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Tanagers
Grass-green Tanager, Chlorornis riefferii
Grass-green Tanager, Chlorornis riefferii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Family: Thraupidae
Genera

many: see text

There were traditionally about 240 species of tanagers in the bird family Thraupidae. The Grass-green Tanager ( Chlorornis riefferii) is a small passerine bird one of the Tanager family Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. SongBird is a Dutch Record label owned by Tijs Verwest and Arny Bink A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic They belong to the order Passeriformes.

The taxonomic treatment of this family's members is currently in a state of flux. As more of these birds are studied using modern molecular techniques it is expected that some genera may be relocated elsewhere. Already the Euphonias and chlorophonias, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Euphonias are members of the genus Euphonia, a group of Neotropical birds in the Finch family Chlorophonia is the name of a genus of Finches endemic to the Neotropics Finches are Passerine Birds often Seed -eating found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa. Euphoniinae is a subfamily of Finches endemic to the Neotropics Likewise the genera Piranga, Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be related to members of the Cardinal family[1], and may soon be reassigned by the AOU. Piranga is a genus of Birds long placed in the Tanager family but actually related to the Cardinalis cardinals UserPolbot. --> Chlorothraupis is a genus of Bird in the family Cardinalidae. The Cardinals or Cardinalidae are a family of Passerine Birds found in North and South America. The American Ornithologists' Union ( AOU) an ornithological organization in the USA.

Contents

Description

Tanagers are small to medium-sized birds. The shortest-bodied species, the White-eared Conebill, is 9 cm (3. 8 in) long and weighs 7 grams, barely smaller than the Short-billed Honeycreeper. The longest, the Magpie Tanager is 28 cm (11 in) and weighs 76 grams (2. 7 oz). The heaviest is the White-capped Tanager which weighs 114 grams (4 oz) and measures about 23 cm (8. 7 in). Both sexes are usually the same size and weight. Tanagers are often brightly colored, but some species are black and white. Birds in their first year are often duller or a different color altogether. Males are typically more brightly coloured than females.

Most tanagers have short, rounded wings. The shape of the bill seems to be linked to the species' foraging habits.

Distribution

Tanagers are restricted to the New World and mainly to the tropics. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 About 60% of tanagers live in South America, and 30% of these species live in the Andes. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Most species are endemic to a relatively small area. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere 18 species live in North America and Central America year round. 4 species are migratory, breeding in North America. Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability They are the Scarlet Tanager, Western Tanager, Hepatic Tanager and the Summer Tanager. The Scarlet Tanager, Piranga olivacea, is a medium-sized American Songbird. The Western Tanager, Piranga ludoviciana, is a medium-sized American Songbird. The Hepatic Tanager, Piranga flava, is a medium-sized American Songbird. The Summer Tanager, Piranga rubra, is a medium-sized Songbird. Recent molecular evidence indicates these 4 migratory species may be more closely related to the family Cardinalidae. The Cardinals or Cardinalidae are a family of Passerine Birds found in North and South America.

Behaviour

Most tanagers live in pairs or in small groups of 3-5 individuals. These groups may consist simply of parents and their offspring. Birds may also be seen in single species or mixed flocks. Many tanagers are thought to have dull songs, though some are elaborate.

Diet

Tanagers are omnivorous, and their diet varies from genus to genus. Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary They have been seen eating fruits, seeds, nectar, flower parts and insects. Many pick insects off branches. Other species look for insects on the underside of leaves. Yet others wait on branches until they see a flying insect and catch it in the air. Many of these particular species inhabit the same areas, but these specializations alleviate competition.

Reproduction

The breeding season begin in March through until June in temperate areas and in September through October in South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Some species are territorial while others build their nests closer together. There is little information on tanager breeding behavior or whether they are monogamous or polygamous. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Males show off their brightest feathers to potential mates and rival males. Some species' courtship rituals involve bowing and tail lifting.

Most tanagers build cup nests on branches in trees. Some nests are almost globular. Entrances are usually built on the side of the nest. The nests can be shallow or deep. The species of the tree they choose to build their nest in and the nest's position varies among genera. Most species nest in an area hidden by very dense vegetation. There is still no information on the nests of some species.

The clutch size is 3–5 eggs. The female incubates the eggs and builds the nest, but the male may feed the female while she incubates. Both sexes feed the young. Five species have helpers assist in feeding the young. These helpers are thought to be the previous year's nestlings.

Systematics

Phylogenetic studies suggest the true tanagers form two main groups each consisting of several smaller clades. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor [2] The list below is an attempt to organise them into coherent related groups.

Group 1

Mainly dull-coloured forms.

Slaty Finch, Haplospiza rustica
Slaty Finch, Haplospiza rustica

a) Conebill and flowerpiercer group (Also contains Haplospiza, Catamenia, Acanthidops, Diglossa and Diglossopis. UserPolbot. -->The Slaty Finch ( Haplospiza rustica) is a Bird Species in the family Diglossa is a Genus of Flowerpiercers in the family Thraupidae. Haplospiza is a small genus of Birds in the Thraupidae family Catamenia is a Melodic black metal band from Finland, founded in 1995 by original members Riku Hopeakoski and Mika Tönning in Oulu. The Peg-billed Finch, Acanthidops bairdii, is a Passerine Bird which is endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and extreme western Diglossopis is a Genus of blue Flowerpiercers in the family Thraupidae. Traditionally in Emberizidae). The Emberizidae are a large family of Passerine Birds They are seed-eating Birds with a distinctively shaped bill This group despite having a rather varied bill morphology shows marked plumage similarities. Most are largely grey, blue, or black, and numerous have rufous on the underparts:

b) "Yellow-rumped" clade:

c) "Crested" clade (Also contains Coryphospingus. Rust is a red-orange color resembling Iron oxide. It is a commonly used color in Stage lighting, and appears roughly the same color as photographic safelights Typical conebills are the Tanager Genus Conirostrum. They are small tanagers (9 - 14cm found in the forests of South America The Giant Conebill Oreomanes fraseri is a small passerine bird one of the Tanager family The Tit-like Dacnis, Xenodacnis parina, is a small neotropical Passerine Bird found in southern Ecuador and Peru. Catamenia is a Genus of atypical Seedeaters Formerly placed in the Emberizidae, they are now considered Tanagers Species Diglossa is a Genus of Flowerpiercers in the family Thraupidae. Diglossopis is a Genus of blue Flowerpiercers in the family Thraupidae. Haplospiza is a small genus of Birds in the Thraupidae family The Peg-billed Finch, Acanthidops bairdii, is a Passerine Bird which is endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and extreme western Heterospingus is a small Genus of medium-sized Tanagers found in forests of South America. Chrysothlypis is a small Genus of Tanagers found in forests of South America. A small Genus of Tanagers found in forests of South America. Species list Guira Tanager, Hemithraupis guira A small Genus of finch-like Tanagers found in South America Coryphospingus was formerly classified in the family Emberizidae along with Traditionally classified in Emberizidae):

d) A mostly Andean group of "tanager-finches" (which may or may not inlude the species called Tanager-finch), Phrygilus, Embernagra and relatives basally, and then a diverse but close-knit group containing both warbler and finch-like forms – Poospiza through to Nephelornis:

Brazilian Tanager, Ramphocelus bresilius
Brazilian Tanager, Ramphocelus bresilius

e) Basal forms in group 1:

Group 2

Diversity of Darwin's finches
Diversity of Darwin's finches

Seedeater and typical tanager group. The Emberizidae are a large family of Passerine Birds They are seed-eating Birds with a distinctively shaped bill Lanio is the Genus of shrike-tanagers. Species list Fulvous Shrike-tanager, Lanio fulvus UserPolbot. --> The Grey-headed Tanager ( Eucometis penicillata) is a species of Bird in the Tachyphonus is a Genus of Tanagers Species list Flame-crested Tanager, Tachyphonus cristatus Black-goggled Tanager ( Trichothraupis melanops) is a species of bird in the family, Thraupidae. Stephanophorus is a monotypic Genus of Tanager, containing only the Diademed Tanager, Stephanophorus diadematus. A small Genus of finch-like Tanagers found in South America Coryphospingus was formerly classified in the family Emberizidae along with UserPolbot. -->The Tanager-finch ( Oreothraupis arremonops) is a species of Bird in the Emberizidae Phrygilus is a Genus of mainly Andean seed-eating tanagers commonly known as sierra-finches Embernagra is a Genus of finch-like tanager s Species list Pale-throated Serra-finch, Embernagra longicauda Poospiza is a Genus of finch-like tanager s found in both the South American lowlands and the Andes mountains The Pardusco ( Nephelornis oneilli) is a species of Tanager that is endemic to woodland near the timberline in the Andes Phrygilus is a Genus of mainly Andean seed-eating tanagers commonly known as sierra-finches Melanodera is a Genus of Patagonian seed-eating Tanagers Species list Canary-winged Finch, UserPolbot. --> The Long-tailed Reed-finch ( Donacospiza albifrons) is a species of Bird traditionally The Gough Bunting or Gough Finch ( Rowettia goughensis) is a Songbird Species. Nesospiza is a Genus of seed-eating tanager s found on the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean Diuca is a Genus of andean seed-eating tanager s Species list White-winged Diuca-finch, Diuca speculifera Emberizoides is a Genus of finch-like tanager s Species list Wedge-tailed Grass-finch, Emberizoides Embernagra is a Genus of finch-like tanager s Species list Pale-throated Serra-finch, Embernagra longicauda UserPolbot. --> The Yellow Cardinal ( Gubernatrix cristata) is a species of Bird in the Thraupidae UserPolbot. --> The Short-tailed Finch ( Idiopsar brachyurus) is a species of Bird traditionally Piezorhina is a Genus of finch-like Tanager. It contains a single species found in arid coastal northern Peru, the Cinereous Finch Xenospingus is a Genus of finch-like Tanager. It contains a single species the Slender-billed Finch ( Xenospingus concolor Incaspiza is a Genus of finch-like tanager s Species list Great Inca-finch, Incaspiza pulchra Poospiza is a Genus of finch-like tanager s found in both the South American lowlands and the Andes mountains UserPolbot. -->The Grey-hooded Bush-tanager ( Cnemoscopus rubrirostris) is a species of Bird in the Hemispingus is a Genus of warbler-like Tanagers Species list Black-capped Hemispingus, Hemispingus atropileus Thlypopsis is a Genus of tanager s Species list Fulvous-headed Tanager, Thlypopsis fulviceps UserPolbot. -->The Brazilian Tanager ( Ramphocelus bresilius) is a species of Bird in the Thraupidae Pyrrhocoma is a Genus of Tanager. It contains a single species the Chestnut-headed Tanager ( Pyrrhocoma ruficeps) The White-rumped Tanager ( Cypsnagra hirundinacea) is a Tanager. The Pardusco ( Nephelornis oneilli) is a species of Tanager that is endemic to woodland near the timberline in the Andes UserPolbot. -->The Black-masked Finch ( Coryphaspiza melanotis) is a species of Bird in the Emberizidae the Many-colored Chaco-finch ( Saltatricula multicolor) is a Songbird found in or near dry woodland in south-central South America in Rhodospingus is a Genus of finch-like Tanager. It contains a single species the Crimson-breasted Finch ( Rhodospingus cruentus Ramphocelus is a genus of Birds of the Tanager family Most species have enlarged shiny whitish lower mandibles which are pointed upwards in display Conothraupis is a Genus of tanager s Species list Black-and-white Tanager, Conothraupis speculigera The Brown Tanager Orchesticus abeillei is a small passerine bird and a member of the Tanager family Creurgops is a Genus of tanager s Species list Rufous-crested Tanager, Creurgops verticalis Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos Finches) are 13 or 14 different closely related Species of Finches that Charles Darwin collected The seedeaters and their relatives are a group of Passerine Birds formerly placed in the Bunting family Emberizidae

a) Darwin's finches, grassquits, atypical honeycreepers and some seedeaters:

b) True seedeaters, yellow-finches and relatives. UserPolbot. --> Loxigilla is a genus of Bird in the Thraupidae family The seedeaters and their relatives are a group of Passerine Birds formerly placed in the Bunting family Emberizidae UserPolbot. --> Sicalis is a genus of Bird in the Thraupidae family Traditionally placed in Emberizidae. The Emberizidae are a large family of Passerine Birds They are seed-eating Birds with a distinctively shaped bill The first 5 genera share a unique foot-scute pattern which suggests that they may form a monophyletic group[3]:

Male Variable Seedeater, Sporophila corvina
Male Variable Seedeater, Sporophila corvina

c) Typical multicoloured tanagers (includes Paroaria traditionally placed in Emberizidae):

Blue-gray Tanager, Thraupis episcopus
Blue-gray Tanager, Thraupis episcopus

d) Typical tanagers:

e) Mountain tanagers:

Green-and-gold Tanager, Tangara schrankii
Green-and-gold Tanager, Tangara schrankii

f) Tropical canopy tanagers:

g) Basal lineages within group 2:

Green Honeycreeper, Chlorophanes spiza
Green Honeycreeper, Chlorophanes spiza

Thraupidae incertae sedis

The Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) seems to be closer to cardinals
The Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) seems to be closer to cardinals

Recently split from Thraupidae

Related to Arremonops in Emberizidae:

Related to Cardinalis in Cardinalidae:

Genera incertae sedis

References

  1. ^ Yuri, T. , and D. P. Mindell. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes) Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 23:229-243.
  2. ^ Fjeldså J. and Rahbek C. (2006). Diversification of tanagers, a species rich bird group, largely follows lowlands to montane regions of South America. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(1):72-81. Download - http://intl-icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/46/1/72.
  3. ^ *Clark, G. A. , JR. 1986. Systematic interpretations of foot-scute patterns of Neotropical finches. Wilson Bull. 98: 594-597.
  4. ^ a b Klicka, J. , K. Burns, & G. M. Spellman. 2007. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 1014-1032

External links

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

Dictionary

tanager

-noun

  1. Any of several American passerine birds, of the family Thraupidae, that inhabit forests
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