Takeoff is the phase of flight in which an aircraft goes through a transition from moving along the ground (taxiing) to flying in the air, usually starting on a runway. Flight is the process by which an object achieves sustained movement either through the Air (or movement beyond Earth's atmosphere, in the case of Taxiing also refers to the sport of stealthily following an unknowning person A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. For balloons, helicopters and some specialized fixed-wing aircraft (VTOL aircraft such as the Harrier), no runway is needed. "Ballooning" redirects here For the behavior of Spiders and other Arthropods see Ballooning (spider. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. VTOL is an abbreviation for Vertical Take-Off and Landing. VTOL describes Fixed-wing aircraft that can lift off vertically WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Takeoff is the opposite of landing. Landing is the last part of a Flight, where a flying Animal, Aircraft, or Spacecraft returns to the ground

Contents 1 Power settings 2 Speed required 3 Gliders 4 See also

Power settings

For light aircraft, full power is used during takeoff. Light aircraft is a generic category of aircraft that comprises many official designations in many countries Large transport category (airliner) aircraft will usually use a derated power takeoff, where less than full power is applied, with unneeded power held in reserve in case of emergency. Transport category is a category of airworthiness applicable to large civil airplanes and large civil helicopters Before takeoff, the engines, particularly piston engines, are routinely run up at high power to check for engine-related problems. A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a Heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating Pistons to convert The aircraft is permitted to accelerate to rotation speed (often referred to as V_r). A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion A two- Dimensional object rotates around a center (or point) of rotation The term rotation is used because the aircraft pivots around the axis of its main landing gear while still on the ground, usually due to manipulation of the flight controls to make this change in aircraft attitude. In Aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels that supports an Aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi Aircraft attitude is used to mean two closely related aspects of the situation of an aircraft in flight

The nose is raised to a nominal 5°–20° nose up pitch attitude to increase lift from the wings and effect liftoff. Flight dynamics is the science of air and space vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions WING "ESPN 1410" is a commercial AM radio station in Dayton Ohio operating with 5000 watts at 1410 kHz with studios offices and transmitter located on David For most aircraft, attempting a takeoff without a pitch-up would require cruise speeds while still on the runway.

Fixed-wing aircraft designed for high-speed operation (such as commercial jet aircraft) have difficulty generating enough lift at the (comparatively) low speeds encountered during takeoff. A jet aircraft is an Aircraft propelled by Jet engines Jet aircraft fly much faster than Propeller -powered aircraft and at higher altitudes -- as high as These are therefore fitted with high-lift devices, often including slats and usually flaps, which increase the camber of the wing, making it more effective at low speed, thus creating more lift. In Aircraft design high-lift devices are a variety of mechanisms intended to add lift during certain portions of flight Slats is also a nickname for Australian cricketer Michael Slater, and NHL executive Glen Sather Slats are Aerodynamic Flaps are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the wings of a Fixed-wing aircraft. Camber in Aerospace engineering, is the asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an Airfoil in cross-section These are deployed from the wing prior to takeoff, and retracted during the climb. They can also be deployed at other times, such as prior to landing.

The speeds needed for takeoff are relative to the motion of the air (indicated airspeed). Indicated airspeed (IAS is the Airspeed read directly from the Airspeed indicator on an aircraft driven by the Pitot-static system. A headwind will reduce the ground speed needed for takeoff, as there is a greater flow of air over the wings. A headwind is a Wind that blows against the direction of travel of an object Typical takeoff air speeds for jetliners are in the 130–155 knot range (150–180 mph, 250–290 km/h). Light aircraft, such as a Cessna 150, take off at around 55 knots (63 mph, 100 km/h). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Ultralights have even lower takeoff speeds. The takeoff speed is usually directly proportional to the aircraft weight; the heavier the weight, the greater the speed needed. Some aircraft specifically designed for short takeoff and landing can take off at speeds below 40 knots (74 km/h), and can even become airborne from a standing start when pointed into a sufficiently strong wind. STOL is an Initialism for short take-off and landing, a term used to describe Aircraft with very short Runway requirements

Speed required

The takeoff speed required varies with air density, aircraft gross weight, and aircraft configuration (flap and/or slat position, as applicable). The density of air, ρ (Greek rho (air density is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere, and is a useful value in Aeronautics. Air density is affected by factors such as field elevation and air temperature. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature This relationship between temperature, altitude, and air density can be expressed as a density altitude, or the altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere at which the air density would be equal to the actual air density. Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data Density altitude is the Altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere at which the air density would be equal to the actual air density at the The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA is an atmospheric model of how the Pressure, Temperature, Density, and Viscosity

Pilots of large multi-engine aircraft calculate a decision speed (V₁) for each takeoff that dictates action to be taken in case an engine fails. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Wizz Air is a Hungarian low-cost airline with headquarters in Vecsés, Hungary WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout London Luton Airport (previously called Luton International Airport) is an International airport located on the edge of the Town of Luton England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This speed is determined not only by the above factors affecting takeoff performance, but by the length of the runway and any peculiar conditions, such as obstacles off the end of the runway. Below V₁, the takeoff is aborted; above V₁ the pilot continues the takeoff and returns for landing. After the co-pilot calls V₁, he/she will call V_r or "rotate," marking speed at which to rotate the aircraft. The V_r for transport category aircraft is computed such that three seconds after rotation is initiated the aircraft is in the liftoff attitude and at the liftoff speed. Then, V₂ (the safe climb speed) is called. This speed must be maintained to meet performance targets for rate of climb and angle of climb.

In a single-engine or light twin-engine aircraft, the pilot calculates the length of runway required to take off and clear any obstacles, to ensure sufficient runway to use for takeoff. A safety margin can be added to provide the option to stop on the runway in case of a rejected takeoff. A rejected takeoff or RTO (more commonly known outside Aviation Jargon as an aborted takeoff) is the situation in which it is decided to abort In most such aircraft, any engine failure results in a rejected takeoff as a matter of course, since even overrunning the end of the runway is preferable to lifting off with insufficient power to maintain flight.

If an obstacle needs to be cleared, the pilot climbs at the speed for maximum climb angle (V_x), which results in the greatest altitude gain per unit of horizontal distance travelled. If no obstacle needs to be cleared, or after an obstacle is cleared, the pilot can accelerate to the best rate of climb speed (V_y), where the aircraft will gain the most altitude in the least amount of time. Generally speaking, V_x is a lower speed than V_y, and requires a higher pitch attitude to achieve.

Gliders

Gliders use several launch methods, see gliding, but the most common is winching-launching or towing behind another aircraft, most often a light aircraft. Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes Gliding is a Recreational activity and competitive Sport in which pilots fly un-powered aircraft known as Gliders or sailplanes A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up or let out (wind out or otherwise adjust the " Tension " of a Rope or Wire rope Light aircraft is a generic category of aircraft that comprises many official designations in many countries

See also

• Balanced field takeoff
• V speeds
• Climb
• Cruise
• Descent
• Landing
• Space launch, the spaceflight equivalent

In Aviation, the balanced field takeoff is the theoretical principle whereby the critical engine failure recognition speed or V1, is used as a decision In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such In Aviation, the term climb refers both to the actual operation of increasing the altitude of an Aircraft and to the logical phase of a typical flight (often Cruise is the level portion of aircraft travel where flight is most fuel efficient A descent during air travel is any portion where an aircraft decreases altitude and is the opposite of an ascent or Climb. Landing is the last part of a Flight, where a flying Animal, Aircraft, or Spacecraft returns to the ground Space launch is the earliest part of a Flight that reaches space. Spaceflight is the use of Space technology to fly a Spacecraft into and through Outer space.

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