Chemical structure of tartrazine, C₁₆H₉N₄Na₃O₉S₂

Space-filling model of tartrazine - the sodium ions are shown in purple.

Inca Kola would be colorless without tartrazine. Inca Kola also known as Inca Cola or the Golden Kola is a Soft drink made in Peru.

Tartrazine (otherwise known as E102 or FD&C Yellow 5) is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food coloring. Lemon or lemon yellow is a Color somewhat resembling Yellow and named after the fruit. Azo compounds are compounds bearing the Functional group R-N=N-R' in which R and R' can be either Aryl or Alkyl. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied A food coloring is any substance that is added to Food or Drink to change its Color. It is derived from coal tar. Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high Viscosity, which smells of Naphthalene and Aromatic hydrocarbons Coal tar is among the by-products when coal It is water soluble^[1] and has a max absorbance in an aqueous solution at 427±2^[2] nm. A nanometre ( American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) ( Greek: νάνος nanos dwarf; μετρώ metrό count) is a

Tartrazine is a very commonly used color all over the world - mainly because it is one of the cheapest synthetic colors - obviously used for yellow, but can also be used with E133 Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1) or E142 Green S to produce various green shades. "Blue 1" redirects here For the airline see Blue1. Brilliant Blue FCF, also known under commercial names is a Colorant for foods and other substances Green S, Greens S, Food Green S, FD&C Green 4, Acid green 50, Lissamine Green B, Wool Green S, or C

Products containing tartrazine

Foods

Many foods contain Tartrazine, depending on the manufacturer or the cook in charge; however, for several decades (since the 1950s) they have been known to frequently have various proportions of it, while nowadays the trend is to avoid its addition, or to substitute natural dyeing substances for it, like annatto, malt color, or betacarotene (see Sensitivities & Intolerance, below). The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Annatto, sometimes called Roucou, is a derivative of the Achiote trees of tropical regions of the Americas used to produce a red Food coloring and also Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further Beta-carotene is an Organic compound - a Terpenoid, a red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits

Products including Tartrazine commonly include confectionery, cotton candy, soft drinks, instant puddings, flavored chips (Doritos, Nachos, etc), cereals (corn flakes, muesli, etc. Confectionery is a set of Food items that are rich in Sugar; modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Pudding most often refers to a Dessert, but can also be a savory dish Doritos-iljpg|thumb|Mexican Nacho Flavored Doritos Israel (old style]] Doritos (dəˈriːɾoʊz is a brand of flavored Tortilla chips produced since 1966 by the American Corn flakes are a popular Breakfast cereal originally manufactured by Kellogg's through the treatment of corn. Muesli is a popular Breakfast cereal based on uncooked Rolled oats, fruit and nuts ), cake mixes, pastries, custard powder, soups (particularly instant or "cube" soups), sauces, some rices (like paella, risotto, etc. Cake is a form of Food that is usually sweet and often baked. This article describes Pastry in food For the Distributed Hash Table system see Pastry_(DHT. Custard is a range of preparations based on Milk and eggs thickened with heat Soup is a Food that is made by combining ingredients such as Meat and Vegetables in stock or hot/boiling Water, until the flavor A bouillon cube (US or stock cube (UK is dehydrated Broth ( bouillon in French) or stock formed into a small Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Paella (pa'eʎa is an internationally famous dish consisting of White rice, Meat, Seafood, Beans and Vegetables (depending on Risotto is a rich and creamy traditional Italian rice dish It is one of the most common ways of Cooking rice in Italy. ), Kool-Aid, Gatorade, ice cream, ice lollies, candy, chewing gum, marzipan, jam, jelly, gelatins, marmalade, mustard, horseradish, yogurt, noodles, pickles and other pickled products, certain brands of fruit squash, fruit cordial, chips, tim tams, and many convenience foods together with glycerin, lemon and honey products. Kool-Aid is a brand of artificially-flavored drink mix owned by the Kraft Foods Company. Gatorade is a flavored non- carbonated Sports drink manufactured by the Quaker Oats Company, now a division of PepsiCo. Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined Candy, specifically sugar candy, is a confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water to which a variety of flavorings and colorants is added For songs called "Chewing Gum" see Chewing Gum (song Chewing gum is a type of Confectionery traditionally made of Chicle For the character in the animated internet cartoon see Homestar Runner. Gelatin (also gelatine, from French gélatine) is a translucent colourless brittle nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the British-style marmalade is a sweet preserve with a bitter tang made from Fruit, Sugar, water and (in some commercial brands a Gelling agent Mustard is a thick yellowish-brown paste with a sharp taste made from the ground seeds of a Mustard plant (white or yellow mustard Sinapis hirta Horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana, syn Cochlearia armoracia) is a Perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family which also includes mustard Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a A noodle is food made from unleavened Dough that is cooked in a boiling liquid Squash (sometimes called cordial; however see the definitions below is a highly-sweetened (and often fruit-based Concentrate, which is mixed with a liquid most Tim Tams are a Chocolate Biscuit made by Arnott's Biscuits, Australia. Convenience food, or tertiary processed food, is commercially prepared food designed for ease of consumption The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the

Non-food products

Soaps, cosmetics, shampoos and other hair products, moisturizers, crayons and stamp dyes. SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using Shampoo is a Hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt skin particles Dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that Moisturisers or moisturizers (see spelling differences) are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the Skin A crayon is a stick of colored Wax, Charcoal, Chalk, or other materials used for writing and Drawing.

Medications

Vitamins, antacids, medicinal capsules and certain prescription drugs. A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. An antacid is any substance generally a base or Basic salt, which counteracts stomach acidity.

Sensitivities and intolerance

Tartrazine appears to cause the most allergic and intolerance reactions of all the azo dyes, particularly among asthmatics and those with an aspirin intolerance. ^[3] Symptoms from tartrazine sensitivity can occur by either ingestion or cutaneous exposure to a substance containing tartrazine.

A variety of immunologic responses have been attributed to Tartrazine ingestion, including anxiety, migraines, clinical depression, blurred vision, itching, general weakness, heatwaves, feeling of suffocation, purple skin patches, and sleep disturbance. Some claim to experience symptoms of tartrazine sensitivity even at extremely small doses, and up to 72 hours after exposure. In children, asthma attacks and hives have been claimed, including supposed links to thyroid tumors, chromosomal damage, hives, and hyperactivity. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic ^[4]

The mechanism of sensitivity is obscure and has been called pseudoallergic. Multiple chemical sensitivity ( MCS) is described as a chronic condition characterized by adverse effects from exposure to low levels of chemicals or other substances in modern The prevalence of tartrazine intolerance is estimated at roughly 360,000 Americans affected, about 0. 12% of the general population. According to the FDA, tartrazine causes hives in fewer than 1 in 10,000 people, or 0. 01%. ^[5]

Some researchers have linked tartrazine to childhood Obsessive-compulsive disorder and hyperactivity. ^[6]

It is not clear to what extent these problems can be specifically linked to tartrazine in affected individuals. The existence of a sensitivity reaction is well-known, but the existence of more extreme effects remain controversial. The incidence of tartrazine intolerance is fairly low as indicated above, and there is much controversy about whether tartrazine has ill effects on individuals who are not clearly intolerant.

Total avoidance is the most common way to deal with tartrazine sensitivity,^[7] but progress has been made in reducing people’s tartrazine sensitivity in a study of people who are simultaneously sensitive to both aspirin and tartrazine. ^[8]

Possible health effects

On 6 September 2007, the British Food Standards Agency revised advice on certain artificial food additives, including E102. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started The Food Standards Agency is a Non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

Professor Jim Stevenson from Southampton University, and author of the report, said: "This has been a major study investigating an important area of research. The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and sodium benzoate preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children.

"However, parents should not think that simply taking these additives out of food will prevent hyperactive disorders. We know that many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid. "

The following additives were tested in the research:

• Sunset yellow (E110) - Coloring found in squashes
• Carmoisine (E122) - Red coloring in jellies
• Tartrazine (E102) - New coloring in lollies, fizzy drinks
• Ponceau 4R (E124) - Red coloring
• Sodium benzoate (E211) - Preservative
• Quinoline yellow (E104) - Food coloring
• Allura red AC (E129) - Orange / red food dye^[9]

On 10 April 2008, the Food Standards Agency called for a voluntary removal of the colors (but not sodium benzoate) by 2009. Possible health effects Sunset Yellow is a sulfonated version of Sudan I, a possible carcinogen which Azorubine, carmoisine, Food Red 3, Azorubin S, Brillantcarmoisin O, Acid Red 14, or C Ponceau 4R (also known as Food Red 7, CI 16255, Cochineal Red A, New Coccine, Acid Red 18, SX purple) is a synthetic Sodium benzoate ( E211) also called benzoate of soda, has Chemical formula NaC6H5CO2 Quinoline yellow, Quinoline Yellow WS, CI 47005, or Food Yellow 13, is a yellow Food dye. Allura Red AC is a red Azo dye that goes by several names including Allura Red Food Red 17 C Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama ^[10] In addition, it recommended that there should be action to phase them out in food and drink in the European Union (EU) over a specified period. ^[11]

The EFSA (European Food Standards Agency) has reviewed the Southampton Study and found the tests inconclusive and recommended no action in the EU pending further studies on colorants.

Dr. Ben Feingold implicated this colorant in a 1973 hypothesis on hyperactivity, but was cleared of this effect after extensive testing by the colorant manufacturing industry.

Regulation

Because of the problem of tartrazine intolerance, the United States requires the presence of tartrazine to be declared on food and drug products (21 CFR 74. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the 1705, 21 CFR 201. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the 20) and also the color batch used to be pre-approved by the FDA. ^[5] The FDA regularly seizes products found to be containing undeclared tartrazine or if declared but not tested by them or even if labelled other than FD&C yellow 5, these have often included Chinese "egg noodles. "[1]

The use of tartrazine is banned in Norway, and was also banned in Austria and Germany until the ban was overturned by a European Union directive. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

The United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency called in April 2008 for a voluntary phase-out of Tartrazine along with five other colorings, due to a reported link with hyperactivity in children. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Food Standards Agency is a Non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom. Hyperactivity can be described as a physical state in which a person is abnormally and easily excitable or exuberant ^[12]

Organic foods typically use betacarotene as an additive when yellow color is desired and more use has been made of Annatto (E160b) for non-organic foods. Annatto, sometimes called Roucou, is a derivative of the Achiote trees of tropical regions of the Americas used to produce a red Food coloring and also

Myths

Rumors began circulating about Yellow 5 in the 1990s regarding a link to its consumption and adverse affects on male potency, testicle and penis size and sperm count. These rumors most likely were spun from confirmed cases of allergic reactions and sensitivities to Tartrazine in Mountain Dew. There are no documented cases supporting the claim that Yellow 5 will shrink a man's penis or cause it to stop growing. ^[13]

References

External links

• Color Additives Information (Food and Drug Administration)
• FDA Docket to delist Yellow #5 (Food and Drug Administration)
• MSDS for Tartrazine (MSDS)
• Electrochemical Studies on a Pharmaceutical Azo Dye: Tartrazine (American Chemical Society)
• Some more details, other common names
• Reuters report on EU discussion of Food Additives ban