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Tan Malaka, portrait as published in his autobiography
Tan Malaka, portrait as published in his autobiography

Tan Malaka (1894 - February 21, 1949) was an Indonesian nationalist activist and communist leader. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A staunch critic of both the colonial Dutch East Indies government and the republican Sukarno administration that governed the country after the Indonesian National Revolution, he was also frequently in conflict with the leadership of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), Indonesia's primary radical political party in the 1920s and again in the 1940s. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Sukarno ( June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between The Communist Party of Indonesia (in Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was the largest non-ruling Communist party in the world prior

A political outsider for most of his life, Tan Malaka spent a large part of his life in exile from Indonesia, and was constantly threatened with arrest by the Dutch authorities and their allies. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Despite this apparent marginalization, however, he played a key intellectual role in linking the international communist movement to Southeast Asia's anti-colonial movements. He was declared a "hero of the national revolution" by act of Indonesia's parliament in 1963.

Contents

Biography

Early life and education

A member of the Minangkabau ethnic group, Tan Malaka was born in Suliki, West Sumatra in 1894. The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. West Sumatra ( Indonesian: Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar) is a province of Indonesia. His given name was Datuk Ibrahim gelar Sutan Malaka, but he was known both as a child and as an adult as Tan Malaka, an honorary name inherited from his mother's aristocratic background.

From 1908 to 1913 he attended a teacher training school established by the Dutch colonial government in Bukittinggi, the intellectual center of Minangkabau culture. Bukittinggi ( Indonesian for "high hill" is one of the larger cities in West Sumatra, Indonesia, with a population of over 91000 people Here he began to learn the Dutch language, which he was to teach to Indonesian students. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname In 1913 he received a loan from the elders of his home village to pursue further education in the Netherlands, and from then until 1919 he studied at the Government Teachers Training School (Rijkskweekschool) in Haarlem. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands.

It was during this stay in Europe that he began to study communist and socialist theory, and through interaction with both Dutch and Indonesian students became convinced that Indonesia must be freed from Dutch rule through revolution. In his autobiography Tan Malaka cited the Russian Revolution of 1917 as a political awakening, increasing his understanding of links between capitalism, imperialism, and class oppression. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures.

He became seriously ill with tuberculosis in the Netherlands, which he attributed to the cold climate and unfamiliar diet. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common This was the beginning of lifelong health problems that frequently interfered with his work.

Rise in the communist party

His studies in the Netherlands completed, Tan Malaka returned to Indonesia in November 1919. He took a job teaching the children of contract coolies on a Swiss- and German-owned tobacco plantation on the northern east coast of Sumatra, near Medan. Coolie (variously spelled Cooly Kuli Quli Koelie etcis A historical term for manual labourers from Asia particularly China and India, in the 19th Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Medan is the capital of the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. During his stay in Sumatra, he first started working with the Indies Social Democratic Association (ISDV), which later became the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), and published his first articles in the ISDV newspaper. The Communist Party of Indonesia (in Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was the largest non-ruling Communist party in the world prior Tan Malaka came into frequent conflict with the European management of the plantation over the content of his lessons for the students, the liberal political columns he wrote for local newspapers, and his work as a labor union activist, especially in a 1920 strike of railroad workers. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work.

Frustrated by his position in Sumatra, he left for Java in late February 1920. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. He stayed initially in Yogyakarta but soon moved to Semarang after being asked to set up a "People's School" for the nationalist organization Sarekat Islam (SI). The Special Region of Yogyakarta ( Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY) is the smallest province of Indonesia (excluding Semarang is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia. Sarekat Islam, formerly Sarekat Dagang Islam, was an Indonesian organization This school, which was later duplicated in many other cities on Java, was intended by SI to provide a useful education while instilling nationalist pride in its students.

Semarang during Tan Malaka's stay there was a major center of nationalist and communist politics, and he quickly became deeply engaged in political work there. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation He held leadership roles in several trade unions, and wrote extensively for several trade union and PKI publications. His most prominent leadership role came in December 1921, when he was elected chairman of the PKI, replacing Semaun, the party's first chairman. Semaun (approx 1899&mdash1971 was the first chairman of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI During his brief term of leadership, the PKI worked to create links with trade unions by supporting workers during several strikes.

Tan Malaka's prominent role in the PKI was viewed by the colonial government as subversive activity. He was arrested in Bandung by the colonial government in February 1922, and on March 24 he was exiled to the Netherlands. Bandung (bʌndʊŋ is the capital of West Java province in Indonesia, and the country's fourth largest city Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return

Exile

One of Tan Malaka's first actions upon his arrival in the Netherlands was to run as the third candidate on the Communist Party of Holland's (CPH) slate for the 1922 elections for the Estates-General of the Netherlands. The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Communistische Partij Nederland, CPN was a Dutch communist Political party. The States-General ( Staten-Generaal) is the Parliament of the Netherlands. He was the first subject of the Dutch East Indies ever to run for office in the Netherlands. He did not expect to actually be elected because, under the system of proportional representation in use, his third position on the ticket made his election highly unlikely. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation or PR is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes His stated goal in running instead was to gain a platform to speak about Dutch actions in Indonesia, and to work to persuade the CPH to support Indonesian independence. Although he did not win a seat, he received unexpectedly strong support. [1]

Before the election results were even announced, Tan Malaka moved to Berlin, Germany for several months, then on to Moscow by October 1922. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Here, he became deeply involved with the politics of the Communist International (Comintern), arguing vigorously that the communist parties of Europe should support the nationalist struggles of colonial Asia. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow He was named Comintern's agent for Southeast Asia, probably at the Comintern Executive Committee's June 1923 meeting. One of his first tasks was to write a book about Indonesia, describing the country's politics and economy for the Comintern; this book was published in Russian in 1924. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

With his Comintern assignment in hand, he moved in December 1923 to Canton, China. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Tan Malaka's job included publishing a newspaper in English, a task which proved difficult because he knew little of the language, and printing presses for the Roman alphabet were difficult to find. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

In July 1925 Tan Malaka moved to Manila, Philippines, where he found work at a newspaper. The City of Manila The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP At the time the PKI was taking steps toward an outright rebellion in Indonesia intended to bring it to power, but that would instead lead to its temporary defeat by the colonial government. Tan Malaka was strongly opposed to this action, which he felt was a poor strategy for a weak party unprepared for revolution. He described in his autobiography his frustration with an inability to find information about events in Indonesia from his place in the Philippines, and his lack of influence with the PKI's leadership. As Comintern representative for Southeast Asia, Tan Malaka argued that he had authority to reject the PKI's plan, an assertion which was denied by some former PKI members in retrospect. [2] At the time, he did persuade some PKI leaders in the country that an armed rebellion was not in the party's best interest, but PKI groups in West Java and West Sumatra did go ahead with an armed insurrection, which the Dutch government used as a pretense for vigorous suppression of the party, including the execution of several leaders. West Java (Jawa Barat with population around 3572 million is the most populous province of Indonesia, located on Java Island. West Sumatra ( Indonesian: Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar) is a province of Indonesia.

In the Philippines, he befriend members of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, specially Crisanto Evangelista. as well as some government officials like President Manuel Quezon and former President and General Emilio Aguinaldo, unaware that he was a leader of a communist party then illegal.

Meanwhile, in December 1926, Tan Malaka traveled to Bangkok. Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest Here he founded a new party, the Partai Republik Indonesia (PARI), distancing himself from the Comintern as well as, in the new party's manifesto, criticizing the PKI. For the Roxy Music album see Manifesto (album. A manifesto is a public declaration of principles and intentions often While PARI did have a small membership inside the country, it never grew to be a large organization; however, with the PKI gone underground, it was the only organization in the late 1920s that was publicly calling for immediate independence for Indonesia. [3] Tan Malaka returned to Manila in August 1927, but was soon arrested by the American police at the request of the Dutch. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He was charged with illegal entry into the Philippines; his case became a rallying point for nationalist sentiment in the Philippines, where universities went on strike in protest, and Filipino politicians collected funds for his defense. He was to be represented by Jose Abad Santos, but instead of going to trial he agreed to be deported. For the municipality in the Philippines see Jose Abad Santos Davao del Sur. Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country.

Upon leaving the Philippines by ship, he expected to be re-arrested by the Dutch as soon as he landed in China, so with help from the Filipino crew he escaped while the ship was moored in the harbor of Amoy (Xiamen), hiding in a nearby village. The details of the next few years of his life are unclear; there is a major gap in his autobiography in this period, and few other sources that describe his activities. After staying in Sionching village for perhaps two years, he moved to Shanghai in about 1929. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million In 1931 he began working for the Comintern again. Abidin Kusno argues that this stay in Shanghai was an important period in shaping Tan Malaka's later actions during the Indonesian revolution of the late 1940s; the port city was nominally under Chinese sovereignty but was dominated first by European nations with trading concessions in the city, and then by Japan after its September 1932 invasion. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The oppression of the Chinese he saw under both of these powers, Kusno argues, contributed to his uncompromising position against collaboration with the Japanese or negotiation with the Dutch in the 1940s, when many prominent Indonesian nationalists were adopting a more conciliatory stance. [4]

When Japan invaded and occupied Shanghai in September 1932, Tan Malaka fled south to Hong Kong, disguised as a Chinese-Filipino and using an alias. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Almost immediately upon his arrival, however, he was arrested by British authorities, and imprisoned for several months. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located He hoped to have a chance to argue his case under British law, and possibly seek asylum in the United Kingdom, but after several months of interrogation and being moved between the "European" and the "Chinese" sections of the jail, it was decided that he would simply be exiled from Hong Kong without charges. [5]

After considering several options for a place of exile where he would be out of reach of the Dutch, Tan Malaka elected to return to Amoy, where he reconnected with an old friend and was able to reach the friend's village of Iwe without detection. For other uses see IWE (disambiguation. " IWE " was the first single from What's the Time Mr Here, his health, weak for several years, declined greatly, and he was ill for several years before Chinese medicine treatments eventually restored him to health. Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. In 1936 he returned to Amoy, and started a school where he taught English, German, and Marxist theory; by 1937 it was the largest language school in Amoy. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

In August 1937 he again fled the Japanese military advance to the south, traveling first to Rangoon, Burma via Singapore for a month, then, his savings nearly depleted, returning south to Singapore via Penang. Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Singapore Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia In Singapore, he found work as a teacher. When Japan occupied the Malay peninsula and drove the Dutch out of Indonesia in 1942, Tan Malaka decided to finally return to Indonesia after an absence of nearly twenty years. The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast

Return to Indonesia

Tan Malaka's return to Indonesia began with a lengthy trip of several months, staying for a time in Penang before crossing to Sumatra, then visiting Medan, Padang, and several other Sumatran cities before settling on the outskirts of Japanese-occupied Jakarta in July 1942. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Medan is the capital of the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Padang (means field) is the capital and largest city of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Most of his time here was occupied by writing and research in Jakarta's libraries, working on his books Madilog and ASLIA.

When his savings from Singapore were nearly depleted, he took a job as a clerk at a coal mine in Bayah, southern West Java, where production was being greatly increased under Japanese management to support the war effort. Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. Bayah may refer to Bay'ah, Islamic terminology Bayah Afghanistan West Java (Jawa Barat with population around 3572 million is the most populous province of Indonesia, located on Java Island. At Bayah, he maintained records on the romusha, forced laborers who were sent from all over Java to work the mine and build railways. were Forced laborers during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in World War II. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. In addition to his official job, he worked to improve conditions for the laborers, among whom the death toll from sickness and starvation was very high.

Role in the war

In August 1945, after the Japanese surrender which ended World War II, and the Indonesian Declaration of Independence, Tan Malaka left Bayah, and resumed using his real name for the first time in twenty years. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 He travelled first to Jakarta, then widely around Java. During this trip he became convinced that Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who had made the declaration of independence and were considered the leaders of Indonesia by the departing Japanese, were being too conciliatory toward Dutch attempts to regain control over the archipelago. Sukarno ( June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. Mohammad Hatta ( August 12, 1902 - March 14, 1980) was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now In his autobiography, he expresses confidence that most Indonesian people were willing to fight for immediate complete independence, a position not supported by Sukarno, especially during the early years of the Indonesian National Revolution. Timeline of the Indonesian National RevolutionThe Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between

Tan Malaka's solution to this perceived disconnect was to found the Persatuan Perjuangan (Struggle Front, or United Action), a coalition of about 140 smaller groups, but notably not including the PKI. After a few months of discussion, the coalition was formally founded at a congress in Surakarta (Solo) in mid-January, 1946. Surakarta (colloquially Solo) is an Indonesian city of approximately 500000 people located in Central Java. It adopted a "Minimum Program", which declared that only complete independence was acceptable, that government must obey the wishes of the people, and that foreign-owned plantations and industry should be nationalised. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government [6] Tan Malaka argued that the government should not negotiate with the Dutch until after all foreign military forces were removed from Indonesia, because until then the two parties could not negotiate as equals.

The Persatuan Perjuangan had widespread popular support, as well as support in the republican army, where General Sudirman was a strong supporter of the coalition Tan Malaka was organizing. General Sudirman ( January 24, 1916 - January 29, 1950; also spelled Soedirman) was the military commander of Indonesian forces during In February 1946 the organization forced the temporary resignation of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, a proponent of negotiation with the Dutch, and Sukarno consulted with Tan Malaka to seek his support. Sutan Sjahrir ( 5 March 1909 &mdash 9 April 1966) was the first prime minister of Indonesia, after a career as a key Indonesian However, Tan Malaka was apparently unable to bridge political divisions within his coalition to transform it into actual political control, and Syahrir returned to lead Sukarno's cabinet. [7] In response to this defeat, the Persatuan Perjuangan clearly stated their lack of support for the republican government as it was composed, and the group's intent to oppose any negotiation.

Imprisonment, release, and death

In response to the Persatuan Perjuangan's continued opposition, the Sukarno government arrested most of the coalition's leadership, including Tan Malaka, in March 1946. He remained in jail until September 1948.

During his detention, the PKI emerged as the strongest critic of the government's diplomatic stance. The translator of his autobiography, Helen Jarvis, has argued that Tan Malaka and the rest of the Persatuan Perjuangan leaders were released to provide a less threatening opposition than the PKI. [8] By now, Tan Malaka and the PKI were thoroughly estranged; he was hated within the party for his harsh criticisms of the 1920s, and he distrusted the strategic judgement of the current PKI leaders.

Upon his release, he spent late 1948 in Yogyakarta, working to form a new political party, called the Partai Murba (Proletarian Party), but was unable to repeat his previous success at attracting a popular following. When the Dutch captured the national government in December 1948, he fled the city for rural East Java, where he hoped he would be protected by anti-republican guerrilla forces. East Java (Jawa Timur is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and also includes neighboring Madura Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc He established his head quarter in Blimbing, a village surrounded by rice fields. He connected himself to major Sabarudin, leader of the Bataljon 38. In Malaka's opinion Sabarudin's was the only armed group that was really fighting the Dutch. Sabarudin however was in conflict with all other armed groups. On February 17, the TNI leaders in East Java decided that Sabarudin and his companions were to be captured and convicted following military law. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori The Armed Forces of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, best known by Military law is a distinct legal system to which members of Armed forces are subject On the 19th they captured Tan Malaka in Blimbing. On February 20 the infamous Dutch Korps Speciale Troepen (KST) happened to start the so called 'operation Tiger' from the East Javanese town of Nganjuk. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Korps Speciale Troepen (KST was a Dutch Special forces unit involved in the Indonesian National Revolution. Nganjuk is a regency (kabupaten of East Java, Indonesia. They advanced quickly and brutally. Poeze (2007) describes in detail how the TNI soldiers fled into the mountains and how Tan Malaka, already injured, walked into a TNI-post and was promptly executed on February 21, 1949. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. No report was made and Malaka was buried in the woods[9].

Political beliefs

Tan Malaka believed that the growth of communist parties was compatible with, and even essential to, the strength of the many nationalist movements then appearing in the colonies of Asia. In the mid-1920s, this position was the subject of much debate within the Comintern and elsewhere. Within the communist leadership there was much skepticism, expressed most prominently by Indian communist M. N. Roy, of the potential of the non-industrialized nations of Asia to successfully govern themselves, as well as concern for the impact such decolonization might have on the working classes of the metropolitan nations of Europe. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Manabendra Nath Roy (Bengali: মানবেন্দ্র নাথ রায় 1887 – January 25 is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one

Marxism and religion

Tan Malaka argued strongly that communism and Islam were compatible, and that, in Indonesia, revolution should be built upon both. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Thus he was a strong supporter of the PKI's continued alliance with Sarekat Islam, and was troubled when, while he was in exile, the PKI broke away from SI. On an international scale, Tan Malaka also saw Islam as holding the potential for unifying the working classes in vast parts of North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia against imperialism and capitalism. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where This position put him in opposition with many European Communists and the leadership of Comintern, where religious belief was seen as a hindrance to a proletarian revolution and a tool of the ruling class. [10]

Regional unity

In several publications, including 1926's Massa actie and 1946's Thesis, Tan Malaka advocated the formation of a large regional state, which he called Aslia, to encompass all the islands of Southeast Asia as well as Australia and much of mainland Southeast Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. This state, he argued, would then be able to coexist as an equal with other large socialist states including Russia, China, and the United States. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The United States of America —commonly referred to as the On a smaller geographical scale, he drew lessons for Indonesia from the Philippines' battles for independence against Spain and the United States, and in his autobiography he described Indonesia and the Philippines as the southern and northern parts of the same region. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Title page of From Jail to Jail volume one, third edition, in Indonesian
Title page of From Jail to Jail volume one, third edition, in Indonesian

From Jail to Jail

Tan Malaka's best-known written work is his autobiography, Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" He wrote the three-volume work by hand while imprisoned by the republican Sukarno government in 1947 and 1948. The work alternates between theoretical chapters describing Tan Malaka's political beliefs and philosophy, and more conventional autobiographical chapters describing various phases of his life. Volume three has an especially loose narrative structure, with commentary on Marxist historiography and his positions on the ongoing fight with the Netherlands over Indonesia's independence, as well as reprints of sections of key documents related to the struggle. Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara is one of a very small number of autobiographies set in colonial Indonesia. [11]

The book was translated into English from Indonesian by historian Helen Jarvis as From Jail to Jail, and published in 1991 with Jarvis' extensive introduction and annotation. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of A Japanese translation, by Noriaki Oshikawa, was published in 1981.

See Also

Notes

  1. ^  Tan Malaka 1991. This is a list of notable Minangkabau people Academics Arbi Sanit, political scientist Asvi Warman Adam, historian volume 1 page 87.
  2. ^  McVey 1965:206
  3. ^  Jarvis 1987:49. This paper is the source for much of the biographical information not otherwise cited.
  4. ^  Kusno 2003.
  5. ^  Tan Malaka 1991 volume 2 pages 33-52; Jarvis 1987: 50.
  6. ^  Tan Malaka 1991 volume 3 pages 109-119.
  7. ^  Kahin 1952:174-176, Jarvis 1987:52.
  8. ^  Jarvis 1987:52.
  9. ^  Poeze 2007.
  10. ^  Jarvis 1987:44.
  11. ^  Watson 2000.

References

Further reading

External links

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