Tatar татарча / Tatarça / تاتارچا
Spoken in:	Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, China, Finland, former Soviet Union
Total speakers:	8 million
Language family:	Altaic[1] (controversial)  Turkic   Kypchak    Kypchak–Bolgar     Tatar
Official status
Official language in:	Tatarstan
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	tt
ISO 639-2:	tat
ISO 639-3:	tat
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Kypchak languages (also known as the Kipchak Qypchaq or Northwestern Turkic languages are a major branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 12 million Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Tatar language (Tatar tele, Tatarça, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups

Contents 1 Classification 2 Geographic distribution 2.1 Official status 2.2 Dialects of Tatar 2.2.1 Mişär 2.2.2 Middle 2.2.2.1 Minzälä 2.2.2.2 Slang 2.2.3 Siberian Tatar 2.3 Tatar in Russia 3 Phonology 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Consonants 3.3 Pronunciation of loanwords 3.4 Palatalisation 3.5 Syllable types 3.6 Phonetic replacement 4 Grammar 4.1 Plural 5 Writing system 5.1 Pre–1928 5.2 1927–1938 5.3 Cyrillic 5.4 Modern Latin 6 History 7 Examples 8 Further reading 9 See also 10 Notes 11 External links 11.1 Language studies 11.2 Forums 11.3 History and literature 11.4 Dictionaries

Classification

Tatar is a Turkic language, which is considered part of the disputed Altaic language family. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around

Geographic distribution

Tatar is spoken in Russia, Central Asia, Ukraine, Poland, China, Finland and Turkey. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Tatar is also native for 400,000 Bashkirs, especially those living in Ufa, and some thousands of Maris. The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. Ufa (Уфа́ Өфө Öfö; Уфа|Ufa Ӗпхӳ Ephü) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. The Mari are a Volga-Finnic people who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia Mordva's Qaratay group also speak Tatar. The Mordvins (also Mordva, Mordvinians) are a people who speak languages of the Volga-Finnic (Finno-Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric language 94% of ethnic Tatar and 7% of the people of other ethnicities living in Tatarstan claimed knowledge of Tatar language during the 2002 census. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried ^[2]

Official status

Tatar is the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan. Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian The official script of Tatar language is based on the Cyrillic alphabet with some additional letters not used in Slavic languages. An official script is a script that is specifically designated to be official in the Constitutions or other applicable Laws of countries, The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Sometimes other scripts are used, mostly Latin and Arabic. All official sources in Tatarstan use Cyrillic at their web-sites and publishing. In other cases, where Tatar has no official status, the use of a specific alphabet depends on the preference of the author. Guides in Tatarstan are published in two alphabets.

The Tatar language was made a de facto official language in Russia in 1917 (for the first time since 1552, when the Kazan Khanate was annexed by Russia), but only in the Tatar–Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Kazan Khanate (Казан ханлыгы|Qazan xanlığı|قازان خانليغى Russian: Казанское ханство tr: Kazanskoe khanstvo Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( TASSR) was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tatar is also considered the official language in Idel-Ural State. Idel-Ural literally means "Volga-Ural" in Tatar.Historically it refers to a short-lived Tatar Republic with its centre in Kazan

One should note, however, that Bolshevist Russia did not recognize official languages as such; however, there were a number of languages that could be used in trial in some republics. Bolshevist Russia or Bolshevik Russia is a common term for the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian In the Soviet epoch, Tatar was such a language in Bashkortostan, Mari El and other regions of the Russian SFSR (the Soviet Republic comprised of the area of modern-day Russia). A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. Republic of Bashkortostan (Респу́блика Башкортоста́н Башҡортостан Республикаһы or Bashkiria (ru Башки́рия Mari El Republic (Респу́блика Мари́й Эл Mari: Марий Эл Республик is a federal subject and republic of Russia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

The usage of Tatar declined from the 1930s onwards. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. In the 1980s it was not studied in city schools, not even by Tatar pupils. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Although the language was used in rural schools, Tatar-speaking pupils had little chance to enter university, because all higher education was in Russian.

According to some, Tatar is no longer an endangered language, although it is still a low prestige language. Higher education in Tatar can only be found in Tatarstan, and is restricted to the humanities. Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian In other regions Tatar is primarily a spoken language and the number of speakers as well as their proficiency tends to decrease. Tatar is popular as a written language only in Tatar-speaking areas where schools with Tatar language lessons are situated. On the other hand, Tatar is the only language in use in rural districts of Tatarstan. This is a list of units of administrative division of the Republic of Tatarstan, a federal subject of Russia

Dialects of Tatar

There are 3 main dialects of Tatar: Western (Mişär or Mishar), Middle (Tatarstan's most popular language), and Eastern (Siberian). Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian All of these dialects also have subdivisions.

Mişär

In the Western (Mişär) dialect Ç is pronounced as [ʧ] (southern or lambir mishars) and as [ʦ] (northern mishars or nizhgars). C is pronounced as [ʤ]. There are no differences between v and w, q and k, g and ğ in Mişär dialect. So, modern Tatar Cyrillic alphabet represent Mishar pronunciation WYSIWYS, but for the main speakers of the language Cyrillic has difficult rules to pronounce right. (Cyrillic Tatar doesn't have special letters for q, ğ and w)

This is the dialect spoken by the Tatar minority of Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.

Middle

Minzälä

In the Minzälä subdialect of the Middle Dialect z is pronounced as [ð], as opposed to other dialects where it is silent.

Slang

Main article: Tatar-Russian code-switching

In bilingual city people often pronounce x instead of h, k instead of q, g instead of ğ , v instead of w - or making the distinction is less common than it used to be. Tatar-Russian code-switching is a Code-switching language of the urban population of Tatarstan, and is spoken predominantly among bilingual Tatars This could be viewed as an influence of the Russian language. Another theory is that these cities were places where both the Western and Middle dialects were used.

The influence of Russian language is significant. Russian words and phrases are used with Tatar grammar or Russian grammar in Tatar texts. Some Russian verbs are taken entirely, un-nativized, and followed with itärgä. Some English words and phrases are also used.

There was a distinct cryptolect the Gäp, spoken predominantly in Kazan, but now it is extinct or near the extinction. Cant is an example of an Argot or cryptolect a characteristic or secret language used only by members of a group often used to conceal the meaning from those outside the group The Yaña Bistä slang, Yaña Bistä gäbe or simply Gäp was a distinct Cryptolect of the Tatar language, spoken in Yaña Bistä (The New Quarter Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities

Siberian Tatar

The Siberian Tatars use a different dialect from literary Tatar. The Siberian Tatars are a sub-group of the Tatars, sometimes considered a separate ethnic group Baraba or Baraba Tatar is a Turkic language spoken by about 8000 people in Russian Siberia. Tatar was used as literary writing language before 1930, but since then only Russian has been used as a written language. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Siberian Tatars pronounce [ts] instead of ç, [j] instead of c and sometimes [p] and [t] instead of b and d. There are also grammatical differences within the dialect, scattered across Western Siberia.

The language of the Chulym Tatars is considered to be an independent language, as are the other "Tatar" languages to the East of them. Chulym (Russian Чулымский язык also known as Chulim, Chulym-Turkic, Küerik, Chulym Tatar or Melets Tatar (not The Chulyms, also Chulym Tatars, ( Чулымцы in Russian; self-designation Чулымские люди, the Russian phrase for Chulymian

Tatar in Russia

There are some 5,300,000 Tatar speakers in Russia. Only about 4,500,000 of them are Tatars. Other speakers are Bashkirs (520,000), Russians (130,000), Chuvashs (70,000), Maris (42,000), Udmurts and Mordvins. There are local Tatar language speakers in Tatarstan, this number includes Azeri, Armenian, Kazakh and Jewish communities. The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

Phonology

Vowels

Tatar has 16 vowel symbols representing a variable number of sounds. As a Turkic language, Tatar exhibits vowel harmony, with some of the vowels considered front and others back. Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages

Front vowels: ä [æ~ə], â [æ], e [e], é [ɛ], i [i], ó [ø], ö [œ], ü [y]

Back vowels: a [ɑ~ʌ], á [ɑ], í [ɯɪ], ı [ɯ~ɨ:], o [o~o:], u–ú [u]

The usage of í, â, á, ó, ú, é is not universal, and sometimes ıy, a, ya, yo, yu and e are used instead.

Some of them are found only in Slavic loanwords, such as é, ó, long o, long ı. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Acute in á, ó, ú denotes palatalisation, but sometimes a palatalisated consonant is marked by following y before the vowel. This is only a problem for Russian loanwords.

The commonly pronounced 10 vowels are native Tatar vowels: a–ä, u–ü, í–i, o–ö, ı–e. The last two pairs are considered to be short vowels. They also could mean a long vowels, but only in loanwords. [ə] and [ʌ] are not considered to be independent vowels. Loaned vowels are considered to be back vowels.

Consonants

The consonants of Tatar

	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular	Glottal
Plosives	p /p/	b /b/			t /t/	d /d/							k /k/	ɡ /ɡ/	q /q/
Nasals	m /m/				n /n/								ñ /ŋ/
Fricatives			f /f/	v /v/	s /s/	z /z/			ş /ʃ/ ç /ɕ/	j /ʒ/ c /ʑ/				ğ /ɣ/		h /h/
Trill							r /r/
Approximant											y /j/ ([j~ɪ])
Lateral approximant									l /l/

Most of these phonemes are common to or have equivalents in all Turkic languages. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both

The phonemes /f/, /x/ and /ʒ/ were borrowed from Arabic and European languages in the Middle Ages, while /v/ was borrowed in the beginning of 20th century. Differentiation between /h/ and /x/ appeared in the 10th century with the appearance of the word Allah and the strongest influence of Arabic and Persian languages. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' During the atheistic Soviet period, the occurrence of /h/ greatly reduced. Atheism A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia.

Pronunciation of loanwords

While the consonants [ʒ], [f] and [v] are not native to Tatar, they are well established. However, Tatars usually substitute fricatives for affricates, for example [ʃʲ] for [ʧ], [ʒ] or [ʒʲ] for [ʤ] and [s] for [ʦ]. Nevertheless, literary traditions recommend pronunciation of affricates in loanwords.

[ʔ] (hamza) is a sound found in Arabic loanwords and Islamic prayers. Hamza ( Arabic: ar الهَمْزة ʼal-hamzah) (ar [[wiktء ء]] is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the Glottal stop. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and It is usually pronounced as [e] in loanwords.

Palatalisation

Palatalisation is not common in the Tatar language. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process As a result, Tatar speakers have no problem using the Arabic and Jaŋalif scripts, neither of which has an accepted method for indicating palatisation. History The earliest example of the Kypchak language, the main ancestor of the modern Tatar language and

In general, Russian words with palatalisation have entered into the speech of bilingual Tatars since the 1930s. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. When writing in the Cyrillic alphabet Russian words were spelled as they were in the Russian language. In today's Latin orthography, palatalisation is sometimes represented by an acute diacritic under the vowel. History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.

Some Tatars speak Russian without palatalisation, which is known as a Tatar accent.

Syllable types

• V (ı-lıs, u-ra, ö-rä)
• VC (at-law, el-geç, ir-kä)
• CV (qa-la, ki-ä, su-la)
• CVC (bar-sa, sız-law, köç-le, qoş-çıq)
• VCC (ant-lar, äyt-te, ilt-kän)
• CVCC (tört-te, qart-lar, 'qayt-qan)

Phonetic replacement

Tatar phonotactics dictate many pronunciation changes. Phonotactics (in Greek phone = voice and tactic = course is a branch of Phonology that deals with restrictions in a Language on the

Unrounded vowels may be pronounced as rounded after o or ö:

qorı /qoro/
borın /boron/
közge /közgö/
sorı /soro/)

Nasals are assimilated to following stops:

unber /umber/
mengeç /meñgeç/

Voicing may also undergo assimilation:

küzsez /küssez/

Unstressed vowels may be syncopated or reduced:

urını /urnı/
kilene /kilne/
bezne /bĕzne/
kerdem /kĕrdem/
qırğıç /qĭrğıç/

Vowels may also be elided:

qara urman /qar'urman/
kilä ide /kilä'yde/
turı uram /tur'uram/
bula almím /bul'almím/

In consonant clusters longer than two phones, ı or e (whichever is dictated by vowel harmony) is inserted into speech as an epenthetic vowel. Assimilation is a common Phonological process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word (or at a word boundary Vowel reduction is the term in Phonetics that refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of Vowels which are related to changes in stress Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier In Linguistics, a consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of Consonants which have no intervening Vowel. Within Phonetics, a phone is a speech sound or gesture considered a physical event without regard to its place in the Phonology of a Language Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance ( see below) assimilatory phonological process involving Vowels in some languages In Phonology, epenthesis (/əˈpɛnθəsɪs/ Ancient Greek ἐπένθεσις - epenthesis from epi "on" + en "in"

tekst → /tekest/
bank → /banık/ (not /bañk/)

Final devoicing is also frequent:

tabíb (doctor) → [tabíp]

Grammar

Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is an agglutinative language. Final obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as German, Dutch, Polish An agglutinative language is a Language that uses Agglutination extensively most Words are formed by joining Morphemes together

Plural

• After vowels, consonants, hard: -lar (bala-lar, abí-lar, kitap-lar, qaz-lar, malay-lar, qar-lar, ağaç-lar)
• After vowels, consonants, soft: -lär (äni-lär, sölge-lär, däftär-lär, kibet-lär, süz-lär, bäbkä-lär, mäktäp-lär, xäref-lär)
• After nasals, hard: -nar (uram-nar, urman-nar, tolım-nar, moñ-nar, tañ-nar, şalqan-nar)
• After nasals, soft: -när (ülän-när, keläm-när, çräm-när, iñ-när, ciñ-när, isem-när)

Writing system

Main articles: Tatar alphabet and Jaŋalif

Tatar has been written in a number of different alphabets. Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin. History The earliest example of the Kypchak language, the main ancestor of the modern Tatar language and Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Writing was adopted from the Bolgar language, which used the Orkhon script, before the 920s. Bulgar (also Bolğar and Proto-Bulgarian) was the language of the Bulgars, now extinct The Old Turkic script (also Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script; Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları, 鄂爾渾文字 Events and Trends Simple920s Zh-yue920年代 Later, the Arabic alphabet was also used, as well as the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu.

Pre–1928

Before 1928 Tatar was written with a variant of the Arabic alphabet (Iske imla . İske imlâ ( imˈlʲæ Cyrillic: иске имля Tatar language for Old Orthography) is a variant of the Arabic alphabet, used for the . . - 1920; Yanga imla 1920-1928). Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Yaña imlâ ( imˈlʲæ Cyrillic: яңа имля Tatar for new orthography) was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

1927–1938

In the Soviet Union Tatar was written with a Latin orthography called Jaŋalif. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 History The earliest example of the Kypchak language, the main ancestor of the modern Tatar language and

Cyrillic

In Tatarstan (a republic of Russia where Tatar is most commonly used) and all other parts of Russia a Cyrillic alphabet is used to write Tatar; also in Kazakhstan. Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the

Modern Latin

A Latin alphabet-based system has been used mostly in Tatarstan since 2000 and generally on the Internet, although this has been less common more recently due to the Russian law that all languages of Russia must be written in Cyrillic. Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

History

Tatar's ancestors are the extinct Bolgar and Kipchak languages. Bulgar (also Bolğar and Proto-Bulgarian) was the language of the Bulgars, now extinct

The literary Tatar language is based on Kazan Tatar's Middle (Tatarstan) dialect and the Old Tatar language (İske Tatar Tele). Old Tatar language ( Iske imla: يسكى تاتار تلى (translit Both are members of the Kypchak (or Northwestern) group of Turkic languages, although they are also partly derived from the ancient Volga Bolgar language. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Bulgar (also Bolğar and Proto-Bulgarian) was the language of the Bulgars, now extinct

The Tatar language strongly influenced most of the Caucasian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric languages in the Volga River area. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and

Examples

• äye – yes
• yuq – no
• isänme(sez)/sawmı(sız) – hello
• sälâm – hi
• saw bul(ığız)/xuş(ığız) – bye bye
• zínhar öçen – please
• min – I
• sin – you
• ul – he / she / it
• bez – we
• sez – you
• alar – they
• millät – nation
• İngliz(çä) – English

Further reading

• Bukharaev, R. , & Matthews, D. J. (2000). Historical anthology of Kazan Tatar verse: voices of eternity. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0700710779
• PEN (Organization). (1998). Tatar literature today. Kazan: Magarif Publishers.
• Poppe, N. N. (1963). Tatar manual: descriptive grammar and texts with a Tatar-English glossary. Bloomington: Indiana University.

See also

• Tatars
• Tatar alphabet
• Russification

Notes

External links

• Tatar language on Ethnologue
• Tatar language at the Open Directory Project (English)
• Tatar language at the Open Directory Project (Tatar)
• Tatar dictionaries at the Open Directory Project (English)
• Web directory at the Open Directory Project (Tatar)
• Tatar.Net

Language studies

• Information about Tatar writing
• Tatar tele turında säxifä (Tatar dili hakkinda sahife)
• Tatar.com.ru: Tatar language course (Russian)

Forums

• Tatar mailing list (English)
• Tatar forum (Tatar)
• IRC channel #tatar on the freenode network

History and literature

• Tatar poetry (Tatar)
• Tatar myths, including the story of tt:Şüräle (Russian)
• Tatar library
• Tatar Electronic Library (Russian) (Tatar)
• Links to other Tatar language resources
• Tatars' history in the Turkic world perspective (Volga Bulgars links are under the "History" and "Genetics" tabs)

Dictionaries

• Tatar-Russian-English dictionary

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory freenode, formerly known as Open Projects Network, is a popular IRC network used to discuss peer-directed projects Şüräle ( /shew-ra-LE/ Cyrillic: Шүрәле, also spelled Shurale in English via Russian Шурале) is a male monster (a forest demon

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