The taiga is found throughout the high northern latitudes, between the tundra, and the steppes. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced

Taiga (pronounced /ˈtaɪgə/, from Turkic^[1] or Mongolian) is a biome characterized by coniferous forests. A biome is a climatically and geographically defined area of ecologically similar climatic conditions such as communities of Plants Animals and In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate deciduous forest) --> are a Temperate and Humid Biome. Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial Biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest The tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest Biome, also known as tropical dry forest, is located at tropical and subtropical latitudes Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests are a Forest Biome. Tropical and subtropical grasslands savannas and shrublands are a Grassland Biome located in Semi-arid to semi- Humid Climate regions Temperate grasslands Savannas and shrublands is a Biome whose predominant vegetation consists of Grasses and/or Shrubs The Climate Montane grasslands and shrublands is a Biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund. Mediterranean forests woodlands and shrub is a temperate Biome, characterized by hot dry summers and mild and rainy winters Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics. The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each Continent and associated Coastal plain, which is covered during interglacial periods such Littoral refers to the coast of an ocean or sea or to the banks of a river lake or estuary "Riparian" redirects here For the legal doctrine see " Riparian water rights. A pond is a body of water smaller than a Lake, both being examples of Terrain features Although the term pond is universally used to describe waterbodies that Coral reefs are Aragonite structures produced by living organisms found in marine waters with little to no nutrients in the water Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of Kelp. Drift ice is Sea ice that floats on the surface of the water in cold regions as opposed to Fast ice, which is attached ("fastened" to a shore A hydrothermal vent is a Fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated Water issues A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the Ocean floor where Hydrogen sulfide, Methane and other Hydrocarbon -rich The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a Body of water such as an Ocean or a Lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface Any water in the sea that is not close to the bottom is in the pelagic zone. The neritic zone, also called the sublittoral zone, is the part of the ocean extending from the low tide mark to the edge of the Continental shelf, with a relatively An endolith or cryptoendolith is an Organism ( Archaeum, Bacterium, Fungus, Lichen, Alga or Amoeba The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of A biome is a climatically and geographically defined area of ecologically similar climatic conditions such as communities of Plants Animals and Covering most of inland Alaska, Canada, Sweden, Finland, inland Norway and Russia (especially Siberia), as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States (Northern Minnesota, Michigan, Upstate New York, New Hampshire, and Maine), northern Kazakhstan and Japan (Hokkaidō), the taiga is the world's largest terrestrial biome. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Upstate New York is the region of New York State north of the core of the New York metropolitan area. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's In Canada, boreal forest is the term used to refer to the southern part of this biome, while "taiga" is used to describe the more barren northern areas of the Arctic tree line. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. The tree line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which Trees are capable of growing

Since North America, Europe and Asia were recently connected by the Bering land bridge, a number of animal and plant species (more animals than plants) were able to colonize both continents and are distributed throughout the taiga biome (see Circumboreal Region). The Bering land bridge was a Land bridge roughly 1000 miles (1600 km north to south at its greatest extent which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Vaccinium vitis-idaea 20060824 003jpg|thumb|right| Vaccinium vitis-idaea ]]Alnus-viridis Others differ regionally, typically with each genus having several distinct species, each occupying different regions of the taiga. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Taigas also have some small-leaved deciduous trees like birch, alder, willow, and aspen; mostly in areas escaping the most extreme winter cold. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Birch is the name of any Tree of the genus Betula ( Bé-tu-la) in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the Alder is the common name of a Genus of Flowering plants ( Alnus) belonging to the Birch family (Family Betulaceae) Willows, sallows and osiers form the Genus Salix, around 400 species of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs found primarily Aspens are Trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the Poplar genus Populus sect However, the deciduous larch is coping with the coldest winters on the northern hemisphere in eastern Siberia. Larches are Conifers in the genus Larix, in the family Pinaceae. The southernmost part of the taiga also has trees like oak, maple, and elm scattered among the conifers. The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or Elms are Deciduous and Semi-deciduous Trees comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found

Climate and geography

White Spruce taiga, Denali Highway, Alaska Range, Alaska

Taiga, the world's largest biome, has a harsh continental climate with a very large temperature range between summer and winter, classified as "Dfc" or "Dfb" in the Köppen climate classification scheme. Picea glauca ( White Spruce) is a species of Spruce native to the north of North America, from central Alaska east to Newfoundland Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist Aside from the tundra and permanent ice caps, it is the coldest biome on Earth. In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons High latitudes mean that for much of the year the sun does not rise far above the horizon. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Winters last at least 5-6 months, with average temperatures below freezing. Temperatures vary from −50 °C to 30 °C (-58°F to 86°F) throughout the whole year, with eight or more months of temperatures averaging below 10 °C (50°F). The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid. In general, taiga grows to the south of the 10 °C July isotherm, but occasionally as far north as the 9 °C July isotherm. ^[2] The southern limit is more variable, depending on rainfall; taiga may be replaced by open steppe woodland south of the 15 °C July isotherm where rainfall is very low, but more typically extends south to the 18 °C July isotherm, and locally where rainfall is higher (notably in eastern Siberia and adjacent northern Manchuria) south to the 20 °C July isotherm. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast In these warmer areas, the taiga has higher species diversity with more warmth-loving species such as Korean Pine, Jezo Spruce and Manchurian Fir, and merges gradually into mixed temperate forest, or more locally (on the Pacific Ocean coasts of North America and Asia) into coniferous temperate rainforests. The tree species Pinus koraiensis is Korean Pine It is native to eastern Asia, Manchuria, far eastern Russia, Korea and central The Jezo Spruce ( Picea jezoensis) is a large Evergreen Tree growing to 30-50 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m Manchurian Fir ( Abies holophylla, zh: 杉松 also called Needle Fir, is a species of Fir native to mountainous regions of northern Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate deciduous forest) --> are a Temperate and Humid Biome. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall

The taiga experiences relatively low precipitation throughout the year (200–750 mm annually), primarily as rain during the summer months, but also as fog and snow; as evaporation is also low for most of the year, precipitation exceeds evaporation and is sufficient for the dense vegetation growth. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Snow may remain on the ground for as long as nine months in the northernmost extensions of the taiga ecozone. ^[3]

Much of the area currently classified as taiga was recently glaciated. "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period As the glaciers receded, they left depressions in the topography that have since filled with water, creating lakes and bogs (especially muskeg soil), found throughout the Taiga. A kettle (or kettle hole) is a shallow sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters Muskeg is an acidic soil type common in Arctic and Boreal areas although it is found in other northern climates as well

Soils

Taiga soil tends to be young and nutrient-poor; it lacks the deep, organically-enriched profile present in temperate deciduous forests. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel A soil horizon is a specific layer in the Soil which measures parallel to the soil surface and possesses physical characteristics which differ from the layers above and ^[4] The thinness of the soil is due largely to the cold, which hinders the development of soil and the ease with which plants can use its nutrients. ^[5] Fallen leaves and moss can remain on the forest floor for a long time in the cool, moist climate, which limits their organic contribution to the soil; acids from evergreen needles further leach the soil, creating spodosol. Mosses are small soft Plants that are typically 1–10  cm (0 In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. In Soil science, Podsol (also spelled Podzol, or known as Spodosol) are the typical Soils of Coniferous, or Boreal forests ^[6] Since the soil is acidic due to the falling pine needles, the forest floor has only lichens and some mosses growing on it. Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as

Flora

Black Spruce taiga, Copper River, Alaska. Picea mariana ( Black Spruce) is a species of Spruce native to northern North America, from Newfoundland west to Alaska

There are two major types of taiga, closed forest, consisting of many closely-spaced trees with mossy ground cover, and lichen woodland, with trees that are farther-spaced and lichen ground cover; the latter is more common in the northernmost taiga. Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as ^[7]

The forests of the taiga are largely coniferous, dominated by larch, spruce, fir, and pine. Larches are Conifers in the genus Larix, in the family Pinaceae. Spruce refers to Trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of Coniferous Evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae Firs ( Abies) are a genus of between 45-55 species of Evergreen conifers in the family Pinaceae. This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. Evergreen species in the taiga (spruce, fir, and pine) have a number of adaptations specifically for survival in harsh taiga winters, though larch, the most cold-tolerant of all trees, is deciduous. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Taiga trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of the thin soils, while many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening". Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as ^[8] The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, also help them shed snow. ^[9]

Moss (Ptilium crista-castrensis) cover on the floor of taiga

Because the sun is low in the horizon for most of the year, it is difficult for plants to generate energy from photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. Pine and spruce do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with their older leaves in late winter and spring when light is good but temperatures are still too low for new growth to commence. The adaptation of evergreen needles limits the water lost due to transpiration and their dark green color increases their absorption of sunlight. Transpiration is the Evaporation of water from the aerial parts of Plants especially leaves but also stems Flowers and Roots Although precipitation is not a limiting factor, the ground freezes during the winter months and plant roots are unable to absorb water, so desiccation can be a severe problem in late winter for evergreens.

Although the taiga is dominated by coniferous forests, some broadleaf trees also occur, notably birch, aspen, willow, and rowan. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Birch is the name of any Tree of the genus Betula ( Bé-tu-la) in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the Aspens are Trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the Poplar genus Populus sect Willows, sallows and osiers form the Genus Salix, around 400 species of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs found primarily The rowans or mountain-ashes are Plants in the family Rosaceae, in the Genus Sorbus, subgenus Sorbus Many smaller herbaceous plants grow closer to the ground. A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of Periodic stand-replacing wildfires (with return times of between 20-200 years) clear out the tree canopies, allowing sunlight to invigorate new growth on the forest floor. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, For some species, wildfires are a necessary part of the life cycle in the taiga; some, e. g. Jack Pine have cones which only open to release their seed after a fire, dispersing their seeds onto the newly cleared ground. The Jack Pine ( Pinus banksiana) is a North American Pine with its native range in Canada east of the Rocky Mountains from Grasses grow wherever they can find a patch of sun, and mosses and lichens thrive on the damp ground and on the sides of tree trunks. Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include Mosses are small soft Plants that are typically 1–10  cm (0 Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as In comparison with other biomes, however, the taiga has a low biological diversity.

Coniferous trees are the dominant plants of the taiga biome. A very few species in four main genera are found: the evergreen spruce, fir, and pine, and the deciduous larch or tamarack. In North America, one or two species of fir and one or two species of spruce are dominant. Across Scandinavia and western Russia the Scots pine is a common component of the taiga.

Fauna

The taiga is home to a number of large herbivorous mammals and smaller rodents. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must These animals have also adapted to survive the harsh climate. Some of the larger mammals, such as bears, eat during the summer in order to gain weight and then go into hibernation during the winter. For the ability of certain operating systems see Hibernate (OS feature Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression Other animals have adapted layers of fur or feathers to insulate them from the cold.

A number of wildlife species threatened or endangered with extinction can be found in the Canadian Boreal forest including woodland caribou, grizzly bear and wolverine. The Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis, also known as the Silvertip Bear, is a Subspecies of Brown bear (Ursus arctos that lives Habitat loss due to destructive development, mostly in the form of logging, is the main cause of decline for these species.

Due to the climate, carnivorous diets are an inefficient means of obtaining energy; energy is limited, and most energy is lost between trophic levels. A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting In Ecology, trophic dynamics is the system of trophic levels ( Greek trophē, food which describe the position that an organism occupies However, predatory birds (owls and eagles) and other smaller carnivores, including foxes and weasels, feed on the rodents. The Owls are an order of birds of prey. Most are Solitary, and nocturnal, with some exceptions (e Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the Bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small Weasels are Mammals in the genus Mustela of the Mustelidae family. Larger carnivores, such as lynxes and wolves, prey on the larger animals. A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the Genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora Omnivores, such as bears and raccoons are fairly common, sometimes picking through human garbage. Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary The raccoon ( Procyon lotor) (sometimes spelt as racoon) also known as the common raccoon, North American raccoon, northern raccoon

A considerable number of birds such as Siberian Thrush, White-throated Sparrow and Black-throated Green Warbler, migrate to this habitat to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of insects found around the numerous bogs and lakes. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The Siberian Thrush, Zoothera sibirica, is a member of the Thrush family Turdidae Description The White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis, is a Passerine Bird of the American sparrow family The Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens, is a small Songbird of the New World warbler family Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Of the perhaps 300 species of birds that summer in the taiga, only 30 stay for the winter. ^[10] These are either carrion-feeding or large raptors that can take live mammal prey, including Golden Eagle, Rough-legged Buzzard, and Raven, or else seed-eating birds, including several species of grouse and crossbills. Carrion (from the Latin caro, meaning meat refers to the carcass of a dead animal Birds of prey are Birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing using their keen senses especially vision The Golden Eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere The Rough-legged Buzzard ( Buteo lagopus) called the Rough-legged Hawk in North America is a medium-large Bird of prey. Raven is the common name given to the largest species of Passerine Birds in the Genus Corvus. Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes. Often considered a family Tetraonidae, the American Ornithologists' Union The crossbills are birds in the Finch family Fringillidae. The three to five (or possibly many more species are all classified in the genus Loxia

Threats

Human activities

In Canada, less than 8% of the Boreal forest is protected from development and more than 50% has been allocated to logging companies for cutting. ^[11] The main form of forestry in the Boreal forest in Canada is clearcutting, where most if not all trees are removed from an area of forest. Clearcut upwards of 110 km² have been recorded in the Canadian Boreal forest. Some of the products from logged Boreal forests include toilet paper, copy paper, newsprint and lumber. Toilet paper is a soft paper product used to maintain Personal hygiene after human Defecation or Urination. However, in most cases forest companies harvest trees to create high value products used for building and value added processing. Pulp is produced by using tree tops, low grade trees, and species which cannot be used for other products. More than 80% of Boreal forest products from Canada are exported for consumption and processing in the United States.

Most companies that harvest in Canadian forests are certified by an independent third party agency such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Sustainable Forests Initiative (SFI), or the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). While the certification process differs between these the various groups all of them include forest stewardship, respect for aboriginal peoples, compliance with local, provincial and/or national environmental laws, forest worker safety, education and training, and other environmental, business and social requirements. The prompt renewal of all harvest sites by planting or natural renewal is also required.

Insects

Recent years have seen outbreaks of insect pests in forest-destroying plagues: the spruce-bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) in the Yukon Territory, Canada, and Alaska;^[12] the aspen-leaf miner; the larch sawfly; the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana);^[13] the spruce coneworm. Spruce refers to Trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of Coniferous Evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae A bark beetle is one of approximately 220 Genera with 6000 Species of Beetles in the Subfamily Scolytinae. Aspens are Trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the Poplar genus Populus sect The larch sawfly is a species of Sawfly. The adult sawfly resembles a black Wasp, is about ½  in in length with a thick waist and has brown to orangish Spruce budworms and relatives are a group of closely related insects in the genus Choristoneura. ^[14]

See also

• Boreal Forest Conservation Framework
• Success of fire suppression in northern forests
• Birds of North American boreal forests
• Scandinavian and Russian taiga

References

Notes

• Arno, S. F. & Hammerly, R. P. 1984. Timberline. Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. The Mountaineers, Seattle. ISBN 0-89886-085-7
• Arno, S. F. , Worral, J. , & Carlson, C. E. (1995). Larix lyallii: Colonist of tree line and talus sites. Pp. 72-78 in Schmidt, W. C. & McDonald, K. J. , eds. , Ecology and Management of Larix Forests: A Look Ahead. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report GTR-INT-319.
• Sayre, A. P. (1994). Taiga. New York: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-8050-2830-7

External links

• Tundra and Taiga
• Threats to Boreal Forests (Greenpeace)
• Rainforest Action Network runs a campaign against lumber giant Weyerhaeuser's logging practices in the Canadian boreal forest
• Boreal Forests/Taiga (WWF)
• Arctic and Taiga (Canadian Geographic)
• Terraformers Canadian Taiga Conservation Foundation
• Coniferous Forest. Earth Observatory. NASA. [1].
• Taiga Rescue Network (TRN) A network of NGOs, indigenous peoples or individuals that works to protect the boreal forests.
• Index of Boreal Forests/Taiga ecoregions at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
• The Nature Conservancy and its partners work to protect the Canadian Boreal Forest
• Slater museum of natural history: Taiga
• Dr. William (Bill) Pruitt, Jr. , University of Manitoba, founded Taiga Biological Station