Citizendia

Part of a series on the Qur'an

Mus'haf

Sura · Ayah

Qur'an reading

Tajwid · Hizb · Tarteel · Qur'anic guardian · Manzil · Qari' · Juz' · Rasm

Translations

List

Origin and development

Meccan revelations · Medinan revelations

Tafsir

Persons related to verses · Justice · Asbab al-nuzul · Naskh · Biblical narratives · Tahrif · Bakkah · Muqatta'at · Esoteric interpretation

Qur'an and Sunnah

Literalism · Miracles · Science · Women

Views on the Qur'an

Shi'a · Criticism · Desecration · Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn · Satanic Verses · Tanazzulat · Qisas Al-Anbiya · Beit Al Qur'an

This box: view • talk • edit

Tahrif (Arabic: تحريف "corruption, forgery"; the stem-II verbal noun of the consonantal root ḥrf, "to make oblique") is an Arabic term used by Muslims with regard to words, and more specifically with regard to what Islamic tradition supposes Jews and Christians to have done to their respective Scriptures. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran A Mus'haf ( مصحف, pronounced "Mus-haf" not "Mu-sh-af" is a "codex" or a collection of sheets ( Sahifa, see below Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded Ayah (ar آية, plural Ayat ar آيات) is the Arabic word for sign or Miracle, cognate with Hebrew ot, Qur'an reading is the reading ( Tarteel, Tajwid, or taghbir) aloud reciting, or Chanting of portions of the Tajwīd ( تجويد) is an Arabic word meaning proper pronunciation during Recitation, as well as recitation at a moderate speed Tarteel ( Arabic: ترتيل) is an Arabic term that is wide in meaning but is commonly translated in reference to the Qur'an as "recitation Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern Manzil ( Arabic: منزل; plural manazil, منازل) is the Arabic word for one of seven parts of roughly equal length into which Qari' (قَارٍئplural qurra') literally meaning "reader" is a person who recites the Qur'an with the proper rules of recitation ( Tajweed A juz' (جزء plural اجزاء ajza') literally means "part Rasm (رسم is an Arabic term that signifies "sketch pattern mark design form" Translations of the Qur'an are interpretations of the holy book of Islam in languages other than Arabic. This is a sub-article to Translation of the Qur'an. By first printing date 600s Salman the Persian The study of the origins and development of the Qur’an can be said to fall into two major schools of thought the first being a Traditionalist Muslim view and The Meccan suras are the chronologically earlier Suras of the Qur'an that were revealed at Mecca. The Medinan suras of the Qur'an are those Suras which were revealed at Medina, after Muhammad 's hijra from Mecca, when the Tafsir ( Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation" is the Arabic word for Exegesis Some of the Qur'anic verses are said to be revealed pertaining to some specific person Islamic Justice, truth-telling various virtues and sins the prohibition of Perjury in the Qur'an are repeated many times Justice Asbāb al-nuzūl اسباب النزول, an Arabic term meaning "occasions/circumstances of revelation" is a secondary genre of Qur'ānic Exegesis Naskh (نسخ is an Arabic language word usually translated as " abrogation " it shares the same root as the words appearing The Qur'an, the central religious text of Islam, contains references to over fifty people also found in the Bible, typically in the same or similar Bakkah (بكة is a place mentioned in Surah 396 of the Qur'an. Muqatta`at (Arabic ar مقطعات,are unique letter combinations that begin certain chapters of the Quran. An esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an is an Interpretation of the Qur’an which includes attribution of Esoteric or mystic meanings to the Qur'an and Sunnah is an often quoted Islamic term regarding the sources of Islam Qur'anic literalism is the belief that the verses of the Qur'an should be taken at their apparent meaning rather than employing any sort of interpretation Muslims consider the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, as the word of God and a Miracle. The relation between Qur'an and science is a strong relation in the Islamic thought This article is about female figures that appear in the Qur'an This is a sub-article to Shī‘a Islam and the Qur'an The Shī‘a view of the Qur'an has some differences from the Sunni view but it must Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God as recited to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. Qur'an desecration is defined as insulting the Qur'an, by defiling or defacing it The Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn are two surahs (chapters that are supposedly claimed to be included in the Qur'an by some Shiite sects Satanic Verses is an expression coined by the historian Sir William Muir in reference to a few verses delivered by Muhammad as part of the Qur'an Tanzil and Inzal, or "to send down" ( Arabic تنزيل refers to the act of descent of the pre-existing Qur'an through different Realms The "Qisas Al-Anbiya" (قصص الأنبياء or Stories of the Prophets refers to various collections of tales adapted from the Quran. Beit Al Qur'an (بيت القرآن means House of Qur'an in Arabic. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Arabic is a Semitic language See Arabic language for more information on the language in general In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic languages and some other Afro-Asiatic languages, a triliteral ( Arabic: جذر ثلاثي Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Most Muslims (excepting groups such as the Mu'tazili and Ismaili sects as well as a few Islamic scholars and members of various liberal movements within Islam) believe that Jews and Christians have deliberately changed the text of the Jewish Torah and the Christian Bible, through altering words from their proper meaning, changing words in form, or substituting words or letters for others. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin This is considered by Islam to be a deliberate change which distorted the word of God, and which thus necessitated the giving of the Qur'an to Muhammad, to correct this perceived distortion. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Such substitution is also termed tabdīl "alteration, substitution" (from the root bdl "substitute"), a wider term used also in other contexts, but in the Qur'an and later literature practically synonymous with tahrif (e. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran g. Commentaries of Mudjahid b. Djabr Al-makki). Mujahid ibn Jabr ( مجاهد بن جبر) (d 722CE was a Tabi‘in and one of the major early Islamic scholars. The doctrine of tarif is central to the Islamic faith because the Qu'ran explicitly validates the Jewish and Christian texts[1][2][3][4], yet the Qu'ran is very diffrent to the other texts. Tarif is a surname and may refer to Mowafak Tarif Salah Tarif Salih ibn Tarif The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran

Contents

Qur'an and the doctrine of tahrif

The Qur'an accepts books known as the Tawrat (the Torah, or perhaps the entire Hebrew Bible), Zabur (the Book of Psalms) and the Injil (the Gospels, or perhaps the entire New Testament) as genuine divine revelations taken from the same Guarded Tablets as the Qur'an itself and brought by true messengers to both Jews and Christians respectively. Tawrat ( Tawrah or Taurat, Arabic: توراة is the Arabic transliteration of the Hebrew word Torah (also known as the Five Zabur ( زبور) is the holy book of the Sebo'un ( Arabic:صابؤون Greek:Σεβομενοι and according to Islam, one of the Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included The Injil ( Arabic إنجيل (or Injeel) is one of the five Islamic Holy Books the Qur'an records as revealed by God, the others This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament

Although the Qu'ran never explicity says so, Muslim tradition reads the Qur'an as accusing the Jews of having deliberately altered the Torah and the rest of Hebrew Bible, and Christians of deliberately altering the New Testament. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic The Qur'an does not specify exactly which parts are meant, however they are usually considered to be the places where the Qur'an and the Bible differ.

Relevant verses on which the doctrine of tahrif is based are (Yusuf Ali translation):

The Qur'an also contains different narratives of several Biblical historical accounts and stories. Muslims have commonly used the distortion of the text doctrine to justify these differences. See Biblical narratives and the Qur'an for further details about the difference in narratives. The Qur'an, the central religious text of Islam, contains references to over fifty people also found in the Bible, typically in the same or similar

Types of Tahrif

Amin Ahsan Islahi writes about four types of Tahrif:[5]

  1. To deliberately interpret something in a manner that is totally opposite to the intention of the author. Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997 was an Indian Pakistani exegete of the Qur'an, who became famous for his Urdu exegeses of Qur'an Tadabbur-i-Qur’an To distort the pronunciation of a word to such an extent that the word changes completely. For example, the word ‘مروه’ was changed to ‘موره’ or ‘موريا’.
  2. To add to or delete a sentence or discourse in a manner that completely distorts the original meaning. For example, according to Islam, the Jews altered the incident of the migration of the Prophet Abraham in a manner that no one could prove that Abraham had any relationship with the Ka‘bah.
  3. To translate a word that has two meanings in the meaning that is totally against the context. For example the Hebrew word ‘ابن’ was translated as ‘son’ whereas it also meant ‘servant’ and ‘slave’.
  4. To raise questions about something that is absolutely clear in order to create uncertainty about it, or to change it completely.

Origin of tahrif

The relevant Qu'ranic verses, if indeed referring to the alteration of biblical text, do not state explicitly how the alteration of the various biblical texts was done and when, but later commentaries give various explanations:


Tahrif in the first centuries of Islam

In early Islam, tahrif was limited to an understanding that the holy books were misinterpreted for immoral purposes. The Islamic holy books are the records believed from Muslims that were dictated by God to prophets There was no belief that the texts themselves of the Torah or Injil were changed. This early belief also contradicts the modern, popular belief that the books were misinterpreted through centuries of innocent and accidental mistranslation and copy errors. Originally, Muslims believed tahrif only occurred by a few Jews done purposefully. Therefore, the text of the Torah was the very same as the text of the Tawrat and the Gospels the same as the Injil. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to However, few Muslims read the Torah or Gospels because the Qur'an was considered by the pious to be vastly superior.

Early scholars known to support the lack of change of the Tawrat and Injil are Ibn al-Layth, Ibn Rabban, Ibn Qutayba, Al-Ya'qubi, Al-Tabari, Al-Baqillani, Al-Ma'sudi. [6]

Several different ideas existed as to the motivation of tahrif:


Ibn Hazm

The personality of Ezra becomes very involved in the polemics in the 10th century, and especially with Ibn Hazm, an Andalusian savant, who explicitly accused Ezra of having falsified and added interpolations into the Biblical text. Ezra ( was a Jewish Priestly Scribe who led about 5000 Israelite exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem Ibn Hazm ( 7 November 994 &ndash 15 August 1064 was an Andalusian - Arab philosopher, litterateur

The theme of tahrif found its first detailed elaboration in the writings of Ibn Hazm. He also arranged systematically and in scholarly detail the arguments against the authenticity of the Biblical text in the first (Tanakh) and second part (New Testament) of his book: chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; theological impossibilities (anthropomorphic expressions, stories of fornication and whoredom, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as lack of reliable transmission (tawatur) of the text. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is Mutawatir (متواتر is an Arabic word meaning "consecutive He explains how the falsification of the Torah could have taken place while there existed only one copy of the Torah kept by the Aaronic priesthood of the Temple in Jerusalem. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to The Aaronic priesthood (also called the Levitical priesthood) is the lesser of the two (or sometimes three orders of priesthood recognized in Mormonism Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Ibn Hazm’s impact on later Muslim polemics was great, and the themes which he raised with regard to tahrif and other polemical ideas were updated only slightly by some later authors. [7][8][9]


Criticism of Tahrif

The doctrine of tahrif has undergone heavy criticism by both religious and secular scholars alike. The main objection to tahrif is that archaeological records, such as the Dead Sea Scrolls validate the entire Torah, confirming that the Old Testament of the Bible we have today has not been intentionally altered since at least 200 B.C.[1] [2], and presumably the same text that must have been circulating at the time of Muhammed over 800 years later. The Dead Sea Scrolls consist of roughly 1000 documents including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1979 in eleven Caves term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin With respect to the New Testament, it has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work, having over 5,400 complete or fragmented Greek manuscripts, 10,000 Latin manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including Syriac, Slavic, Gothic, Ethiopic, Coptic and Armenian, the earliest fragments of which date back to c. 125 AD [3]. Thus the criticism is that since the Bible today is essentially the same as it was well before the time of Muhammed, the claim of tahrif is unfounded from an archaeological perspective. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos

Qur'an and the claim of the corruption of the text itself

Some claim that above explanations are against the Qur'an itself, since it states that the Tawrat and Injil were known by Jesus (5:110) "Then will God say: "O Jesus the son of Mary! Recount My favour to thee and to thy mother. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Behold! I strengthened thee with the holy spirit, so that thou didst speak to the people in childhood and in maturity. Behold! I taught thee the Book and Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel (. . )".
Since Jesus knew all the Scripture and taught it, the alteration of these biblical texts has to fall between the period of Jesus and Muhammad.

Furthermore the Qur'an states that those who follow the Law and the Gospel have to stand fast by them and that both the Law and the Gospels are revelations from God. The conclusion that could be drawn from this, since it not possible to stand fast by something when it is not known or altered, that the text of biblical texts were at least in the time of Mohammed not corrupted according to the Qur'an (5:68-69)

Islamic scholars, such as Gary Miller, believe that Qur'an criticizes the handling of scripture by some Jews and Christians rather than their holy books. According to Gary Miller, Qur'an only makes the following three accusations[4]:

Early refutation

Among the earliest Christian documents on Islam in retrospect are the letter Maximus the Confessor wrote between the year 634 and 640 to Peter the Illustrious and the three writings of Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem (d. For the Bulgarian enlightener see Sophronius of Vratsa. Sophronius (born 560 in Damascus - died March 11, 638 639) ranging from 634 till 637. Absent from these writings is any sense that the Arabs were spurred by a new religion.
The Melkites, those who had lost their empire, ascribed the success of the Muslims to Christian sins. The term Melkite (also written Melchite) is used to refer to various Christian churches and their members originating in the Middle East. The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, written between 685 and 692 (Syriac version), state among other things that the Muslims were given to rule over the Christians for their punishment and purification.
The first Melkite example of doctrinal refutation is Anastasius of Sinai (d. c. 700). [10]

The argument of tahrif is also refuted in an early polemical text attributed to the Byzantine Emperor Leo III[11] with the statement that Jews and Christians share the same, widely-known divine text, and that Ezra, the covenantal architect of the Second Temple, was a pious, reliable person. Leo III the Isaurian ' or the Syrian ' ( Greek: Λέων Γ΄ Leōn III) (c Ezra ( was a Jewish Priestly Scribe who led about 5000 Israelite exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE The same arguments appear in later Jewish writings.

Critical views on Mohammed's reference to the Bible

According to some scholars on the field of Middle East studies, Muhammad's attachment to the Bible was doubtless born of a desire to give legitimacy to his own message, to stress the affinity of Islam to the two better established and more widely accepted monotheistic faiths, and most specifically to Judaism. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The "religion of Abraham" motif served that end, as did the Qur'an extensive citation of biblical material and Muhammad's acceptance of Jews as "People of the Book". Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: But if that was Muhammad's intent, the situation was quite different for later Muslims. Their problem was to separate and distinguish themselves from those other two groups, to disengage themselves, so to speak, from their prophetically bestowed biblical heritage. [12]

Christian and Jewish response to tahrif

Christians and Jews deny that any person or group ever committed tahrif to their scriptures. They note that none of the teachings that Muslims believe were removed from the scripture are found in the most ancient scriptural manuscripts.

Christians and Jews readily discuss that biblical manuscripts have textual variants. The entire study of biblical textual criticism has been devoted to this. Textual criticism (or lower criticism) is a branch of Literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of Transcription errors in These variants exist most often as misspellings, grammatical mistakes, and the existent of two similar words. The substantial changes of theology and narration that tahrif describes have not been found.

Certain English-speaking Roman Catholics who use the old Douay-Rheims Version of the Bible claim that the King James Version (the most common Protestant translation) was created using corrupted Greek and Hebrew texts, and that the Douay-Rheims, being a direct translation of the Latin Vulgate, created from unadulterated Greek and Hebrew texts available in the fourth century, is purer than the King James. The Douay-Rheims Bible, also known as the Rheims-Douai Bible or Douai Bible and abbreviated as D-R, is a translation of the Bible from the The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by

The historical biblical archaeological record appears to refute accusations of tahrif because the Dead Sea Scrolls (a variety of Jewish texts written before the 1st century CE, among them the earliest known Hebrew versions of the Tanakh) have been fully translated,[13] for the greater part validating the authenticity of both the Hebrew Masoretic Text, used by Judaism and many Christian demoninations, and the Greek Septuagint, the version of the Old Testament used by the Eastern Orthodox Church. For the movement associated with William F Albright and known as Biblical archaeology see Biblical archaeology school. The Dead Sea Scrolls consist of roughly 1000 documents including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1979 in eleven Caves The 1st century was the Century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Julian calendar. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world [14]

In addition, the historical era in which the earliest extant versions of the New Testament were compiled is so close to the time period of the events that they discuss (less than a hundred years), that many scholars, both Christian and secular, would find the idea of such a massive textual and topical distortion as alleged by charges of tahrif to be unfounded. [15]

Sunni Islam, Shi'a Islam, and claims of tahrif regarding the Qu'ran

According to Shmuel Bar, some Sunni classical religious literature contains accusations that "The Shiites have a Qur’an that includes verses (Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn) which are not in the Sunni Qur’an and that were forged in order to justify Ali’s right to succession. The Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn are two surahs (chapters that are supposedly claimed to be included in the Qur'an by some Shiite sects In doing so, the Shiites distort the Qur’an (tahrif)". It is also claimed that the Shiites have forged hadiths in order to justify their doctrines. "[16]

In “Kashf-ul-Irtiyab fe Radd Fasl-el-Khitab” (i. e. , Exposing Suspicion in Answering the Decisive Speech) has transmitted a group of quotations by eminent Shiite scholars concerning the textual authenticity of the Qur’an, he quotes the scholars:

These are the quotations of some of the most authentic Shi'i scholars: Shaikh Saduq:

"Our belief is that the Qur’an is what is between the two covers and it is what is in people’s hands, nothing more. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Al-Shaykh al-Saduq is the title given to Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi Whosoever attributes to us that we say rather than this is a liar". [18]

Sayyid Murtada:

"The knowledge of authentic transmission of the Qur’an is like the knowledge of great countries and events, prominent accidents, famous books and written Arabic poetry for care is intensified and causes are available to properly transmit and guard it, and it reached such an extent that nothing else has ever reached. The Qur’an was, during the lifetime of Allah’s Messenger (peace be upon him), compiled and arranged until the Prophet (peace be upon him) assigned a group of Companions (Sahaba) to memorize it. It was displayed and recited before the Prophet (peace be upon him) and some Companions as Abdullah Ibn Mas’ood and Ubai Ibn Ka’b recited the whole Qur’an many times before the Prophet (peace be upon him). All this indicates that it was compiled and arranged, neither amputated nor scattered ……. Who disagreed among the Imamiyyah and Al-Hashawiyyah (two Shi’ite sects) are not to be considered for disagreement is attributed to some traditionists who related weak reports whom they believed to be true. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam However, such reports cannot refute what is already known and agreed upon its authenticity. [19]

Shaykh Tusi or Shaykh al-Ta’ifah (i. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Shaykh Tusi ( شیخ طوسی) full name Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan e. , Authority of the Sect):

"Talking about it being increased or decreased is unacceptable because increasing is agreed upon its falsehood. As for decreasing, different Muslim sects are apparently against it and this matches the authentic belief of our sect and was affirmed by Al-Murtada (may Allah be pleased with him). This is explicit in various reports, however, some reports were related about decreasing parts of it and moving parts from place to place, but they are loner reports and do not indicate decisive knowledge. So, it prior to ignore them and quit being preoccupied with them because they cannot be interpreted. Even if they were authentic, it would not be against what is between the two covers for its authenticity is well known and none among the Ummah objects to or rejects it. Our reports agree upon reading it, holding by it and displaying any disagreement in branches before it, whatever agrees with it is accepted and whatever disagrees is rejected. An irrefutable tradition is reported on authority of the Prophet (peace be upon him) that he says: “I’m leaving in you the two weights (Ath-Thuqlain) by whom if you hold by, you will never be lost: Allah’s Book and my family, the inhabitants of my house. They will never separate till they join me in the Hawd”. This indicates that it is present every time because he cannot command us to hold by it if it is corrupted"[20]

The above two Suras are considered as a forgery and do not appear in the Shia published Qur'ans. Shia Muslims consider the accusation that they are using a different Qur'an as one of the misconceptions about the Shi'a.

However, all the Qur'ans published in all the Shi'a countries such as Iran are the same as those published in Sunni countries. Shi’ites recite the Qur’an according to the Qira’t of Hafs on authority of ‘Asim which is the prevalent Qira’t in the Islamic world. [21]

Other claims

Some Muslims have also pointed that the different denominations have different texts and do not agree regarding their canon. A Biblical canon or canon of scripture is a list or Set of Biblical books considered to be authoritative as Scripture by a particular religious

With more manuscripts being studied by scholars, many passages in the Bible are generally acknowledged as interpolations. Examples include:

Notes

  1. ^ Surah 2:89
  2. ^ Surah 2:91
  3. ^ Surah 3:3
  4. ^ Surah 46:12
  5. ^ Amin Ahsan Islahi, Tadabbur-i-Qur'an, 2nd ed. Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997 was an Indian Pakistani exegete of the Qur'an, who became famous for his Urdu exegeses of Qur'an Tadabbur-i-Qur’an Tadabbur-i-Qur'an is a Tafsir (exegeses of the Qur'an by Amin Ahsan Islahi based on the concept of thematic and structural coherence which was originally , vol. 1, (Lahore: Faran Foundation, 1986), p. 252
  6. ^ Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism & the Hebrew Bible from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm, ISBN 90-04-10034-2.
  7. ^ The Encyclopeadia of Islam, BRILL
  8. ^ Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century, chapter "An Andalusi-Muslim Literary Typology of Jewish Heresy and Sedition", pp. 56 and further, Tahrif: p. 58, ISBN 0-691-00187-1
  9. ^ Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages, p. 146, ISBN 0-691-01082-X
  10. ^ See also: John C. Lamoreaux, Early Eastern Christian Responses to Islam (chapter 1) in Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam: A Book of Essays
  11. ^ A. Jeffery, Ghevond's text of the correspondence between Umar II and Leo III, in Harvard Theol. Review, xxxvii [1944], 269–321
  12. ^ International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1. (Feb. , 1994), pp. 147-148.
  13. ^ The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The Oldest Known Bible Translated for the First Time into English (2002) HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-060064-0
  14. ^ Septuagint
  15. ^ Manuscript evidence for superior New Testament reliability
  16. ^ Current trends in Islamist ideology (Volume 2), Center on Islam, Democracy and the Future of the Muslim World (Hudson Institute), p. 91. Article about this publication: Sunnis and Shiites: Between Rapprochement and Conflict
  17. ^ “Kashf-ul-Irtiyab fe Radd Fasl-el-Khitab”, page 57
  18. ^ Is the Qur’an Corrupted? Sheikh As-Sadouq, "Al-I'tiqadat", Volume 1, page 57.
  19. ^ At-Tabarasi, "Majma'-ul-Bayan", Volume 1, page 15
  20. ^ "Tafsir-us-Safi", Volume 1, page 55
  21. ^ Is the Qur’an Corrupted? Shi’ites’ View

External links

See also

The Injil ( Arabic إنجيل (or Injeel) is one of the five Islamic Holy Books the Qur'an records as revealed by God, the others Tawrat ( Tawrah or Taurat, Arabic: توراة is the Arabic transliteration of the Hebrew word Torah (also known as the Five The Satanic Verses is Salman Rushdie 's fourth Novel, first published in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of Muhammad.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic