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For the river in Romania, see Tambura River. The Tambura River is a Tributary of the Cuca River in Romania.
Not to be confused with dambura, a different stringed instrument. The dambura (also danbura) is a plucked String instrument, part of the Lute family played mainly in northern Afghanistan, Tajikistan
Bulgarian Tambura
Bulgarian Tambura

The tambura (Hindi: तानपूरा) is a type of stringed instrument found in different versions in different places around the world; most are plucked lutes. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The New Grove Dictionary of Music assigns the term to the Eastern European variety of the saz, and to the Indian fretless drone lute. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The saz (from Persian:) is a family of Plucked string instruments popular in Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [1]

Contents

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, and Serbia

Main article: Tamburitza

The tradition of playing the tambura has lasted for centuries in Croatia and Serbia. The Tamburitza ( Croatian: Tamburica, meaning Little Tambura) is a String instrument popular in the traditional folk music Until the Great Migration of the Serbs at the end of the 17th century, the type of tambura most frequently used had a long neck and two or three strings (sometimes doubled). Similar string instruments are (tambura,Czech bratsche, saz, sargija, çiftelia, bouzouki, lute and oud). The saz (from Persian:) is a family of Plucked string instruments popular in Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the The šargija is a plucked, Fretted long necked Chordophone used in the Folk music of various Balkan countries including Croatia The çiftelia (chiftelia is an Albanian wooden largely acoustic String instrument, with only two strings The bouzouki ( gr το μπουζούκι pl. τα μπουζούκια (plural sometimes transliterated as bouzoukia) is the mainstay of modern Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The oud ( عود ʿūd, plural أعواد, a‘wād; kaban; Persian: بربط barbat; ud The movable neck frets are arranged to allow the playing of modes according to Pythagoras’ theory of intervals. The body of the instrument is made of a hollow gourd.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia, especially their Pannonian parts Slavonia and Vojvodina, and in Hungary the big part of country, the tambura (often referred to by the diminutive tamburica) is the basic instrument for traditional folk music. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out Not to be confused with Slovenia, a nearby country Slavonia ( Croatian, Serbian: Slavonija, Cyrillic script The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic A diminutive is a formation of a Word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning smallness of the object or quality named encapsulation intimacy or endearment Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous This is usually performed by small orchestras of three to ten members, but large orchestras capable of playing even classical pieces arranged for tambura also exist. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music

The orchestral claims suiting it took shape newly tambura variants where the stringed Hungarian Gypsy-band, where though from the brass band's musical instruments their name was taken over ("kontra", "brács", "cselló", "basszprím", "prím").

The today's Center-, and Southern European tambura shape was developed in Hungary (Budapest), on the front of the 20. The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, century.

There are several types of tambura, with three to four strings. The basic forms are samica (three double strings), bisernica (two double strings and two single strings; four tones), prim (one double string and three single strings; four tones), bas-prim or brač (from a hungarian brács) (two double strings and two single strings; four tones), čelović (two double strings and two single strings; four tones), čelo (four strings) (from a hungarian cselló), bas or berda (four strings), and bugarija or kontra (from a hungarian kontra) (two double strings and one single string; three tones). The names of the instruments and method of playing them depends on the tuning of the strings.

Bulgaria

The Bulgarian tambura is a long-necked, fretted, bouzouki-like string instrument that comes in two styles: eight-string (four pairs) and four-string (two pairs), played with a plectrum. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The bouzouki ( gr το μπουζούκι pl. τα μπουζούκια (plural sometimes transliterated as bouzoukia) is the mainstay of modern Often called a pick or plec, a plectrum is a small flat tool used to pluck or strum a stringed instrument.

Actually this type of tambura is something between mandolin and baglama. A mandolin is a musical instrument in the Lute family (plucked or strummed The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central It has a higher pitch and stronger, sharper sound perfect for solos, but the instrument is not very common since it does not really sound good if played alone. All the members of the tambura family have no ribs. The body is normally made of single piece hardwood and is pear-shaped, but also there are old examples of luteback tamburas made with the technique of bending and gluing thin pieces of wood together.

The Bulgarian tambura is played in two ways. As an accompaniment instrument, it is tuned similarly to the first four strings of a guitar and played as such. As a melodic instrument it is tuned in fifths, with the strings that are not being played for melody sounding as drones.

See also Music of Bulgaria. Bulgarian music is part of the Balkan tradition which stretches across Southeastern Europe, and has its own distinctive sound

India


A tambura (South India) or tanpura (North India) is a long-necked Indian plucked string instrument. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In its bodily shape it somewhat resembles the sitar, but it has no frets, as only the open strings are being played as a harmonic accompaniment to the other musicians. The sitar ( Hindi: सितार Urdu: ستار Persian: سی تار) is a Plucked stringed instrument. It has four or five (rarely, six) wire strings, which are plucked one after another in a regular pattern to create a harmonic resonance on the basic note (bourdon or drone function).

Tanpuras come in different sizes and pitches: bigger "males" and smaller "females" for vocalists and yet a smaller version that is used for accompanying sitar or sarod, called tamburi or tanpuri. Male vocalists pitch their tonic note (Sa) to about C#, female singers usually a fifth higher. The male instrument has an open string length of approx. one metre, the female is sized down to 3/4. The standard tuning is 5881, sol do' do' do, or in Indian sargam: PA sa sa SA. For ragas that omit the fifth, the first string will be tuned down to the natural fourth: 4881 or Ma sa sa Sa. Some ragas require a less common tuning with shuddh NI (semitone below octave sa) : NI sa sa SA. With a five-string instrument, the seventh or NI (natural minor or major 7th) is added: PA NI sa sa SA (57881)or MA NI sa sa SA (47881). The name 'tanpura' is probably derived from tana, referring to a musical phrase, and pura which means "full" or "complete". Both in its musical function and how it works, the tanpura is a unique instrument in many ways. It does not partake in the melodic part of the music but it supports and sustains the melody by providing a very colourful and dynamic harmonic resonance field based on one precise tone, the basic note or key-note. The special overtone-rich sound is achieved by applying the principle of jivari which creates a sustained, "buzzing" sound in which particular harmonics will resonate with focused clarity. Jivari, in Indian classical music culture and thought refers to the Overtone -rich "buzzing" sound characteristic of classical Indian string instruments 'Jiva' refers to 'soul', that which gives life. What is implied is that an 'animated' tone-quality is the idea which the tanpura embodies. The principle of jivari can be likened to the prismatic refraction of white light into the colours of the rainbow, as its acoustic twin-principle at work.

To achieve this effect, the strings pass over a wide, arched bridge-piece, the front of the bridge sloping gently away from under the strings. When the string is plucked, it will have an intermittent periodical contact with the bridge at a point close to the front edge. This intermittent grazing of string and bridge is not a static process, as the points of contact will gradually shift, being a compound function of amplitude and the curvature of the bridge and string tension. When the string is plucked it has a large amplitude, moving up and down and contacting the bridge on the down-phase. As the energy of the string's movement gradually diminishes, the contact point of the string with the bridge slowly creeps up the slope to the top of the bridge toward point zero when the string has finally come to rest. (depending on scale and pitch, this can take between 3 and 10 seconds) This dynamic sonic process can be fine-tuned using a cotton thread between string and bridge. By shifting the thread minutely, the whole dynamic process of the grazing contact is also shifted to a different position on the bridge, thus changing the harmonic content. Every single string produces its own cascading range of harmonics and at the same time builds up a particular resonance. Evidently, this generates a diversity of harmonic possibilities. According to this refined principle tanpuras are most attentively tuned to achieve a particular tonal shade in function of the intonation-related qualities of the raga. Rāga ( Sanskrit, lit "colour" or "mood" or rāgam in Carnatic music) refers to melodic modes used

These more delicate aspects of tuning are directly related to what Indian musicians call 'raga svaroop', which is about how very characteristic intonations strengthen the tonal impression of a particular raga. The particular set-up of the tanpura with the adjustable sonic-prismatic function of curved bridge and thread made it possible to explore a multitude of harmonic relations produced by the subtle harmonic interplay of four strings. Theoretically, at least, this is what the instrument was designed to do. However, it seems that this degree of artistry is slowly being eclipsed by the common use of the readily accessible electronic tanpura, which is not capable of this natural diversity as it produces one 'standard' sound per setting.

Tanpura's are designed in three different styles:

References

  1. ^ Scheherezade Qassim Hassan, R. Conway Morris, John Baily, Jean During. "Tanbūr", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell (London: Macmillan, 2001), xxv, pp. 61-62.

See also

External links

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