Taro
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Alismatales Family: Araceae Genus: Colocasia Species: C. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Liliopsida is a Botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae (or Lily Family Alismatales is an order of Flowering plants The order will of necessity contain the family Alismataceae. The arums comprise the Family Araceae (including the numerous Aroids subfamily monocotyledonous Flowering plants in which Flowers For the Moth genus see Colocasia (moth. Colocasia is a Genus of six to eight species of Flowering esculenta
Binomial name
Colocasia esculenta (L. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for ) Schott

Taro (from Tahitian or other Polynesian languages), more rarely kalo (from Hawaiian), is a tropical plant grown primarily as a vegetable food for its edible corm, and secondarily as a leaf vegetable. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott ( January 7, 1794 - March 5, 1865) was an Austrian Botanist well-known for his extensive work on Tahitian, a Tahitic language, is one of the two official languages of French Polynesia (along with French) The Polynesian languages are a Language family spoken in the region known as Polynesia. The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i) is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawai'i, the largest island in the tropical Root vegetables are plant roots used as Vegetables Other underground plants are often erroneously called root vegetables A corm is a short vertical swollen underground Plant stem that serves as a Storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions Leaf vegetables, also called potherbs, greens, or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a Vegetable, sometimes accompanied It is considered a staple in oceanic cultures. It is believed to be one of the earliest cultivated plants. ^[1] Taro is closely related to Xanthosoma and Caladium, plants commonly grown as ornamentals, and like them it is sometimes loosely called elephant ear. Xanthosoma is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and sub-tropical arums in the Flowering plant family Araceae, all native to tropical America This article is about a plant whose common names include "Angel Wings", "Heart of Jesus" and "elephant ear" For other uses for those terms please see Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common In its raw form the plant is toxic due to the presence of calcium oxalate,^[2][3] although the toxin is destroyed by cooking^[4] or can be removed by steeping taro roots in cold water overnight. Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms needle-shaped crystals

Contents 1 Names and origin 2 Uses 2.1 Romans 2.2 South Asia 2.3 China and Hong Kong 2.4 West Africa 2.5 Japan and Taiwan 2.6 South Korea 2.7 Vietnam 2.8 United States 2.9 Philippines 2.10 West Indies 2.11 Turkey 2.12 Cyprus 3 Cultivation 3.1 Hawaii 3.2 Fiji 3.3 Puerto Rico 4 See also 5 Images 6 Notes 7 References

Names and origin

Taro was probably first native to the lowland wetlands of Malaysia (taloes). A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Estimates are that taro was in cultivation in wet tropical India before 5000 B. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country C. , presumably coming from Malaysia, and from India further transported westward to ancient Egypt, where it was described by Greek and Roman historians as an important crop. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

Taro's scientific name is Colocasia esculenta (synonym C. For the Moth genus see Colocasia (moth. Colocasia is a Genus of six to eight species of Flowering antiquorum); esculent is an English word taken directly from Latin and means edible. The Xanthosoma genus is closely related, and several common names including callaloo and coco or cocoyam are used to refer to either Taro or domesticated Xanthosoma species which share substantially the same uses. Xanthosoma is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and sub-tropical arums in the Flowering plant family Araceae, all native to tropical America A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Callaloo (sometimes calaloo) is a Caribbean dish that is most popular in Guyana, Barbados, Grenada, Haiti, Taro may be distinguished as "taro cocoyam" or "old cocoyam", with the term "new cocoyam" referring to species of Xanthosoma.

In Kenya, taro root is referred to as arrow root, or by the Kikuyu word ndŭma. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south There is also a town in Kiambu district called Kikuyu, and a species of Pennisetum grass native to the Kenyan highlands named Kikuyu In South Africa, it referred to by the Zulu word amaDumbe^[5] or the anglicised madumbi^[6]. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Zulu ( IsiZulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal In some Caribbean countries, it is sometimes known as dasheen, a name said to be derived from the French de Chine which means from China and evokes the plant's Asian origins. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The leaves are used to make a soup popular in the West Indies, called kallaloo soup. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting In Cyprus it is known as kolokassi, which is similar to the name the Romans used: colocasia. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Taro is also known as dalo In the Fijian Islands and in Japan as satoimo. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Eddoe is another name for taro, although this one seems to be preferentially used to designate small corm varieties.

Uses

The small round variety is peeled and boiled, sold either frozen, bagged in its own liquids, or canned. Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw Ingredients into Food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by Frozen food is food preserved by the process of Freezing. Freezing food is a common method of Food preservation which slows both food decay and by Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container The plant is actually inedible when raw because of needle-shaped raphides in the plant cells. Ergastic substances are non- Protoplasm materials found in cells.

Typical of leaf vegetables, taro leaves are rich in vitamins and minerals. A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Dietary minerals are the Chemical elements required by living Organisms other than the four elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and They are a good source of thiamin, riboflavin, iron, phosphorus, and zinc, and a very good source of vitamin B6, vitamin C, niacin, potassium, copper, and manganese. For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble Vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of Amino acid metabolism including Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin which prevents the deficiency disease Pellagra. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Taro corms are very high in starch, and are a good source of dietary fiber. Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. Oxalic acid may be present in the corm and especially in the leaf, and these foods should be eaten with milk or other foods rich in calcium so as to remove the risks posed by ingesting the oxalate ion, especially for people with kidney disorders, gout, or rheumatoid arthritis. Oxalic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H2C2O4 This Dicarboxylic acid is better described with the The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid. Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that causes the Immune system to attack the Joints, where Calcium reacts with the oxalate to form calcium oxalate which is very insoluble.

Romans

Taro was used by the early Romans in much the same way the potato would later be used by Europeans. They called this root vegetable colocasia. Apicius mentions several methods for preparing taro. The text of Apicius seems to imply that the usual cooking method was to boil taro in water. Apicius suggests that a sauce be made from pepper, cumin, rue, vinegar, oil and liquamen to be served with chopped pieces of boiled taro. Garum, also called liquamen, ^[7] Apicius also mentions recipes in which pieces of taro are cooked along with meat or fowl, similar to the manner in which potatoes are now used in European meat dishes. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the use of taro gradually ceased in Europe. This was largely due to the decline of trade and commerce, as most of the taro used throughout the Roman Empire had been grown and exported from Egypt.

South Asia

Taro is extensively used in South Asia. In South India's Kerala state, it is used as a staple food, as a side dish, or as a component in various side dishes. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; As a staple food it is steamed, and eaten with a chutney of green pepper and shallot onions. Chutney ( Hindi: चटनी Urdu: چٹنی) (British spelling or chatni is a term for a variety of sweet and spicy Condiments, usually The leaves and stems of certain varieties of taro are used as a vegetable in Kerala. A tree-growing variety of taro is extensively used in the western coast of India to make "patrade" or "patrada", literally "leaf-pancake". These are either made like fritters, or are steamed and eaten. In another South Indian state, Andhra Pradesh, taro corms are known as 'chamagadda' and can be cooked in many ways, deep fried in oil for a side item with rice, or cooked in a tangy tamarind sauce with spices, onion and tomato. In the Indian state of Gujarat it is used to make patra, a dish with the leaves of the plant prepared with tamarind and other spices. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Patra is a popular vegetarian dish in the state of Gujarat in the West region of India.

In Nepal and the Indian state of Uttarakhand, it is considered a health food with a variety of cooking styles. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i The most common style is boiling it in salty water in iron cooking pots until it becomes like porridge. Another style is to steam the young leaves called 'gava', sun-dry and then store it for later use. For another variety, the taro leaves and stems are used raw as an ingredient for pickles. The leaves and stems are mixed with black lentils and then dried as small balls called 'badi' and used later on. The stems are also sun-dried and stored for later use. On one special day, women worship 'saptarshi' (seven sages) and have rice with taro leaf vegetable only.

China and Hong Kong

Taro is commonly used within Chinese cuisine in a variety of styles, mainly as a flavor enhancing ingredient. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in It is commonly braised with pork or beef. It is used in the dim sum cuisine of southern China to make a small plated dish called taro dumpling, as well as a pan-fried dish called taro cake. Dim sum is the name for a Chinese cuisine which involves a wide range of light dishes served alongside Chinese tea. Taro dumpling is a variety of Dim sum served within Chinese cuisine. Taro cake is a Chinese dish made from the vegetable Taro. While it is denser in texture than Radish cakes both these savory cakes made in a similar ways It is also woven to form a seafood birdsnest. Seafood birdsnest is a common Chinese cuisine dish found in Hong Kong, China and most overseas Chinatown restaurants The taro cake is also a delicacy traditionally eaten during the Chinese New Year. Chinese New Year is the most important of the Traditional Chinese holidays. In desserts it is used in tong sui, bubble tea, and as a flavoring in ice cream. Tong sui, also known as tian tang, is a collective term for any sweet warm Soup or Custard served as a dessert at the end of a meal in Cantonese cuisine Bubble tea, also called "Boba" tea, is a Tea beverage that originated in Taiwan in the 1980s

West Africa

Taro is consumed as a staple crop in West Africa, particularly in Nigeria and Cameroon. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. It is called cocoyam in Nigeria, Ghana and Anglophone Cameroon. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. It is called macabo in Francophone Cameroon. Xanthosoma is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and sub-tropical arums in the Flowering plant family Araceae, all native to tropical America The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa.

Japan and Taiwan

In Japan and Taiwan, supermarket varieties range from about the size and shape of a brussels sprout to longer, larger varieties the size of an adult male's fist. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good This article is about the plant For the pencil game see Sprouts (game. Taro chips are often used as a potato chip-like snack. Compared to potato chips, taro chips are harder and have a more assertive nutty flavor. They are generally made from upland taro because of their lower moisture.

South Korea

In South Korea, it is called toran (토란) meaning "egg from earth", and the corm is stewed and the leaf stem is stir-fried. Taro roots can be used for medicinal purposes, particularly for curing insect bites.

Vietnam

In Vietnam, where taro is called khoai môn or khoai sọ, it is used as a filling in spring rolls, cakes, puddings, soups and other desserts. Spring rolls are fried pastries that can be found in several Asian countries most notably China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia.

United States

In Hawaii, taro is a traditional staple, as in many tropical areas of the world, and is the base for making poi. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Poi is a Hawaiian word for the primary Polynesian Staple food made from the Corm of the kalo plant (known widely as In Chinatowns, people often use taro in Chinese cuisine, though it is not consumed or popularized nearly as much as in Asian and Pacific nations. A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in Since the late 20th century, taro chips have been available in many supermarkets and natural food stores. In the 1920's, dasheen, as it was known, was highly touted by the Secretary of the Florida Department of Agriculture as a valuable crop for growth in muck fields. Fellsmere, Florida, near the east coast, was a farming area deemed perfect for growing dasheen. It was used in place of potatoes and dried to make flour. Dasheen flour was said to make excellent pancakes when mixed with wheat flour.

Philippines

In the Philippines, taro is called gabi. A popular rendition of the taro is Laing (pronounced /lah - ing/) which originates from the Bicol region in Southern Luzon. The dish's main ingredients are taro stem and leaf cooked in coconut milk, salted with fermented shrimp or fish bagoong. Bagoong Terong or bagoong, and bugguong in the Ilocano language is a common ingredient used in the Philippines and particularly in Northern It is also heavily spiced with red hot chilis called sili'ng labuyo.

Another dish where taro finds common use in the Filipino kitchen is the Philippine national stew, called sinigang. Sinigang is a Philippine dish famous for the variety of ingredients one can use as well as for its taste This sour stew may be made with pork and beef, shrimp, or fish. Peeled and diced taro is a basic ingredient of pork sinigang.

Finally, the third most common use of taro in the Filipino diet is in ginataan, literally meaning "cooked with coconut milk. " This form of dessert, where coconut milk and taro are combined along with indigenous ingredients such as sago and jackfruit, is shared throughout most Southeast Asian cuisines.

West Indies

Taro is called Dasheen in the West Indies is cultivated and consumed as a staple crop in the region. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting

Turkey

Taro is grown in the south coast of Turkey, especially in Mersin and Antalya. It is boiled in a tomato sauce or cooked with meat, beans and chickpeas.

Cyprus

In Cyprus, taro has been in use since the time of the Roman Empire. Today it is known as "kolokassi" which is similar to the name the Romans used: colocasia. It is usually stewed with celery (and sometimes meat) in a tomato sauce. Taro also grows on Ikaria island; Ikarians credit the taro for saving them from famine during World War II. For the Utopian place see the entry for Étienne Cabet Icaria, also spelled Ikaria (Ικαρία locally Nikaria World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Cultivation

Taro can be grown in paddy fields or in upland situations where watering is supplied by rainfall or by supplemental irrigation. A paddy field is a flooded parcel of Arable land used for growing Rice and other semiaquatic crops. Some varieties of taro can also be grown away from the tropics.

Hawaii

Top Taro Producers - 2005 (million metric ton)
Nigeria	4. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal 0
Ghana	1. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the 8
China	1. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 6
Cambodia	1. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East 1
Côte d'Ivoire	0. Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a 4
Papua New Guinea	0. Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania 3
World Total	9. 2
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[8]

Taro is usually grown in pondfields called loʻi in Hawaiian. The picture below shows several small loʻi in Maunawili Valley on Oahu. Maunawili is a residential Census-designated place (CDP in the City & County of Honolulu, Koolaupoko District Island of O{{okina}}ahu Oahu (usually Oahu outside Hawaiian and Hawaiian English) known as ''"The Gathering Place", is the third largest of the The ditch on the left in the picture is called an ʻauwai and supplies diverted stream water to the loʻi. Cool, flowing water yields the best crop. Some of the taro plants in the foreground have been harvested and the caretakers are preparing to replant the huli stacked at their feet. These are the top portion of the corm with a short piece of bladeless leafstem.

Typical dryland or upland varieties (varieties grown in watered but not flooded fields) in Hawaii are lehua maoli and bun long, the latter widely known as Chinese taro. Bun long is used for making taro chips. Dasheen (also called "eddo") is another "dryland" variety of C. esculenta grown for its edible corms or sometimes just as an ornamental plant.

The Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service puts the 10-year median production of taro in the Hawaiian Islands at about 6. 1 million pounds (2,800 t; Viotti, 2004). However, 2003 taro production in Hawaii was only 5 million pounds (2,300 t), an all-time low (record keeping started in 1946). The previous low, reached in 1997, was 5. 5 million pounds (2,500 t). Yet, despite generally growing demand, production was even lower in 2005: only 4 million pounds, with kalo for processing into poi accounting for 97. 5%. ^[9] Urbanization has driven down harvests from a high of 14. 1 million pounds (6,400 t) in 1948. But more recently the decline has resulted from pests and diseases. A non-native apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) is a major culprit in the current crop declines. The family Ampullariidae - commonly referred to as apple Snails - are large Tropical and Subtropical Amphibious Also, a plant rot disease, traced to a newly identified species of the fungal genus, Phytophthora, now plagues crops throughout the state. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Phytophthora (from Greek phytón “plant” and phthorá “destruction” “the plant-destroyer” is a Genus of plant-damaging Protists Although pesticides could control both pests to some extent, pesticide use in the pondfields is barred because of the clear opportunity for chemicals to quickly migrate into streams and then into the ocean. ^[10][9]

In early April 2008, the Hawaiian House Agriculture Committee voted 9-3 to send a bill to the full house that would put a 5 year moratorium on genetic modification of taro in Hawaii. This moratorium would only apply to Hawaiian varieties of taro, thereby allowing genetic alteration of non-native species. This would include possible alteration to Chinese varieties, which are currently being grown in Hawaii, giving rise to an opportunity for cross-pollination.

Fiji

Although taro has been a staple of the Fijian diet for centuries, its growth as a commercial crop can be said to have begun in 1993 when the taro leaf blight decimated the taro industry in neighboring Samoa. Fiji filled the void and was soon supplying taro to the large Polynesian populations of New Zealand, Australia, and Los Angeles in the United States.

Almost 80% of Fiji's exported taro comes from the Island of Taveuni. Taveuni (taβeuni is the third-largest island in Fiji after Vanua Levu and Viti Levu, with a total land area of 435 square kilometers

Currently, the Fijian taro industry is under threat from the taro beetle, with the Land Resources Division of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) conducting research into how best to control this pest.

Puerto Rico

In Puerto Rico it is used in stews, soups and as a potato. It is used in local Puerto Rican dishes such as pasteles, alcapurria, sancocho and mondongo. Pasteles (singular pastel; pronounced pas-TEL-les are a traditional dish of Latin America and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean Alcapurria is a dish from Puerto Rico made from a mixture of ground Plantains and Yautía, filled with ground Beef or Crab meat and Sancocho is a traditional soup (often considered a Stew) in several Spanish and Latin American cuisines Sopa de mondongo is a hearty traditional soup of Latin America and the Caribbean. In pasteles, taro is ground with green bananas, plantains into a dough-like fluid paste containing pork, ham and boiled in a banana leaf or paper wrapper. In alcapurrias, it is also ground with green bananas and made into fried croquets containing ground beef or the chopped ham and fresh pork mix used in pasteles. The sancocho and mondongo dishes are soups.

See also

• Aquatic plants
• Limahuli Garden

Images

One of the largest taro growing areas in the Hawaiian Islands is the Lower Hanalei Valley	Several small loʻi or pondfields in which taro (or kalo) is being grown in Hawaii	Taro corms	Another variety of taro
Taro corms for sale

Notes

References

• Hao, Sean. 2006. "Rain, pests and disease shrink taro production to record low". Honolulu Advertiser, February 2, 2006, p. C1.
• "The Future of Kalo" Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol. Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine is a Bi-monthly regional Magazine published by the Haynes Publishing Group in Wailuku Hawaii. 11 No. 5 (August 2006).
• "Powered by Poi" Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine Vol. Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine is a Bi-monthly regional Magazine published by the Haynes Publishing Group in Wailuku Hawaii. 11 No. 4 (July 2007)
• Stephens, James M. 1994. Dasheen –– Colocasia exculenta (L. ) Schott. Fact Sheet HS-592 from a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. May 1994. edis
• Taro climate at Green-Seeds. com (taro growing methods)
• Taveuni Taro at fijitaro. com (Fiji taro industry history)
• Viotti, V. 2004. Honolulu Advertiser, March 16, 2004.
• Wagner, W. L. , D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. Vol. 2. Univ. of Hawei‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press. p. 1357.

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