There are definitions of following taxonomic ranks in International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: cultivar group, cultivar. The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP) regulates the naming of Cultivars Cultivar Groups and Graft-chimaeras
According to Art 3. 1 of the ICBN the most important ranks of taxa are: kingdom, division or phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal Botanical names that are given to According to Art 4. 1 the secondary ranks of taxa are tribe, section, series, variety and form. There is an indeterminate number of ranks. The ICBN explicitly mentions:
primary ranks
- - - secondary ranks
- - - - - - - further ranks
kingdom (regnum)
- - - - - - - subregnum
division or phylum (divisio, phylum)
- - - - - - - subdivisio or subphylum
class (classis)
- - - - - - - subclassis
order (ordo)
- - - - - - - subordo
family (familia)
- - - - - - - subfamilia
- - - tribe (tribus)
- - - - - - - subtribus
genus (genus)
- - - - - - - subgenus
- - - section (sectio)
- - - - - - - subsectio
- - - series (series)
- - - - - - - subseries
species (species)
- - - - - - - subspecies
- - - variety (varietas)
- - - - - - - subvarietas
- - - form (forma)
- - - - - - - subforma
The rules in the ICBN apply primarily to the ranks of family and below, and only to some extent to those above the rank of family. Also see descriptive botanical names. Descriptive botanical names: Article 16 of the ICBN rules that a name above the rank of family may be either descriptive or formed from the name
Names of botanical taxa
Of the botanical names used by Linnaeus only names of genera, species and varieties are still used. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for
Taxa at the rank of genus and above get a botanical name in one part (unitary name); those at the rank of species and above (but below genus) get a botanical name in two parts (binary name); all taxa below the rank of species get a botanical name in three parts (ternary name). A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN and if the plant is a Cultigen, the A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN and if the plant is a Cultigen, the In botanical nomenclature the ICBN prescribes a "three part name" ( ternary name) for any taxon below the rank of species
For hybrids, getting a hybrid name, the same ranks apply, preceded by "notho", with nothogenus as the highest permitted rank. In Botanical nomenclature, a hybrid may be given a hybrid name, which is a special kind of Botanical name.
Examples
The usual classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. Drosophila melanogaster (from the Greek for black-bellied dew-lover) is a two-winged insect that belongs to the Diptera, the order Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum Gregor Johann Mendel ( July 20, 1822 &ndash January 6, 1884) was Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly Amanita is a poisonous and Psychoactive Basidiomycete Fungus, The eight major ranks are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are given as well.
| Rank | Fruit fly | Human | Pea | Fly Agaric | E. coli |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain | Eukarya | Eukarya | Eukarya | Eukarya | Bacteria |
| Kingdom | Animalia | Animalia | Plantae | Fungi | Monera |
| Phylum or Division | Arthropoda | Chordata | Magnoliophyta | Basidiomycota | Proteobacteria |
| Subphylum or subdivision | Hexapoda | Vertebrata | Magnoliophytina | Agaricomycotina | |
| Class | Insecta | Mammalia | Magnoliopsida | Agaricomycetes | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Subclass | Pterygota | Theria | Magnoliidae | Agaricomycetidae | |
| Order | Diptera | Primates | Fabales | Agaricales | Enterobacteriales |
| Suborder | Brachycera | Haplorrhini | Fabineae | Agaricineae | |
| Family | Drosophilidae | Hominidae | Fabaceae | Amanitaceae | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Subfamily | Drosophilinae | Homininae | Faboideae | Amanitoideae | |
| Genus | Drosophila | Homo | Pisum | Amanita | Escherichia |
| Species | D. melanogaster | H. sapiens | P. sativum | A. muscaria | E. coli |
Table Notes:
- The ranks of higher taxa, especially intermediate ranks, are prone to revision as new information about relationships is discovered. Drosophila melanogaster (from the Greek for black-bellied dew-lover) is a two-winged insect that belongs to the Diptera, the order Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly Amanita is a poisonous and Psychoactive Basidiomycete Fungus, In biological Taxonomy, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, or empire) is the highest Taxonomic rank of Organisms Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have In biological Taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a Taxonomic rank in either (historically the highest rank or (in the new three-domain system Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Monera are bacteria and other mostly tiny single-celled organisms whose genetic material is loose in the cell A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called The Proteobacteria are a major group ( Phylum) of Bacteria. They include a wide variety of Pathogens such as Escherichia, In life a subphylum is a Taxonomic rank intermediate between phylum and superclass. The subphylum Hexapoda (from the Greek for six legs) constitutes the largest (in terms of number of species grouping of Arthropods and includes the Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes The subphylum Agaricomycotina, also known as the Hymenomycetes, is one of three taxa of the fungal division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The class Agaricomycetes includes not only Mushrooms but also most species placed in the old outdated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes. Gammaproteobacteria is a class of several medically and scientifically important groups of bacteria such as the Enterobacteriaceae ( Escherichia coli) Pterygota is a subclass of Insects that includes the winged insects Theria (ˈθɪərɪə from the Greek θηρίον, wild beast is a subclass of Mammals ref> that give birth to live young without Magnoliidae (or magnoliids) are a group of about 9000 species of Flowering plants including Magnolias Nutmeg, Bay laurel, Cinnamon Agaricomycetidae is a subclass of Mushrooms, in the Phylum of Basidiomycota. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used True flies are Insects of the Order Diptera ( Greek: di = two and pteron = wing possessing a single pair of A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Fabales is an order of Flowering plants It is included in the rosid group of the Eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II The order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills, or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of Mushrooms The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of bacteria, including many of the more familiar Pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia Brachycera is a suborder of Diptera. It is a major suborder consisting of around 120 families. The haplorrhines, the "dry-nosed" primates (the Greek name means "simple-nosed" are members of the Haplorrhini clade: the Prosimian In Biological classification, family ( Latin Drosophilidae is a diverse cosmopolitan family of flies, including the Genus Drosophila, which includes fruit flies Fabaceae or Leguminosae is a large and economically important family of Flowering plants which is commonly known as the legume family, pea Amanitaceae is a family of Fungi or Mushrooms The family also commonly called the Amanita Family is in order Agaricales, gilled The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of bacteria, including many of the more familiar Pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia The Drosophilinae are the largest Subfamily in the Drosophilidae. Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae, including Humans and some extinct relatives as well as the Gorillas and the Chimpanzees It comprises Faboideae is a Subfamily of the Flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Drosophila is a Genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies" Homo is the Genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives Pisum is a genus of the family Fabaceae, native to southwest Asia and northeast Africa. The Genus Amanita contains about 600 Species of Agarics including some of the most Toxic known mushrooms found worldwide Escherichia is a Genus of Gram-negative, non- spore forming facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped Bacteria from the In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Drosophila melanogaster (from the Greek for black-bellied dew-lover) is a two-winged insect that belongs to the Diptera, the order Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly Amanita is a poisonous and Psychoactive Basidiomycete Fungus, For example, the traditional classification of primates (class Mammalia — subclass Theria — infraclass Eutheria — order Primates) has been modified by new classifications such as McKenna and Bell (class Mammalia — subclass Theriformes — infraclass Holotheria) with Theria and Eutheria assigned lower ranks between infraclass and the order Primates. See mammal classification for a discussion. Mammalia is a class of animal within the Phylum Chordata. Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carolus Linnaeus initially defined These differences arise because there are only a small number of ranks available and a large number of branching points in the fossil record.
- Within species further units may be recognised. Animals may be classified into subspecies (for example, Homo sapiens sapiens, modern humans) or morphs (for example Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus, the Pied Raven). In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one Plants may be classified into subspecies (for example, Pisum sativum subsp. sativum, the garden pea) or varieties (for example, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon, snow pea), with cultivated plants getting a cultivar name (for example, Pisum sativum var. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar macrocarpon 'Snowbird'). Bacteria may be classified by strains (for example Escherichia coli O157:H7, a strain that can cause food poisoning). In biology strain is a low-level Taxonomic rank used in three related ways Escherichia coli O157H7 is an Enterohemorrhagic strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli and a cause of Foodborne illness Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food
- A mnemonic for remembering the order of the taxa is: Do Koalas Prefer Chocolate Or Fruit, Generally Speaking? Another easy one is Damn, Kinky People Can Often Find Great Sex. Other mnemonics are available at[1] and. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember [2]
Terminations of names
Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on the type genus, with a standard termination. A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to In biology the phrase type genus is used differently depending on the nomenclatural ''Code'' that applies In zoological nomenclature, a type The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom, and sometimes the phylum and class, as set out in the table below.
| Rank | Plants | Algae | Fungi | Animals | Bacteria[3] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Division/Phylum | -phyta | -mycota | |||
| Subdivision/Subphylum | -phytina | -mycotina | |||
| Class | -opsida | -phyceae | -mycetes | -ia | |
| Subclass | -idae | -phycidae | -mycetidae | -idae | |
| Superorder | -anae | ||||
| Order | -ales | -ales | |||
| Suborder | -ineae | -ineae | |||
| Infraorder | -aria | ||||
| Superfamily | -acea | -oidea | |||
| Epifamily | -oidae | ||||
| Family | -aceae | -idae | -aceae | ||
| Subfamily | -oideae | -inae | -oideae | ||
| Infrafamily | -odd[4] | ||||
| Tribe | -eae | -ini | -eae | ||
| Subtribe | -inae | -ina | -inae | ||
| Infratribe | -ad | ||||
Table notes:
- In botany and mycology names at the rank of family and below are based on the name of a genus, sometimes called the type genus of that taxon, with a standard ending. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have In biology the phrase type genus is used differently depending on the nomenclatural ''Code'' that applies In zoological nomenclature, a type For example, the rose family Rosaceae is named after the genus Rosa, with the standard ending "-aceae" for a family. The Rosaceae or Rose family is a large family of Plants with about 3000-4000 species in 100-160 genera Names above the rank of family are formed from a family name, or are descriptive (like Gymnospermae or Fungi). Gymnosperm (Gymnospermae are a group of Spermatophyte seed-bearing Plants with Ovules on the edge or blade of an open Sporophyll, which are A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ
- For animals, there are standard suffixes for taxa only up to the rank of superfamily. [5]
- Forming a name based on a generic name may be not straightforward. For example, the Latin "homo" has the genitive "hominis", thus the genus "Homo" (human) is in the Hominidae, not "Homidae". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
- The ranks of epifamily, infrafamily and infratribe (in animals) are used where the complexities of phyletic branching require finer-than-usual distinctions. Although they fall below the rank of superfamily, they are not regulated under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and hence do not have formal standard endings. The suffixes listed here are regular, but informal. [6]
All taxonomic ranks
The following table lists all taxonomic ranks including those which are not in use today and those which are identical with other ranks.
| All taxonomic ranks | ||
| Latin | English | Notes |
| superdomain | ||
| regio | domain | |
| subdomain | ||
| infradomain | ||
| imperium | empire | |
| superregnum | superkingdom | |
| suprakingdom | ||
| midkingdom | ||
| regnum | kingdom | |
| subregnum | subkingdom | |
| interkingdom | ||
| branch | ||
| infrakingdom | ||
| superphylum | superphylum | |
| supraphylum | ||
| midphylum | ||
| phylum | phylum | |
| subphylum | subphylum | |
| infraphylum | infraphylum | |
| divisio | division1 | |
| subdivisio | subdivision1 | |
| claudius | claudius | |
| superclassis | superclass | |
| grade | ||
| classis | class | |
| subclassis | subclass | |
| infraclass | ||
| parvclassis | parvclass | |
| superdivisio | superdivision2 | |
| divisio | division2 | |
| subdivisio | subdivision2 | |
| sectio | section2 | |
| subsection2 | ||
| group | ||
| subgroup | ||
| superlegion | ||
| legio | legion | |
| sublegion | ||
| infralegion | ||
| supercohos | supercohort | |
| cohors | cohort | |
| subcohors | subcohort | |
| magnorder | ||
| superordo | superorder | |
| series | ||
| subseries | ||
| grandorder | ||
| gigaorder | ||
| megaorder | ||
| mirorder | ||
| ordo | order | |
| hyperordo | hyperorder | |
| subordo | suborder | |
| infraordo | infraorder | |
| parvorder | ||
| falanx | ||
| cohors | cohort | |
| superfamilia | superfamily | |
| family group | ||
| familia | family | |
| subfamily group | ||
| subfamilia | subfamily | |
| infrafamily | ||
| supertribus | supertribe | |
| tribus | tribe | |
| subtribus | subtribe | |
| infratribe | ||
| supergenus | supergenus | |
| genus group | ||
| genus | genus | |
| subgenus | subgenus | |
| infragenus | ||
| supersectio | supersection1 | |
| sectio | section1 | |
| subsectio | subsection1 | |
| infrasection1 | ||
| superseries1 | ||
| series | series1 | |
| subseries1 | ||
| infraseries1 | ||
| superspecies | superspecies | |
| complex | ||
| species group | ||
| species subgroup | ||
| aggregate | ||
| synklepton | ||
| species | species | |
| microspecies | ||
| klepton | klepton | |
| aggregate | ||
| subspecies | subspecies | |
| infraspecies | ||
| group | ||
| hybrid | hybrid | |
| convarietas | convariety | |
| supervarietas | supervariety | |
| varietas | variety | |
| subvarietas | subvariety | |
| infravariety | ||
| natio | ||
| superforma | superform | |
| forma, morpha | form | |
| subforma | subform | |
| infraform | ||
| cultivar group | ||
| cultivar | ||
| group of breeds | ||
| section of breeds | ||
| breed, race | ||
| strain | ||
| aberratio | aberration | |
| serogroup | ||
| serotype, serovar | ||
| biotype, biovar | ||
| pathotype, pathovar | ||
| population | ||
| lusus | lusus | |
- Notes to table
- 1 Level in plant taxonomy. In biological Taxonomy, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, or empire) is the highest Taxonomic rank of Organisms In biological Taxonomy, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, or empire) is the highest Taxonomic rank of Organisms In the Domain Name System (DNS hierarchy a subdomain is a domain that is part of a larger domain An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that In biological Taxonomy, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, or empire) is the highest Taxonomic rank of Organisms In biological Taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a Taxonomic rank in either (historically the highest rank or (in the new three-domain system In biological Taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a Taxonomic rank in either (historically the highest rank or (in the new three-domain system A branch ( American English ˈbræntʃ British English ˈbrɑːntʃ or tree branch (sometimes referred to in Botany as a ramus A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. In life a subphylum is a Taxonomic rank intermediate between phylum and superclass. In life a subphylum is a Taxonomic rank intermediate between phylum and superclass. In life a subphylum is a Taxonomic rank intermediate between phylum and superclass. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. In life a subphylum is a Taxonomic rank intermediate between phylum and superclass. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms In Group theory, given a group G under a Binary operation * we say that some Subset H of G is a subgroup of The legion, in biological Taxonomy, is a non-obligatory Taxonomic rank within the Linnaean hierarchy which is subordinate to the class This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Series is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of section (and subsection) but above that of Species. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used In Biological classification, family ( Latin In Biological classification, family ( Latin In Biological classification, family ( Latin In Biology, a tribe &mdashor infrafamily&mdashis a Taxonomic rank between family and Genus. In Biology, a tribe &mdashor infrafamily&mdashis a Taxonomic rank between family and Genus. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a subgenus is a Taxonomic rank directly below Genus. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms Series is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of section (and subsection) but above that of Species. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms In Biology, a cryptic species complex is a group of Species which satisfy the biological definition of species that is they are reproductively isolated from each Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. In Botanical nomenclature or biological nomenclature variety is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of species and signifies members of different populations can In botanical nomenclature a subvariety ( subvarietas) is a Taxonomic rank below that of variety ( varietas) but above that of form Under the Botanical nomenclature of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP a cultivar group is any gathering of Cultivars A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar See Breed (song for the song by Nirvana. See Breed (video game for the video game by Brat Designs In biology a race is any inbreeding group including taxonomic subgroups such as Subspecies, taxonomically subordinate to a Species and superordinate to a subrace In biology strain is a low-level Taxonomic rank used in three related ways A serovar or serotype is a group of Microorganisms or Viruses based on their cell surface Antigens Serovars allow the epidemiologic classification For the term's use in bacteriology see Serovar. Transplants between genetically non-identical humans induce the creation of antibodies in the recipient A serovar or serotype is a group of Microorganisms or Viruses based on their cell surface Antigens Serovars allow the epidemiologic classification A biovar is a variant Prokaryotic strain that differs physiologically and/or biochemically from other strains in a particular species A pathovar is a Bacterial strain or set of strains with the same or similar characteristics that is differentiated at infrasubspecific level from other strains of the same species In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Lusus is the supposed son or companion of Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and fury to whom Portuguese national mythology attributed the foundation 2 Level in animal taxonomy.
Notes
- ^ mnemonic-device.eu
- ^ thefreedictionary.com.
- ^ Bacteriologocal Code (1990 Revision)
- ^ For example, the chelonian infrafamilies Chelodd (Gaffney & Meylan 1988: 169) and Baenodd (ibid. Turtles, Tortoises, and Terrapins are ectothermic Reptiles most of whose Body is shielded by a special , 176).
- ^ ICZN article 27. 2
- ^ As supplied by Gaffney & Meylan (1988).
Bibliography
- R. K. Brummitt & C. E. Powell (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0947643443.
- Eugene S. Gaffney & Peter A. Meylan (1988). "A phylogeny of turtles". In M. J. Benton (ed. ), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds 157-219. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- International Association for Plant Taxonomy (2000). International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code), Electronic version. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
- Haris Abba Kabara. Karmos hand book for botanical names.
See also
Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry "ICZN" redirects here It is also sometimes used for the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in errorDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic