The term tanbūr (Arabic: طنبور) can refer to various long-necked, fretted lutes originating in the Middle East or Central Asia. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A fret is a raised portion on the neck of a Stringed instrument, that extends generally across the full width of the neck Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south [1]
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Origins
One study has identified the name "tanbūr" as being derived from pandur, a Sumerian term for long-necked lutes. Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC [2] Lutes have been present in Mesopotamia since the Akkadian era, or the third millennium BCE. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding [1] Al-Farabi described a Baghdad tunbūr, distributed south and west of Baghdad, and a Khorasan tunbūr found in Persia. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi ( Nastaliq:) or Abū Nasr al-Fārābi Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia [1] This distinction may be the source of modern differentiation between Arabic instruments, derived from the Baghdad tunbūr, and those found in northern Iraq, Syria, Iran and Turkey, from the Khorasan tunbūr. [1]
Instruments
According to the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "terminology presents a complicated situation. Nowadays the term tanbur (or tambur) is applied to a variety of distinct and related long-necked lutes used in art and folk traditions. Similar or identical instruments are also known by other terms:"[1]
- The saz (Persian: "instrument") is found in the Caucasus, Turkey, northern Syria, western Iraq and Southeast Europe. The saz (from Persian:) is a family of Plucked string instruments popular in Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. [1] Another name is tambura, but it also refers to an Indian fretless drone lute. The tambura ( Hindi: तानपूरा is a type of Stringed instrument found in different versions in different places around the world most are plucked India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [1]
- In Turkey, the terms bağlama and saz both refer to a long-necked lute used in folk music. The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous [1]
- The Turkish tanbur is a larger variant used in art music. Tanbur (spelled Tambur in keeping with TDK conventions is a fretted string instrument of Turkey and the former lands of the Ottoman Empire Art music (or serious music or erudite music) as defined by Jacques Siron is an umbrella term generally used to refer to musical traditions implying advanced structural [1]
- The yaylı tanbur variant is played with a bow instead of a plectrum. The yaylı tanbur is a bowed lute from Turkey. Derived from the older plucked tanbur, it has a long Fretted neck and a round
- The tembûr is a Kurdish tanbur associated with the Ahl-e Haqq sect. The tembûr, a Fretted String instrument, is a form of tanbūr. The Ahl-e Haqq or Yârsân ( Kurdish: ﯼاڔﮦساﻥ Yâresân اهل حق Ahl-e Haqq "People of Truth" are members of a religion founded [1][3]
- The buzuq is an instrument found in urban areas such as Baghdad, Damascus, and Beirut. The buzuq ( Arabic: بزق; also transliterated bozuq, bouzouk, etc Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 [1]
- Until the early twentieth century, the names chambar and jumbush were applied to instruments in northern Iraq. [1]
- The dutar and setar, found in Iran and Central Asia, are derived from the Khorosan tunbūr. The dutar ( Persian: دو تار, Uzbek: dutor (also dotar or doutar) is a traditional long-necked two-stringed Lute Setar ( Persian: سه تار, from seh, meaning "three" and tār, meaning "string" is a Persian musical instrument For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. [1]
Related terms can refer to string instruments that are not long-necked, fretted lutes:[1]
- The tambura, a fretless drone lute found in India. The tambura ( Hindi: तानपूरा is a type of Stringed instrument found in different versions in different places around the world most are plucked [1]
- The tanbura, a bowl lyre found in Iraq, Egypt, and the Sudan. The tanbūra is a bowl lyre of the Middle East and East Africa. [1]
See also
- Category:Eastern lutes players
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Scheherezade Qassim Hassan, R. Conway Morris, John Baily, Jean During. "Tanbūr", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell (London: Macmillan, 2001), xxv, pp. 61-62.
- ^ Erkut, Cumhur; T. Tolonen, M. Karjalainen, and V. Välimäki (July 1999). "Acoustical Analysis of Tanbur, a Turkish long-necked lute" (PDF) in Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration vol. 1: pp. 345-352. Retrieved on 2007-06-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper
- ^ Shiloah, Amnon. "Kurdish music", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell (London: Macmillan, 2001), xiv, p. 40.
External links
Dictionary
tanbur
-noun
- (music) In Classical Turkish Music, a long-necked, fretted, plucked lute. Also, various lutes of West and Central Asia.
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