| Taste bud | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Semidiagrammatic view of a portion of the mucous membrane of the tongue. Two fungiform papillæ are shown. On some of the filiform papillæ the epithelial prolongations stand erect, in one they are spread out, and in three they are folded in. | |
 |
|
| The mouth cavity. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward. | |
| Latin | caliculus gustatorius |
| Gray's | subject #222 991 |
| MeSH | Taste+Buds |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | c_03/12205927 |
Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. the Peripheral organs of the Special senses the organs of Taste ( Peripheral gustatory or Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group The tongue is the large bundle of Skeletal muscles on the floor of the Mouth that manipulates Food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition The soft palate (or velum, or muscular palate) is the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the Mouth. The epiglottis is a lid-like flap of Elastic cartilage tissue covered with a Mucous membrane, attached to the root of the Tongue. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses
The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds.
Contents |
Types of papillae
The majority of taste buds on the tongue sit on raised protrusions of the tongue surface called papillae. There are four types of papillae present in the human tongue:
- Fungiform papillae - as the name suggests, these are slightly mushroom shaped if looked at in section. The fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped papillae (projections on the Tongue. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source These are present mostly at the apex (tip) of the tongue, as well as at the sides. Innervated by facial nerve.
- Filiform papillae - these are thin, long papillae "V"-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. The filiform papillae are thin long Papillae "V"-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation. Characterized increased keratinization.
- Foliate papillae - these are ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the tongue found on lateral margins. Taste-buds, the end-organs of the Gustatory sense are scattered over the Mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue at irregular intervals Innervated by facial nerve (anterior papillae) and glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior papillae).
- Circumvallate papillae - there are only about 3-14 of these papillae on most people, and they are present at the back of the oral part of the tongue. The circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae) are of large size (dome-shaped structures and vary from eight to twelve in number They are arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the sulcus terminalis of the tongue. The dorsum of the Tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus which divides it into symmetrical halves this sulcus ends about 2 They are associated with ducts of Von Ebner's glands. Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
It is known that there are five taste sensations:
- Sweet, Bitter, and Umami (now sometimes called Savory), which work with a signal through a G-protein coupled receptor. Sweet is one of the five Basic tastes and is almost universally regarded as a pleasurable experience Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses G protein-coupled receptors ( GPCRs) also known as seven transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, and
- Salty and Sour, which work with ion channels. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Ion channels are pore-forming Proteins that help establish and control the small Voltage Gradient across the Plasma membrane of all living
Localization of taste and the human "tongue map"
Contrary to popular understanding that different tastes map to different areas of the tongue, taste qualities are found in all areas of the tongue. [1][2][3]
The original "tongue map" was based on a mistranslation by Harvard psychologist Edwin G. Boring of a German paper that was written in 1901. Edwin Garrigues Boring ( October 23, 1886 - July 1, 1968) was an experimental psychologist who later became one of the first Historians [4] Sensitivity to all tastes occurs across the whole tongue and indeed to other regions of the mouth where there are taste buds (epiglottis, soft palate). [5]
Structure of taste buds
Each taste bud is flask-like in shape, its broad base resting on the corium, and its neck opening by an orifice, the gustatory pore, between the cells of the epithelium.
The bud is formed by two kinds of cells: supporting cells and gustatory cells.
- The supporting (sustentacular) cells are mostly arranged like the staves of a cask, and form an outer envelope for the bud. Some, however, are found in the interior of the bud between the gustatory cells.
- The gustatory (taste) cells, a chemoreceptor, occupy the central portion of the bud; they are spindle-shaped, and each possesses a large spherical nucleus near the middle of the cell. A chemosensor, also known as chemoreceptor, is a Sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an Action potential.
The peripheral end of the cell terminates at the gustatory pore in a fine hair-like filament, the gustatory hair.
The central process passes toward the deep extremity of the bud, and there ends in single or bifurcated varicosities.
The nerve fibrils after losing their medullary sheaths enter the taste bud, and end in fine extremities between the gustatory cells; other nerve fibrils ramify between the supporting cells and terminate in fine extremities; these, however, are believed to be nerves of ordinary sensation and not gustatory.
See also
Additional images
 schematic drawing of a taste bud |
 taste bud (nerve missing) |
References
- ^ Huang A. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses The gustatory system is the Sensory system for the sense of Taste. L. , et al. "The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection". , Nature, 442. 934 - 938 (2006).
- ^ Scenta. How sour taste buds grow. Retrieved on August 28, 2006.
- ^ Roberts, David. 2002. Signals and Perception. Palgrave MacMillan.
- ^ Hänig, D. P. , 1901. Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes. Philosophische Studien, 17: 576-623.
- ^ Collings, V. B. , 1974. Human Taste Response as a Function of Locus of Stimulation on the Tongue and Soft Palate. Perception & Psychophysics, 16: 169-174.
External links
- Beyond the Tongue Map
- Taste Perception: Cracking the Code
- Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds from National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, July 22, 2005
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic