A tanker is a ship designed to transport liquids in bulk. A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Petroleum tankers are a particular brand of tanker all their own. History The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry This type is sometimes referred to as a tankship.
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Background
Tankers can range in size of capacity from several hundred tons, which includes vessels for servicing small harbours and coastal settlements, to several hundred thousand tons, for long-range haulage. Tonnage is a measure of the size or Cargo capacity of a Ship. Beside ocean- or seagoing tankers there are also specialized inland-waterway tankers which operate on rivers and canals with an average cargo capacity up to some thousand tons. A wide range of products are carried by tankers, including:
- hydrocarbon products such as oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and liquefied natural gas (LNG)
- chemicals, such as ammonia, chlorine, and styrene monomer
- fresh water
- wine
Tankers are a relatively new concept, dating from the later years of the 19th century. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or Autogas) is a mixture of Hydrocarbon Gases used as a Fuel Not to be confused with Natural Gas Liquids (NGL Liquefied natural gas or LNG is Natural gas (primarily Methane, CH4 A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Styrene, also known as vinyl benzene as well as many other names (see table is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2 Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Before this, technology had simply not supported the idea of carrying bulk liquids. The market was also not geared towards transporting or selling cargo in bulk, therefore most ships carried a wide range of different products in different holds and traded outside fixed routes. Liquids were usually loaded in casks - hence the term "tonnage", which refers to the volume of the holds in terms of the amount of tuns of wine (casks) that could be carried. Tonnage is a measure of the size or Cargo capacity of a Ship. Even potable water, vital for the survival of the crew, was stowed in casks. Carrying bulk liquids in earlier ships posed several problems:
- The holds: on timber ships the holds were not sufficiently water oil or air-tight to prevent a liquid cargo from spoiling or leaking. The development of iron and steel hulls solved this problem. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0
- Loading and Discharging: Bulk liquids must be pumped - the development of efficient pumps and piping systems was vital to the development of the tanker. Steam engines were developed as prime-movers for early pumping systems. Dedicated cargo handling facilities were now required ashore too - as was a market for receiving a product in that quantity. Casks could be unloaded using ordinary cranes, and the awkward nature of the casks meant that the volume of liquid was always relatively small - therefore keeping the market more stable.
- Free Surface Effect: Describes the effect a large surface area of liquid in a ship will have on the stability of that ship. The free surface effect is one of several mechanisms where a craft can become unstable and roll-over ( Capsize) See Naval Architecture. Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design construction and repair of marine vehicles Liquids in casks posed no problem, but one tank across the beam of a ship could pose a stablity problem. Extensive sub-division of tanks solved this problem.
In the end, the tanker had its beginnings in the oil industry, as oil companies sought cheaper ways to transport their refinery product to their customers. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is The Oil Tanker was born. Today most liquids are cheaper to transport in bulk and dedicated terminals exist for each product. Large storage tanks ashore are used to store the product until it can be subdivided into smaller volumes for delivery to smaller customers.
Even the Guinness brewery company in Dublin had a tanker fleet to export the famous stout to the UK. Guinness (ˈɡɪnɪs is a popular Dry stout that originated in Arthur Guinness ' brewery at St Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Different products require different handling and transport. Thus special types of tankers have been built, such as "chemical tankers" and "oil tankers". See also Merchant ship A chemical tanker is a type of tanker designed to transport Chemicals in bulk History The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry "LNG carriers", as they are typically known, are a relatively rare tanker designed to carry liquefied natural gas. An LNG carrier is a ship designed for transporting liquefied natural gas ( LNG)
Among oil tankers, supertankers are designed for transporting oil around the Horn of Africa from the Middle East. History The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry The Horn of Africa (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula; shortened to HOA) is a Peninsula in East Africa The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The floating storage and offloading unit (FSO) Knock Nevis, formerly the ULCC Jahre Viking, is the largest vessel in the world. History Knock Nevis was built in 1979 at Sumitomo Heavy Industries 's Oppama Shipyard as Seawise Giant. The supertanker is 458 metres (1504 feet) in length and 69 m (226 ft) wide. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit
Supertankers are one of the three preferred methods for transporting large quantities of oil, along with pipeline transport and rail. Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. However such tankers can create environmental disasters from oil spills especially if an accident causes the ship to sink. For the fictional character see Oil Slick (Transformers. An oil spill is the release of a Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbon into See Exxon Valdez, Braer, Prestige oil spill, Torrey Canyon, and Erika for examples of coastal accidents. Reason for ship's loss In the ship court after the loss it was stated that reason for ship's loss was seawater contamination of the diesel oil The Prestige was an Oil tanker whose sinking in 2002 off the Galician coast caused a large Oil spill. The Torrey Canyon was a Supertanker capable of carrying a cargo of 120000 tons of Crude oil, which was wrecked off the western coast of Cornwall Erika was the name of a tanker built in 1975 and last chartered by Total-Fina-Elf.
Tanker capacity
Tankers used for liquid fuels are classified according to their capacity.
In 1954 Shell Oil developed the average freight rate assessment (AFRA) system which classifies tankers of different sizes. To make it an independent instrument, Shell consulted the London Tanker Brokers’ Panel (LTBP). At first, they divided the groups as General Purpose for tankers under 25,000 tons of deadweight (DWT); Medium Range for ships between 25,000 and 45,000 DWT and Large Range for the then-enormous ships that were larger than 45,000 DWT. Deadweight tonnage (also known as deadweight and variously abbreviated as DWT, D The ships became larger during the 1970s, and the list was extended, where the tons are long tons:[1]
- 10,000–24,999 DWT: General Purpose tanker
- 25,000–44,999 DWT: Medium Range tanker
- 45,000–79,999 DWT: Large Range 1 (LR1)
- 80,000–159,999 DWT: Large Range 2 (LR2)
- 160,000–319,999 DWT: Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC)
- 320,000–549,999 DWT: Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC)
| Class | Length | Beam | Draft | Typical Min DWT | Typical Max DWT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seawaymax | 226 m | 24 m | 7. The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point or at the mid-point of its length The draft (or draught) of a ship's hull is the vertical distance between the Waterline and the bottom of the hull ( Keel) with the thickness term Seawaymax refers to vessels which are the maximum size that can fit through the Canal locks of the St 92 m | 10,000 DWT | 60,000 DWT |
| Panamax | 294. " Panamax " ships are of the maximum dimensions that will fit through the locks of the Panama Canal. 1 m | 32. 3 m | 12 m | 60,000 DWT | 80,000 DWT |
| Aframax | 80,000 DWT | 120,000 DWT | |||
| Suezmax | 16 m | 120,000 DWT | 200,000 DWT | ||
| VLCC (Malaccamax) | 470 m | 60 m | 20 m | 200,000 DWT | 315,000 DWT |
| ULCC | 320,000 DWT | 550,000 DWT |
At nearly 380 vessels in the size range 279,000 DWT to 320,000 DWT, these are by far the most popular size range among the larger VLCCs. An Aframax ship is an oil tanker with capacity between and. Aframax class tankers are largely used in the basins of the Black Sea, the North Sea, the Suezmax is a Naval architecture term for the largest ships capable of transiting the Suez Canal fully loaded and is almost exclusively used in reference to Malaccamax is a Naval architecture term for the largest size of ship capable of fitting through the -deep Strait of Malacca. History The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry Only seven vessels are larger than this, and approximately 90 between 220,000 DWT and 279,000 DWT. [2]
Fleets of the world
- Flag states
As of 2005, the United States Maritime Administration's statistics count 4,024 tankers of 10,000 DWT or greater worldwide. [3] 2,582 of these are double-hulled. Panama is the leading flag state of tankers with 592 registered ships. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Flag State refers to the Authority under which a country exercises Regulatory control over the Commercial vessel which is registered under its flag Five other flag states have more than two hundred registered tankers: Liberia (520), The Marshall Islands (323), Greece (233), Singapore (274) and The Bahamas (215). Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI is a Micronesian nation of islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Singapore The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and These flag states are also the top six in terms of fleet size in terms of deadweight tonnage. Deadweight tonnage (also known as deadweight and variously abbreviated as DWT, D [3]
- Largest fleets
Greece, Japan, and the United States are the top three owners of tankers, with 733, 394, and 311 vessels respectively. These three nations account for 1,438 vessels or over 36% of the world's fleet. [3]
- Builders
Asian companies dominate the construction of tankers. Of the world's 4,024 tankers, 2,822 or over 70% were built in South Korea, Japan or China. [3]
See also
Notes
- ^ Evangelista, Joe, Ed. This is a list of tankers. The list includes merchant tankers as well as naval tankers who do not fall into more specialized lists such as List of replenishment ships (Winter 2002). "Scaling the Tanker Market". Surveyor (4): 5–11. American Bureau of Shipping.
- ^ Auke Visser (22 February 2007). Tanker list, status 01-01-2007. International Super Tankers. Retrieved on 2008-02-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation
- ^ a b c d Office of Data and Economic Analysis (July 2006). "World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005" (. PDF). 3, 5, 6. United States Maritime Administration Retrieved on 2008-02-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation
References
- Encyclopædia Britannica (1911). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc "Petroleum". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh Edition) 21. Ed. Chisholm, Hugh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 316-322. OCLC 70608430. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- Encyclopædia Britannica (1911). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc "Ship". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh Edition) 24. Ed. Chisholm, Hugh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 881-889. OCLC 70608430. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- Hayler, William B. ; Keever, John M. (2003). American Merchant Seaman's Manual. Centerville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0870335499.
- Central Intelligence Agency. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all CIA World Factbook 2008. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 1602390800. Retrieved on 2008-02-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation
- Turpin, Edward A. ; McEwen, William A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook, Fourth Edition, Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 37812421.
External links
- [1] Shipbroker
- [2] Shipphoto
- ship-photos.de: Categorized ship photos.
- [3] Poten & Partners: A collection of articles relating to tankers
- [4] Pictures of wine tankers
- [5] Picture of Navigator A
- [6] Shipbroker
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