Tancred (died February 20, 1194) was King of Sicily from 1189 to 1194. The Liber ad honorem Augusti sive de rebus Siculis ("Book in honour of the Emperor or on Sicilian affairs" also called Carmen de motibus Siculis Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment The following is a list of monarchs of Sicily. Counts of Sicily Sicily was granted pending its Christian reconquest to Robert Guiscard as "duke" He was an illegitimate son of Roger III, Duke of Apulia, the eldest son of King Roger II, and of Emma, daughter of Achard II, Count of Lecce. Roger III (1118 &ndash 2 or 12 May 1148) was the Norman Duke of Apulia from 1134 Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his Achard II was the Norman count of Lecce (from before 1133 and Ostuni, both in southern Apulia. He inherited the title "Count of Lecce" from his grandfather, and is consequently often referred to as Tancred of Lecce.
On 9 March 1161, Tancred joined his uncle Simon, Prince of Taranto, in invading the palace, detained the king and queen, William I and Margaret, and their two sons, and incited a massacre of Muslims. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Simon, bastard son of Roger II of Sicily, was created by his father Prince of Taranto in 1144, on the death of Roger III Duke of Apulia, the William I ( 1131 - May 7 1166) called the Bad or the Wicked, was the second King of Sicily, ruling from his father's death Originally, the eldest of these two sons, Roger IV, Duke of Apulia, was destined to be crowned in place of William, but soon the populace supported the accession of Simon himself. Roger IV (1152&ndash1161 was the eldest son of William I of Sicily and Margaret of Navarre. Before Simon could put himself forward as a candidate, however, the rebellion had broken down and the people were restless. The insurrectionists were forced to free the king and retreat to their castles. Pardon was given them on condition of exile and many, including Tancred, took the offer.
As soon as William II died, in 1189, Tancred rebelled and seized control of the island, and he was crowned as King Tancred I of Sicily early in 1190. William II (French language Guillaume II, 1155 &ndash November 11 1189 Palermo) called the Good, was king of Sicily His coup was backed by the chancellor Matthew d'Ajello and the official class, while the rival claims of Roger II's daughter Constance and her husband, Henry VI, King of the Romans, were supported by most of the nobles. Matthew of Ajello (Matteo d'Ajello was a high-ranking member of the Norman court of the Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century Constance of Sicily (1154 &ndash November 27, 1198) was the heiress of the Norman kings of Sicily and the wife of Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197 Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King
Tancred was a good soldier, though his tiny stature earned him the nickname "Tancredulus" from the poet chronicler Peter of Eboli. Peter of Eboli or Petrus de Ebulo (flourished ca 1196&ndash1220 was a Didactic Versifier and Chronicler who wrote in Latin. Despite a measure of popular support, his rule faced daunting challenges right from the start. In 1190 Richard I of England arrived in Sicily at the head of a large crusading army on its way to the Holy Land. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Richard immediately demanded the release of his sister, William II's Queen Joan, imprisoned by Tancred in 1189, along with every penny of her dowry and inheritance. Joan of England (October 1165 &ndash 4 September 1199 was the seventh child of Henry II of England and his Queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine. He also insisted that Tancred fulfil the financial commitments made by William II to the crusade. When Tancred balked at these demands, Richard seized a monastery and the castle of La Bagnara.
Richard was joined in Sicily by the French crusading army, led by King Philip II. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death The presence of two foreign armies soon caused unrest among the locals. In October the people of Messina revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave the island. Richard responded by attacking Messina, which he captured on October 4, 1190. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas After the city had been looted and burned, Richard established his base there and decided to stay the winter.
He remained at Messina until March 1191, when Tancred finally agreed to a treaty. According to the treaty's main terms:
- Joan was to be released, receiving her inheritance along with the dowry her father had given to the deceased William.
- Richard and Philip recognised Tancred as legal King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace between all three of their kingdoms.
- Richard officially proclaimed his nephew Arthur of Brittany, son of Geoffrey, as his heir, and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was four years old at the time). Arthur I (29 March 1187 &ndash 1203 was Duke of Brittany between 1194 and 1203
After signing the treaty Richard and Philip finally left Sicily for the Holy Land.
Having at last rid himself of the crusaders, Tancred next confronted the threat from the north. In April 1191 in Rome, Henry and Constance were crowned Emperor and Empress by Pope Celestine III, and now the pair turned south to claim the Kingdom of Sicily in the name of Constance, who was the posthumous daughter of Roger II of Sicily by his third wife Beatrice of Rethel and therefore the legitimate heiress to the throne. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Pope Celestine III ( Rome, c 1106 &ndash January 8, 1198) born Giacinto Bobone, was elected Pope on March 30, Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his This is a list of counts and dukes of Rethel. The first counts of Rethel ruled independently before the county passed first to the Counts of Nevers, then to the
Constance accompanied her husband at the head of a substantial imperial army that descended into the Regno. The northern towns of the kingdom opened their gates to Henry, including the earliest Norman strongholds Capua and Aversa. Capua is a city in the Province of Caserta, Campania, Italy situated 25 km (16 mi north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of Aversa is a town in the Campania region of southern Italy, about 15 kilometres north of Naples. Salerno, once Roger II's mainland capital, sent word ahead that Henry was welcome and invited Constance to stay in her father's old palace to escape the summer heat. Salerno is a town in southern Italy, capital of the province of the same name in the region of Campania. Naples offered the first resistance of the whole campaign, withstanding a siege with the help of Margaritus of Brindisi's fleet, until much of the army had succumbed to malaria and disease. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Margaritus of Brindisi (also Margarito; Italian Margaritone or Greek Megareites or Margaritoni: c Eventually the imperial army was forced to withdraw from the kingdom altogether. Constance remained in Salerno with a small garrison, as a sign that Henry would soon return.
Once Henry had withdrawn with the bulk of the imperial army, the towns that had supposedly fallen to the empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancred, for the most part now fearing his retribution. The populace of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favour with Tancred and delivered Constance to him in Messina, an important prize given that Henry had every intention of returning. However, Tancred was willing to give up his negotiation advantage, that is, the empress, in exchange for Pope Celestine III legitimising him as King of Sicily. Pope Celestine III ( Rome, c 1106 &ndash January 8, 1198) born Giacinto Bobone, was elected Pope on March 30, In turn, the Pope was hoping that by securing Constance's safe passage back to Rome, Henry would be better disposed towards the papacy, and he was still hoping to keep the empire and the kingdom from uniting. However, imperial soldiers were able to intervene before Constance made it to Rome, and they returned her safely across the Alps.
Henry had left garrisons along the frontiers of the Regno. Tancred now sought to win over the towns by extensive grants of privileges. At Gravina (June 1192) he reinforced his papal support by surrendering the royal legateship over Sicily. In 1192 and 1193 he personally led successful campaigns against the Apulian barons. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea But his death, at Palermo (February 20, 1194), a few days after that of his young son and co-king, Roger III, opened the way for Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Roger III (1175 &ndash 24 December 1193) was the son and heir of Tancred of Sicily by Sibylla of Acerra.
His wife Sibylla of Acerra did establish a regency for her second son William III, but Henry VI returned to Italy later that year, his army financed by the lucrative ransom of Richard I. Sibylla of Acerra (1153 &ndash 1205 was the wife and Queen consort of Tancred Count of Lecce and King of Sicily (reigned 1189&ndash1194 William III of Sicily (1190 &ndash 1198 was briefly king of Sicily for 10 months in 1194 Naples surrendered in May, almost without a blow, and the rest of the Regno followed. Sybilla and the loyal Margaritus prepared to defend Palermo, but the citizens admitted the emperor on November 20, 1194. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Tancred's family fell into Henry's hands, and William III, rumoured castrated and blinded, seems to have died in Germany in 1198, the last of the Norman kings of Sicily.
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- John Julius Norwich, The Kingdom in the Sun, reprinted as part of his The Normans in Sicily, ISBN 0-14-015212-1
| Preceded by William II |
King of Sicily 1189–1194 |
Succeeded by William III |
| Preceded by William II |
Prince of Taranto 1189–1194 |
Succeeded by William III |
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