Tawfiq Canaan
Born	September 24, 1882 Beit Jala
Died	January 15, 1964 Jerusalem
Nationality	Palestinian
Occupation	Physician, Ethnographer, Author
Known for	Pioneering field of medicine in Palestine Researcher of Palestinian popular heritage
Religious beliefs	Lutheran
Parents	Bechara Canaan and Katharina Khairallah

Tawfiq Canaan (24 September 1882 – 15 January 1964) was a physician and pioneer in the field of medicine in Palestine, also well-known for being one of the foremost researchers of Palestinian popular heritage. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Beit Jala ( Arabic: (lit Aramaic 'grass carpet' is a Arab Christian town in the Bethlehem Governorate of the West Bank. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn ^[1][2]

A medical officer in the Ottoman army in World War I and the first President of the Palestine Arab Medical Association established in 1944,^[3] Canaan authored more than 37 studies over the course of his medical career on tropical medicine and bacteriology, particularly malaria, and other topics, such as leprosy, tuberculosis, and health in Palestine. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Tropical medicine is the branch of Medicine that deals with health problems that occur uniquely are more widespread or prove more difficult to control in tropical Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common ^[4]

Canaan's keen interest in Palestinian folklore, popular beliefs, and superstitions led to his collection of over 1,400 amulets, now held by Bir Zeit university in Ramallah. An amulet ( the Elder|Pliny]] meaning "an object that protects a person from trouble" a close cousin of the talisman (from Arabic Bir Zeit (بيرزيت is a Palestinian town on the outskirts of Ramallah in the central West Bank. Ramallah ( Arabic:) (lit "Height of God" is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank adjacent to Al-Bireh with a population 118000 His published analyses of these and other folk traditions brought him recognition as an ethnographer^[5] and anthropologist. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of ^[6] A member of the Palestine Oriental Society and The American School for Oriental Research, Canaan published a number of books and more than 50 articles in English and German on folklore and superstition^[4] that have served as valuable resources to researchers of Palestinian and Middle Eastern heritage ever since. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. ^[1]

Canaan was also a Palestinian nationalist and outspoken public figure^[7] who wrote two books on the Palestine problem, which reflected his involvement in confronting British imperialism and Zionism. Palestinian nationalism is a nationalist Ideology which calls for the creation of a Palestinian state in all or part of the former British Mandate The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the ^[4] Arrested by the British authorities in 1939, his family home and clinic in Jerusalem destroyed during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Canaan nevertheless managed to re-establish his life and career there. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the After taking sanctuary in a convent in the Old City with his family for two years, they eventually took up residence on the grounds of the Augusta Victoria Hospital on the Mount of Olives where Canaan served as the director, and where they lived through his retirement until his death in 1964. The Old City (העיר העתיקה HaIr HaAtika, البلدة القديمة al-Balda al-Qadimah) is a 0 Augusta Victoria is a 161-bed hospital on Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, financed by the Lutheran World Federation and the United Nations Refugee Works Administration The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, جبل الزيتون الطور Jebel az-Zeitun הר הזיתים Har HaZeitim; is a mountain ridge in east ^[4]

Contents 1 Early life 2 Medical career 3 Research and writings on Palestine 3.1 Beginnings 3.2 'Nativist' ethnography 3.3 Collection of Palestinian amulets 3.4 Nationalist writings 4 Arrests of Canaan, his wife, and sister 5 Arab Medical Association of Palestine 6 1948 war 7 Post-1948 8 Published works 8.1 Folklore and ethnography 8.2 Politics 8.3 Medical 9 Awards 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

Early life

Born in Beit Jala, Tawfiq Canaan was the second child of Katharina Khairallah^[4] and Bechara Canaan, PhD, and first Arab pastor of the Arab Lutheran Church. Beit Jala ( Arabic: (lit Aramaic 'grass carpet' is a Arab Christian town in the Bethlehem Governorate of the West Bank. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther ^[8] He completed his secondary school education at the Schneller School which his father had also attended. ^[4] In 1899, he went to Beirut to study medicine at the Syrian Protestant College (today the American University of Beirut). Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 The American University of Beirut (AUB الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت is a private independent University in Beirut, Lebanon. Shortly after his arrival there, his father died of pneumonia, and to lift the financial burden on his family, he began giving private lessons and doing other work at the university to supplement his income. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal ^[4]

Of his father, Tawfiq Canaan said:

"We used to go with my father on short and long trips all over the country in order to get acquainted with the country and the people. This continuous contact with the people nurtured in all of us, and particularly in me, love for the country and the people. This feeling of belonging and unshaken loyalty remained with me till this day. "^[4]

Khaled Nashef, writing in the Jerusalem Quarterly, has ventured that Canaan's interest and knowledge of nature in Palestine, later reflected in writings such as "Plant-lore in Palestinian Superstition" (1928) may have been related to these trips. The Jerusalem Quarterly (JQ was conceived in 1998 as the Jerusalem Quarterly File and is published by the Institute of Jerusalem Studies (IJS an affiliate of the Institute ^[4]

Canaan graduated with honors from the school of medicine, delivering the graduation speech for his class on June 28, 1905. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Entitled "Modern Treatment," the speech touched on the medical uses of serums, animal organs and X-rays and was published in Al-Muqtataf, likely constituting Canaan's first published piece. ^[4]

Medical career

Upon graduation, Canaan began his medical career as an assistant to Dr. Grussendorf, the Director of the German Hospital in Jerusalem. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the ^[2] Canaan co-administered the hospital with Dr. Adolf Einszler in Dr. Grussendorf's absence in 1906, and also worked shifts at the German-Jewish Hospital (Shaare Zedek) and the English Hospital. The Shaare Zedek Medical Center (מרכז רפואי שערי צדק Merkaz Refu'i Sha'arei Tzedek) (lit ^[4]

In 1910, Canaan became the director of the clinic at the Shaare Zedek hospital. ^[2] The following year, he published his first medical article on "Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis in Jerusalem," based on studies he conducted with Dr. Wallach, the Director of the Shaare Zedek hospital. Between 1912 and 1914, Canaan was back and forth between Palestine and Germany to specialize in tropical medicine and microbiology studies under Professors Mühlens, Ruge, Much, and Huntemüler. ^[4]

In January 1912, Canaan married Margot Eilender, the daughter of a German importer, and in 1913, they built their family home in the al-Musrarah district of Jerusalem, where three of their children (Theo, Nada, and Leila) were born. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Canaan opened a clinic there, the only Arab clinic to operate in Jerusalem at the time. ^[4]

Also in 1913, Canaan was appointed director of the Malaria Branch of the International Health Bureau, a world center for medical research and microscopic examination founded by The German Society for Fighting Malaria, The Jewish Health Bureau, and The Jewish Physicians and Scientists for Improving Health in Palestine. ^[4]

In August 1914, after a four-month stay in Germany, Canaan returned to work in the German Hospital with Grussendorf. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. As a citizen of the Ottoman empire, who administered Palestine at the time, he was drafted as an officer into the Ottoman army when World War I broke out that October. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All ^[4] First assigned as a physician to a contingent in Nazareth, he was transferred that same year to 'Awja al-Hafeer. Nazareth (ˈnæzərəθ (נָצְרַת Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, الناصرة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital and largest There, the German chief physician appointed him as Head of the Laboratories on the Sinai Front, a position which afforded him the ability to travel between Bir as-Saba, Beit Hanoun, Gaza, and Shaykh Nouran, as well as Damascus, Amman, and Aleppo. The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء Beersheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע Be'er Sheva, بئر السبع, Birüssebi is the largest City in the Negev desert of southern Beit Hanoun (بيت حانون is a city on the north-east edge of the Gaza Strip. Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. ^[4] During this period, he collected more than two hundred amulets to add to a collection he began amassing in the early twentieth century. ^[4]

After the war ended, in 1919, Canaan was appointed Director of The Leprosy Hospital (Asylum of the Lepers) in Talbiyyah – the only leprosy hospital in Syria, Palestine, and the Transjordan. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Leprosy was considered an incurable disease at the time. Research progress in the field of bacteriology and microscopic examination, to which Canaan contributed, resulted in the discovery of a cure using chaulmoogra oil. ^[4]

In 1923, the German Hospital reopened and Canaan was put in charge of the Internal Medicine Division, a position he held until 1940, when the German Hospital could no longer continue smooth operations, since by 1939, most German citizens had already left Palestine or had been arrested by the British Mandatory authorities. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement ^[4]

Canaan treated people from all social classes and segments of Palestinian and Arab society over the course of his medical career. He was one of a number of other physicians from Jerusalem to examine Sherif Hussein of Mecca in Amman before his death in 1931 and removed a bullet from the thigh of Abu Jildah, a notorious Palestinian rebel in 1936. Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, GCB (1854 &mdash June 4, 1931) ( حسین بن علی; Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī) was the Sharif Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom ^[4]

Research and writings on Palestine

Beginnings

Palestinians
Demographics & geography
Definitions · Palestine People · Diaspora Territories · Refugee camps Geography of the Gaza Strip Geography of the West Bank Electoral Districts · Governorates · Palestinian cities Arab localities in Israel · Arab citizens of Israel· East Jerusalem ·
Politics
Hamas · PLO · PNC · PLC · PFLP PNA · PNA political parties Palestinian flag Politics of Palestine
Religion & religious sites
Christianity · Islam History of the Levant Houses of worship: Church of the Nativity · Church of the Holy Sepulchre · Church of the Annunciation · Rachel's Tomb Al-Aqsa Mosque · Dome of the Rock · Mosque of Omar Cave of the Patriarchs
Culture
Art · Costume & embroidery Cinema · Cuisine · Dance · Pottery Handicrafts · Language · Literature Music
Notable Palestinians
Hany Abu-Assad · Ibrahim Abu-Lughod Yasser Arafat · Ahmed Yassin Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi · Ismail Hanieh Mohammad Bakri · Rim Banna Tawfiq Canaan · Mahmoud Darwish Emile Habibi · Nathalie Handal Mohammed Amin al-Husseini Faisal Husseini Abd al-Qader al-Husseini Ghassan Kanafani · Ghada Karmi Leila Khaled · Rashid Khalidi Walid Khalidi · Samih al-Qasim Edward Said · Khalil al-Sakakini Elia Suleiman · Khalil al-Wazir Ahmed Yassin · May Ziade
v • d • e

In 1911, the geographical journal Globus published a German translation of a lecture Canaan delivered in Arabic on "Agriculture in Palestine" on May 22, 1909, a work which remains a useful basic reference on the development of agriculture in Palestine at the time. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The term Palestine and the related term Palestinian have several overlapping (and occasionally contradictory definitions Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Palestinian diaspora ( الشتات, al-shatat) is a term used to describe Palestinians living outside of historic Palestine - an area Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called Palestinian Refugee camps were established after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to accommodate Palestinian refugees who fled from the war The Gaza Strip is located in the Middle East (at 31 25 N 34 20 E and consists of around 360sq km The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Geography of the Best Wank Location Middle East west of Jordan Geographic coordinates: Map references Middle East The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The 16 Governorates of the West Bank and Gaza Strip are divided into 16 electoral Districts ( Aqdya, singular - Qadaa) After the signing of the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian territories were divided into three areas (Area A Area B and Area C and 16 Governorates under the jurisdiction The following is a list of cities in Palestinian National Authority administrated areas, although depending on which particular area each locality is located The list of Arab localities in Israel includes all population centers with a 50% or higher Arab population in the State of Israel. East Jerusalem refers to the part of Jerusalem captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and subsequently by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The Palestinian National Council (PNC is the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization and elects its Executive Committee which assumes leadership of the The Palestinian Legislative Council (sometimes referred to as the Palestinan Parliament) the Legislature of the Palestinian Authority, is a Unicameral The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP) ( Arabic: الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين al-Jabhah al-Sha`biyyah li-Tahrīr A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain Ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power usually The Palestinian flag ( علم فلسطين) was originally designed by Sharif Hussein for the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in 1916 The Palestinian Christians are Palestinians who follow Christianity. Islam in Israel and Palestinian territories includes the Muslims of Israel, where they constitute 16% of the population those who comprise 75% of the population of Church_of_the_nativity_bethjpg|thumb|200px|View of The Church of the Nativity from Manger Square]]The Church of the Nativity ( كنيسة المهد) in Bethlehem The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos This article refers to the basilica in Nazareth For information on the church associated with the Blagoveschenskaya Tower in Russia see Kremlin towers or Cathedral Rachel's Tomb ( Hebrew: קבר רחל Arabic: translit Qubbat Rakhil, trans Al-Aqsa Mosque ( Arabic:المسجد الاقصى /æl'mæsdʒɪd æl'ɑqsˁɑ/ {{Audio|ArAqsaMosque The Dome of the Rock ( Arabic: مسجد قبة الصخرة translit The Mosque of Omar (مسجد عمر is the oldest and only Mosque in the city of Bethlehem, located in Manger Square, near the Church of the The Cave of the Patriarchs ( Hebrew: מערת המכפלה Me'arat HaMachpela, Trans Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Palestinian art is a term used to refer to Paintings Posters Installation art and other visual media produced by Palestinian artists Palestinian costumes are the traditional Clothing worn by Palestinians. Palestinian cinema is relatively young in comparison to Arab cinema as a whole many Palestinian movies are made with European and Israeli funding and support Palestinian cuisine consists of foods from or commonly eaten by the Arabs of historical Palestine — which includes those living in the Palestinian territories Dabke ( Arabic: ar دبكة also transliterated as debke, dabka, and dabkeh) is the traditional Folk Palestinian pottery refers to Pottery produced in Palestine throughout the ages and pottery produced by modern-day Palestinians. Palestinian handicrafts are Handicrafts produced by Palestinian people. Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup spoken by Palestinians and Arab Israelis. Palestinian literature refers to the Arabic language novels short stories and poems produced by Palestinians. Palestinian music ( موسيقى فلسطينية) is one of many regional sub-genres of Arabic music. The following is a list of prominent Palestinians. Academic figures Rami Abuhabsah, Biologist Nadia Hany Abu-Assad (born 11 October 1961 (هاني أبو أسعد is a Dutch - Palestinian film director Ibrahim Abu-Lughod (إبراهيم أبو لغد February 15, 1929 — May 23, 2001) was a Palestinian (later American Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 Sheikh Ahmed Ismail Yassin (1937 – March 22 2004 ( Arabic: ar الشيخ أحمد ياسين was the co-founder with Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, of Hamas Dr Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi (عبدالعزيز الرنتيسي ( October 23, 1947 – was the co-founder of the militant Palestinian Islamist organization Ismail Haniyeh ( Arabic: إسماعيل هنية sometimes transliterated as Ismail Haniya or Ismail Haniyah) (born January 1963 is a Mohammad Bakri ( 1953 -) (محمد بكري מוחמד בכרי also spelled Mohammed or Muhammad) is an Arab actor and director with Israeli Rim Banna is a Palestinian singer Composer and Arranger that is well-known for her modern interpretations of traditional folk songs Mahmoud Darwish ( 13 March 1941 &ndash 9 August 2008) was a respected Palestinian poet and author who won numerous awards for Imil (Emile Shukri Habibi (إميل حبيبي אמיל חביבי 21 January 1922 – 2 May 1996) was a Palestinian - Nathalie Handal (نتالي حنظل born July 29, 1969) is a Poet, Writer, Playwright and literary researcher of Middle Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (محمد أمين الحسيني properly transliterated al-Husseini, 1895 / 1897 - July 4, 1974) a member Faisal Abdel Qader Al-Husseini (فيصل عبدالقادر الحسيني ( July 17, 1940 – May 31, 2001) was a Palestinian politician Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni (عبد القادر الحسيني also spelled Abd al-Qader al-Husseini) (1907-1948 was a Palestinian nationalist and fighter who Ghassan Kanafani (غسان كنفاني April 9, 1936 in Akka, Palestine – July 8, 1972 in Beirut, Lebanon Ghada Karmi (غادة كرمي) (1939- is a Palestinian doctor of medicine author and academic Leila Khaled (ليلى خالد laylà ẖālid; born April 9, 1944) is a member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP Rashid Khalidi (born 1950 an American historian of the Middle East, is the Edward Said Professor of Arab Studies at Columbia University, and director Walid Khalidi (وليد خالدي born in 1925 in Jerusalem) is an Oxford University educated Palestinian historian who has written extensively on the Samih al-Qasim ( سميح القاسم; b 1939 is a Palestinian Druze poet and citizen of Israel whose Arabic poetry is well-known Edward Wadie Saïd MRSL ( إدوارد وديع سعيد,; 1 November 1935 &ndash 25 September Khalil al-Sakakini ( خليل السكاكيني; January 23, 1878 - August 13, 1953) was a Palestinian Christian, Elia Suleiman (إيليا سليمان born July 28, 1960 in Nazareth) is a Palestinian-Israeli film director and Actor Khalil Ibrahim al-Wazir ( خليل الوزير) also known by his kunya " Abu Jihad " (Arabic أبو جهاد — Sheikh Ahmed Ismail Yassin (1937 – March 22 2004 ( Arabic: ar الشيخ أحمد ياسين was the co-founder with Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, of Hamas May Ziade (née Marie, with Ziade also written Ziadé or Ziadeh) ( مي زيادة) ( February 11 1886. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[4] In this first article outside the realm of medicine, Canaan reveals himself as a well-versed researcher in the field of "Oriental Studies", quoting Schumacher, Bauer, Guthe, Burckhardt, alongside classical sources, like Strabo and Josephus, and Arab sources like Mujeer ad-Din. Johann Ludwig (aka John Lewis, Jean Louis) Burckhardt ( November 24, 1784 - October 15, 1817) Swiss Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Canaan's focus on Palestinian peasantry is also here first apparent. ^[4]

Canaan used the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, as a basic source to compare past and present agricultural practices. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. He was influenced in this by the Old Testament studies produced by Gustaf Dalman, Albrecht Alt, and Martin Noth, who along with Hans Wilhelm Hertzberg, were all acquaintances of his. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Gustaf Hermann Dalman (1855-1941 was a German Lutheran theologian and orientalist Albrecht Alt ( 20 September 1883 in Stübach ( Franconia) – 24 April 1956 in Leipzig) was a leading German Martin Noth ( August 3, 1902 – May 30, 1968) was a German scholar of the Hebrew Bible who specialized in the pre-Exilic ^[4] Canaan and Dalman, who headed The Evangelical German Institute beginning in 1903, apparently shared the idea that it is not possible to understand the Old Testament without studying Palestinian folklore. ^[4]

In 1913, the Journal of the German Palestine Society (German: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästinavereins) published Canaan's article, "The Calendar of Palestinian Peasants," his first work in the field of Palestinian folklore. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. In it, Canaan focused on the agricultural practices of Palestinian fellaheen. Fellah (فلاح (plural Fellahin, فلاحين is a Peasant, farmer or agricultural laborer in the Middle East. Joan E. Taylor notes that Canaan found that people in southern Palestine divided the year into seven periods of 50 days, a type of pentecontad calendar later identified to have origins in 3rd millennium BCE Western Mesopotamia, possibly among the Amorites. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Pentecontad Calendar is a unique agricultural Calendar system thought to be of Amorite origin in which the year is broken down into seven periods of fifty days Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî ^[9] In 1914, Canaan published his first book, entitled Superstition and Popular Medicine. ^[4]

'Nativist' ethnography

According to Salim Tamari, Canaan was the most prominent of a school of 'nativist' ethnographers who published their works in The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society (1920-1948). Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive This group was driven by the concern that the "native culture of Palestine", and in particular peasant society, was being undermined by the forces of modernity. Modernity is a term that refers to the Modern era. It is distinct from Modernism, and in different contexts refers to cultural and intellectual movements of the ^[10] Tamari writes:

"Implicit in their scholarship (and made explicit by Canaan himself) was another theme, namely that the peasants of Palestine represent – through their folk norms . . . the living heritage of all the accumulated ancient cultures that had appeared in Palestine (principally the Canaanite, Philistine, Hebraic, Nabatean, Syrio-Aramaic and Arab). The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, The Nabataeans ( Arabic: الأنباط, Al-Anbāṭ) were an ancient Semitic people Arabs of southern Jordan, Canaan "^[10]

Canaan was a member of the Palestine Oriental Society, established in 1920 by Albert Tobias Clay. Albert Tobias Clay (1866-1925 was an American Semitic archaeologist, born in Hanover, Penna He was also a member of The American School for Oriental Research – established in 1900 – the Jerusalem branch of which was headed from 1920 to 1929 by the American archaeologist William Foxwell Albright. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the William Foxwell Albright ( May 24, 1891 – September 19 / September 20, 1971) was an American archaeologist, ^[4] In the articles he published for the journal of the Palestine Oriental Society – examples of which include "Haunted Springs and Water Demons in Palestine" (1920-1921), "Tasit ar-Radjfeh" (Fear Cup; 1923), "Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine" (1924-1927), and "Plant-lore in Palestinian Superstition" (1928) – Canaan exhibited his deep interest in superstition. ^[4]

Tamari notes that unlike the Canaanite revivalist writings produced by Palestinian writers after 1948, which were in many ways a response to Zionist narratives tracing Jewish connections back to the time of the Israelites (See Canaanite movement), "Canaan and his group, by contrast, were not Canaanites. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. The Canaanites is a political and Aesthetic movement which reached its peak in the 1940s among the Jewish residents in Palestine and has significantly impacted They contested Zionist claims to biblical patrimonies by stressing present day continuities between the biblical heritage (and occasionally pre-biblical roots) and Palestinian popular beliefs and practices. "^[10]

According to Meron Benvenisti, Canaan's "most outstanding contribution to the ethnography of Arab Palestine and to the annals of his country" was Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine (1927). Meron Benvenisti is an Israeli political scientist who was Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem under Teddy Kollek from 1971 to 1978 and administered East Jerusalem ^[11] In the introduction to this work, Canaan writes of how "The primitive features of Palestine are disappearing so quickly that before long most of them will be forgotten. . . ", a change he attributed to Western influence and European educational models being introduced locally. The study objective was to compare the "simple, crude, but uncontaminated Palestinian atmosphere," with the customs and practices of earlier times. ^[11]

In Belief in Demons in the Holy Land (1929, original in German), Canaan gathers together every reference to demons in Palestinian popular belief, detailing their names and classes, food, dress, appearance, and dwellings, such as, for example, the carob tree. The Carob tree (from Arabic: خروب "kharūb" and Hebrew: חרוב Charuv) Ceratonia siliqua, is a Leguminous Canaan posited that village sanctuaries and rituals to confer protection and blessings were an indication of how supernatural forces are everywhere found, affecting people's lives, bringing good or bad luck and even diseases. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events The names of some diseases in Arabic reference the names of long-forgotten demons, such as al-khanuq (diphteria), ar-rih al-asfar (cholera or yellow fever), and at-ta'un (plague). Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Diphtheria ( Greek διφθερα ( diphthera)—“pair of leather scrolls" is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease Plague is a deadly Infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis (Pasteurella pestis. Canaan's perception of the origin of demons was in line with the traditional view that they were once deities within the polytheistic system, or what Canaan refers to as "primitive religions. See also List of deities A deity is a Postulated Preternatural or Supernatural Being, who is always Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals " With the advent of monotheism, the status of these gods diminished, subsiting nevertheless in the community unconscious as demons. For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] ^[4]

In 1929, during a trip to Petra, Canaan discovered in its northern boundary a Kebaran shelter which he named Wadi Madamagh. Petra (from "petra" rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء Al-Batrāʾ) is an archaeological site in the Arabah Kebarans was an archaeological culture that lived in the eastern Mediterranean area (c ^[12] Canaan counted among his acquaintances a number of specialists in the field of Palestinian archaeology, including William Foxwell Albright, Nelson Glueck, and Kathleen Kenyon. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Nelson Glueck (1900-1971 was an American Rabbi, academic and archaeologist. Dame Kathleen Mary Kenyon ( 5 January, 1906 &ndash 24 August, 1978) was an important English Archaeologist of Neolithic ^[4]

Collection of Palestinian amulets

This collection was gathered by Tawfiq Canaan beginning in the early 20th century until 1947 and was donated to Bir Zeit university by Canaan's family where it is currently held. Bir Zeit (بيرزيت is a Palestinian town on the outskirts of Ramallah in the central West Bank. ^[1] It comprises more than 1,400 amulets and other objects, related to popular medicine and folk practices. An amulet ( the Elder|Pliny]] meaning "an object that protects a person from trouble" a close cousin of the talisman (from Arabic See also Folk (disambiguation, Volk (disambiguation Folk is one of the Germanic roots that mean "(of the people" or "our ^[1] Canaan collected these objects from his patients who came from various Palestinian cities and villages, and other Arab countries including Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Yemen. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya ^[1]

Canaan believed there was a close relationship between popular beliefs and superstitions marshalled to cure diseases and scientific medicine. Canaan's analysis of the talismans were facilitated by the interviews he conducted with individuals who wore them, though he also used specialized sources and references on sorcery and witchcraft. An amulet ( the Elder|Pliny]] meaning "an object that protects a person from trouble" a close cousin of the talisman (from Arabic Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers ^[1] He deciphered some of the symbols and wrote about the meanings of the shapes, writings, letters and numbers used, publishing one such article on the subject in a journal produced by Antiquities Museum of the American University in Beirut in 1937. ^[1]

The collection is composed of:

• Amulets (Arabic: hujub) or talismans written on paper and placed in triangular cloth or leather wraps or in cylinders or silver cases.
• Jewelry, including necklaces, bracelets, rings and semiprecious stones. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash These items are still worn today although their status as amulets has since waned.
• Glass beads and stones of all types and colors used for healing and repelling the evil eye. The technology for glass beadmaking is among the oldest human arts dating back 30000 years (Dubin 1987 The evil eye is a belief that the Envy elicited by the good Luck of fortunate people may result in their misfortune Hebron-made beads in the shape of eyes of various sizes were given names including rooster eye, baby camel eye and camel eye. Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south
• Paper amulets that include talismans, supplications and prayers, which were hung in homes for protection.
• Pilgrims' certificates bearing religious symbols of the three Semitic religions, in stamp or written form which were given to pilgrims who visited holy sites in Jerusalem and Hebron. A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ
• Silver votive offerings, most of which are from Aleppo, Syria, and shaped in the form of the human body or its parts. A votive deposit or votive offering is an object left in a Sacred place for Ritual purposes Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية These were hung in churches and on religious icons to heal illnesses and protect the health of children.
• Organic materials like animal bones and tortoise shells, sometimes inscribed with talismanic writings, used primarily for treating epilepsy. Tortoises or land Turtles are land-dwelling Reptiles of the family of Testudinidae', order Testudines. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.
• Vessels such as "fear cups" inscribed with Quranic verses and supplications. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Water was placed in the cup and left under the light of the moon and stars for several nights before being given to an afflicted person to drink from.
• Ceramic dishes inscribed with talismans for curing diseases and facilitating birth. ^[1]

Canaan's collection continues to provide valuable information on folk medicine and the manifestations of magic in the popular beliefs and practices of Palestinian and neighboring Arab societies – practices that exist to this day. ^[1]

Nationalist writings

Canaan's political positions and his strong sense of nationalism find clear expression in two of his published works: The Palestine Arab Cause (1936) and Conflict in the Land of Peace (1936). Published in English, Arabic, and French, The Palestine Arab Cause was a 48-page booklet that "resembled a political pamphlet directed at British public opinion". English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people First published as a series of articles in the local and foreign press after the outbreak of the 1936 revolt, the writings were considered by the Mandatory authorities to be subversive. The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939 British Mandate may refer to British Mandate of Palestine British Mandate of Mesopotamia ^[4] Canaan described British policy as "a destructive campaign against the Arabs with the ultimate aim of exterminating them from their country. "^[4] He questioned the nationality laws enacted by the Mandatory authorities which prevented Palestinian immigrants in the Americas, who had been citizens of the Ottoman Empire, from obtaining Palestinian citizenship in Mandate Palestine. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America ^[4]

Canaan was also a co-signatory to a document sent to the Higher Arab Committee on August 6, 1936 and there is reason to believe that Canaan strongly supported providing the Arab rebels with arms. The Arab Higher Committee was the central political organ of the Arab community of Palestine, established in 1936 Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[4] From 1936 onward, Canaan "clearly expressed his rejection of British and Zionist policies, in particular the policy of open-door Jewish immigration to Palestine. "^[4]

Arrests of Canaan, his wife, and sister

On September 3, 1939, the day that Britain and France declared war on Germany, Canaan was arrested by the British Mandate authorities. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. After two court appearances, he was released, but was imprisoned for nine weeks in Acre at the behest of the Criminal Investigation Department. ^[4] His wife was also arrested because she was German, and his sister Badra was arrested on the accusation that she was "inciting Arab women against Britain. "^[4] Both were imprisoned with Jewish criminal prisoners at a women's facility in Bethlehem; his wife for nine months, and his sister for four years. Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a They were then sent to Wilhelma, southwest al-'Abbasiyyah (near Jaffa), a former German colony that had been transformed into a detention camp for German Palestinians. Jaffa يَافَا;(יָפוֹ Yafo; also Japho, Joppa) is an ancient Port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world ^[4]

Canaan's wife and sister were among those who founded the Arab Women's Committee in Jerusalem in 1934. A charitable society at the outset, it soon took on a political orientation and by May 1936, the Committee was calling for civil disobedience and continuation of the general strike that kicked off the 1936 revolt. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country ^[4] Canaan's sister Badra also participated as assistant secretary in the Palestinian delegation to The Eastern Women's Conference held in support of Palestine in Cairo in October 1938. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[4]

Arab Medical Association of Palestine

Established on August 4, 1944 by way of a decision adopted at the Arab Medical Conference in Haifa in 1934, the Society was an umbrella group for medical societies in various cities. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with ^[4] Canaan was the first president of the Society which produced the first issue of its journal al-Majallah at-Tibbiyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Filastiniyyah in Arabic and English in December 1945. Canaan was also a member of the journal's editorial board, with Mahmoud ad-Dajani as editor-in-chief. ^[4] The Society organized its first medical conference in Palestine in July 1945. Among the invitees was Howard Walter Florey, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for isolating and purifying penicillin for general medical use. Howard Walter Florey Baron Florey, OM, FRS, ( September 24, 1898 &ndash February 21, 1968) was an Australian The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN or pen) is a group of Beta-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of Bacterial Infections ^[4]

When the political and security situation in Palestine deteriorated, the Society trained and organized relief units and centers in the cities and villages to provide medical aid to the Palestinian and Arab fighters. It also contacted and coordinated with the Red Cross to protect hospitals and the other humanitarian institutions. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated The Society also made an appeal to medical societies and Red Crescent and Red Cross organizations in a number of Arab capitals, some of which responded by sending limited medical aid. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[4]

Canaan was also a founding member of the Higher Arab Relief Committee, established on 24 January 1948, to receive aid coming to the country and supervise in its distribution. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[4]

1948 war

Bombs and mortar shells hit some Arab houses in al-Musrarah quarter of Jerusalem where the Canaan family home was located, on 22 February 1948. A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely A mortar is a muzzle-loading Indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Shortly thereafter, the Canaan's children were moved out of the house, but Tawfiq, his wife, Badra (his sister), and Nora (his sister-in-law) remained there. Canaan deposited his collection of amulets and 250 icons with an international organization in the western part of Jerusalem early that year for safekeeping. After the house sustained a direct hit on 9 May 1948, Canaan and those who remained went to the Old City where they had arranged to stay at a convent. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church The Greek Orthodox Patriarch gave the family a room where they lived for two and a half years. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches Canaan's daughter Leila Mantoura wrote of this time:

"Mother and father would go daily to the top of the Wall of Jerusalem to look at their home. They witnessed it being ransacked, together with the wonderful priceless library and manuscripts, which mother guarded jealously and with great pride. They saw mother's Biedermeyer furniture being loaded into trucks and then their home being set on fire. "^[4]

Canaan's family home, library, and three manuscripts ready for publication were destroyed in the process. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way ^[4]

Canaan continued his work as physician, treating patients out of his new temporary home. He also continued to carry out his capacity as head of the Arab Medical Society of Palestine and his duties to his country. ^[4]

After difficult negotiations with the Mandate Government, the Arab Medical Society of Palestine succeeded in taking over operations at the Central Hospital and the Hospice Hospital in Jerusalem, the Infectious Diseases Hospital near Beit Safafa, and the Mental Hospital in Bethlehem. Beit Safafa (بيت صفافا בית צפאפא is an Arab neighborhood in southeastern Jerusalem midway between Patt and Gilo, on the outskirts of The Central Hospital and its facilities in the Russian Compound (al-Mascobiyyah) and the Austrian Hospice Hospital were officially under their administration by May 1948 and these facilities received the wounded and the sick during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The Russian Compound (מִגְרַשׁ הָרוּסִים Migrash HaRusim) is one of the oldest districts in central Jerusalem, including a large Russian Orthodox ^[4] A large Red Cross flag flew over the Central Hospital which was run by one of Canaan's colleagues. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated Jewish militias nevertheless shelled the hospital, destroying a large section. Jewish military history focuses on the Military history aspect of the Jewish people in Jewish history from ancient times until the modern age After the surrounding houses and a part of the hospital were occupied by Jewish militants, who continually shelled the remainder of the medical facility preventing patient access, the Society was finally forced to evacuate in October 1948. ^[4]

Canaan himself had managed the Austrian Hospice which was transformed into a hospital in early 1948 with the agreement of the Mandatory authorities. Canaan and the hospital staff managed to keep it running during the battle for Jerusalem until they too were forced to evacuate due to continuous shelling. ^[4]

Post-1948

After the war ended and with the influx of refugees in Jerusalem, the Lutheran World Federation (LWF) appointed Canaan as manager of medical operations. He helped establish clinics at the Saint John Hospice in the Old City, and in 'Aizariyyeh, Hebron, Beit Jala, and Taybeh (near Ramallah). al-Eizariya or al-Izzariya (العيزريه lit Place of Lazarus) is the second largest Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate with Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south Taybeh is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 35 kilometers North of the city of Jerusalem and 12 kilometers Northeast of Ramallah He also regularly visited mobile clinics established by the LWF in rural areas. ^[4]

In 1950, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and the LWF jointly reestablished the Augusta Victoria Hospital in the same building and with the same name on the Mount of Olives (Jabal al-Tur). United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( UNRWA) is a relief and human development agency providing education health care social services The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, جبل الزيتون الطور Jebel az-Zeitun הר הזיתים Har HaZeitim; is a mountain ridge in east Canaan was appointed its first medical director and held the position for five years. ^[4]

After his son Theo died in 1954 while renovating an archaeological monument in Jerash, Canaan and his wife were bereft. Overview Jerash, the Gerasa of Antiquity is the capital When he retired at the age of seventy-five, he was offered a house on the grounds of the Augusta Victoria Hospital where he lived with his family and continued to write until his death on January 15, 1964. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. His last article, "Crime in the Traditions and Customs of the Arabs in Jordan," was published in German in Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästinavereins that same year. ^[4] Canaan was buried in the Evangelical Lutheran Cemetery in Bethlehem, near Beit Jala, his childhood home. ^[4]

Published works

Folklore and ethnography

• "Agriculture in Palestine" (1909). In Globus, a translation from Arabic into German of a lecture he delivered on 22 May 1909. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[4]
• "Demons as an Aetiological Factor in Popular Medicine" (1912). In Al-Kulliyeh (Beirut), a translation from German into English of part of his book Superstition and Popular Medicine (1914).
• "The Calendar of Palestinian Peasants" (1913). In Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästinavereins (Journal of the German Palestine Society). ^[4]
• Superstition and Popular Medicine (1914). ^[4]
• "Haunted Springs and Water Demons in Palestine" (1920-1921). ^[4]
• "Tasit ar-Radjfeh" ("Fear Cup"; 1923). ^[4]
• Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine (1927). Jerusalem: The Syrian Orphanage Press. ^[10]
• "Plant-lore in Palestinian Superstition" (1928). ^[4]
• Belief in Demons in the Holy Land (1929, in German). ^[4]
• "Studies in the Topography and Folklore of Petra" (1929). ^[9]
• "Light and Darkness in Palestine Folklore" (1931). In JPOS. ^[10]
• "Unwritten Laws Affecting the Arab Women of Palestine" (1931). In JPOS. ^[10]
• The Palestine Arab House: Its Architecture and Folklore (1933). The Syrian Orphanage Press, Jerusalem. ^[10]
• "Arabic Magic Bowls" (1936). In Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society. ^[13]
• "Review of Dalman's Arbeit und Sitte in Palastina" (1934). In JPOS. ^[10]
• "Review of Granquist's Marriage Conditions in a Palestinian Village" (1933 and 1937). Hilma Granqvist (1890-1972 was a Swedish-Finnish Anthropologist who conducted long field studies of Palestinians She was a student of Edward Westermarck In JPOS. ^[10]
• "The Decipherment of Arabic Talismans" (1938). Beirut. ^[14]
• "Superstition and Folklore about Bread" (1962). ^[15]
• Ya Kafi Ya Shafi: The Tawfik Canaan Collection of Palestinian Amulets (1998). Khaled Nashef, ed. Birzeit University. ^[16]
• "The 'Azazime Bedouin and Their Region". Translated from the original German by William Templer. In Arab World Geographer (1999). ^[17]

Politics

• The Palestine Arab Cause (1936). Published in English, Arabic, and French. ^[4]
• Conflict in the Land of Peace (1936). A 48-page booklet originally written in English. ^[4]

Medical

• "Modern Treatment" (1905). In Al-Muqtataf (Beirut). ^[4]
• "Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis in Jerusalem" (1911). In Al-Kulliyeh (Beirut). ^[4]
• "Topographical studies in Leishmaniasis in Palestine" (1945). Journal of the Palestinian Arab Medical Association. ^[2]

Awards

• The Order of the Red Crescent in World War I. ^[4]
• The Iron Cross in World War I. For other meanings please see Iron Cross (disambiguation The Iron Cross ( was a Military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia ^[4]
• The Holy Sepulchre Cross with a red ribbon, awarded by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch in 1951. ^[4]
• The Federal Merit Cross from the Federal Republic of Germany in 1951. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ^[4]

See also

• Saint George Interfaith shrine
• Pentecontad calendar

References

External links

• The Tawfiq Canaan Collection of Palestinian Amulets - A virtual gallery

Persondata
NAME	Canaan, Tawfiq
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Canaan, Tawfik; Canaan, Tewfik; Kanaan, Tawfiq
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Palestinian physician and author
DATE OF BIRTH	1882
PLACE OF BIRTH	Beit Jala
DATE OF DEATH	1964
PLACE OF DEATH	East Jerusalem

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic