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Tagalog
Spoken in: Philippines 
Region: Central and south Luzon
Total speakers: First language (in the Philippines): 22 million[1]


Overall (worldwide): ≈ 65 million total speakers 
Ranking: 51
Language family: Austronesian
 Malayo-Polynesian
  Borneo-Philippines
   Central Philippine
    Tagalog 
Writing system: Latin (Filipino variant);
Historically written in Baybayin 
Official status
Official language in: Philippines (in the form of Filipino)
Regulated by: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino language)
Language codes
ISO 639-1: tl
ISO 639-2: tgl
ISO 639-3: tgl
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important Island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country with Visayas This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers The Central Philippine languages are spoken in the Philippines. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Filipino alphabet (officially Makabagong alpabetong Filipino; English: Modern Filipino alphabet) is made up of 28 letters which includes the entire Baybayin or Alibata (known in Unicode as the Tagalog script) is a pre- Spanish Philippine Writing system that originated The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Filipino is the national and an Official language of the Philippines as designated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino ( Commission on the Filipino Language in English, Komisyon sa Pinulongang Filipino in Cebuano, Pagpannakabagian ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Tagalog (pronounced [tɐˈgaːlog]) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP It is the most spoken Philippine language in terms of number of speakers. In Philippines there are over 170 languages almost all of them belong to the Austronesian language family.

Tagalog, in its standardized form, Filipino, is the principal language of the national television and radio news media in the Philippines. Filipino is the national and an Official language of the Philippines as designated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public (Newspapers are almost completely in English. ) It is the primary language of public education. Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution As Filipino, it is, along with English, a co-official language and the sole national language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with Tagalog is widely used as a lingua franca throughout the country, and in overseas Filipino communities. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely An Overseas Filipino is a person of Philippine origin who lives outside of the Philippines. However, while Tagalog may be prevalent in many fields, English, to varying degrees of fluency, is more prevalent in the fields of government and business.

Contents

History

The Tagalog Baybayin script
The Tagalog Baybayin script

The word Tagalog derived from tagá-ílog, from tagá- meaning "native of" and ílog meaning "river. " Thus, it means "river dweller. " There are no surviving written samples of Tagalog before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. Very little is known about the history of the language. However, according to linguists such as Dr. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust, the Tagalogs originated, along with their Central Philippine cousins, from Northeastern Mindanao or Eastern Visayas. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. Visayas ( Visayan: Kabisay-an) is one of the three island groups in the Philippines, along with Luzon and Mindanao. [2][3]

The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) of 1593. It was written in Spanish and two versions of Tagalog; one written in the Baybayin script and the other in the Latin alphabet. Baybayin or Alibata (known in Unicode as the Tagalog script) is a pre- Spanish Philippine Writing system that originated Throughout the 333 years of Spanish occupation, there were grammar and dictionaries written by Spanish clergymen such as Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Pedro de San Buenaventura (Pila, Laguna, 1613), Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835) and Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850). Pila is a 4th class urban municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Poet Francisco Baltazar (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer. Francisco Baltazar ( April 2, 1788 &mdash February 20, 1862) known much more widely through his nom-de-plume Francisco His most famous work is the early 19th-century Florante at Laura. Florante at Laura ("Florante and Laura" by Francisco Baltazar (also known as Balagtas is one of the masterpieces of Philippine literature.

In 1937, Tagalog was selected as the basis of the national language by the National Language Institute. In 1959, Tagalog, which had been renamed Wikang Pambansa ("National Language") by President Manuel L. Quezon in 1939, was renamed by the Secretary of Education, Jose Romero, as Pilipino to give it a national rather than ethnic label and connotation. The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (b August 19, 1878 in Baler Aurora, Philippines - d Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Filipino is the national and an Official language of the Philippines as designated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance at the conscious level among non-Tagalogs, especially Cebuanos who had not accepted the selection. The Tagalog people ( Tgl: Tagalog) is the second largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. The Cebuano people usually refers to those whose native tongue is Cebuano, but more specifically the people who live in the province of Cebu. [4]

In 1971, the language issue was revived once more, and a compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language. [4] The constitution specified that as that Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.

Classification

Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. The Central Philippine languages are spoken in the Philippines. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages such as Indonesian, Malay, Fijian, Maori (of New Zealand), Hawaiian, Malagasy (of Madagascar), Samoan, Tahitian, Chamorro (of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands), Tetum (of East Timor), and Paiwan (of Taiwan). The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Fijian is an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken in Fiji. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i) is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawai'i, the largest island in the tropical This article is about the Malagasy language For the Malagasy ethnic group see Malagasy people. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern The Sāmoan or Samoan language is the traditional language of Samoa and American Samoa and is an official language &mdash alongside English Tahitian, a Tahitic language, is one of the two official languages of French Polynesia (along with French) Chamorro ( Chamoru) is the native language of the Chamorro or Chamoru of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI is a commonwealth in Political union with the United Tetum (also Tetun) is an Austronesian language, a National language and one of the two Official languages of East Timor. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Paiwan is a native Language of Taiwan, spoken by the Paiwan people, one tribe of the Taiwanese aborigines. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol and Visayas regions such as Bikol, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, and Cebuano. Visayas ( Visayan: Kabisay-an) is one of the three island groups in the Philippines, along with Luzon and Mindanao. For the macrolanguage Bikol see Bikol languages. Bikol refers to Central Bicolano (also known as Bikol Central Hiligaynon (or " Ilonggo " is an Austronesian language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Wáray-Wáray or Waráy (commonly spelled as Waray; also referred to as Winaray or L(ineyte-Samarnon) is a language spoken in the provinces "Cebuano" redirects here For the inhabitants of Cebu see Cebuano people Cebuano (Cebuano Sinugbuanon, "language

Languages that have made significant contributions to Tagalog are Spanish, English, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Sanskrit, Old Malay, and Tamil language . English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Old Malay is possibly the ancestor of Malay language, including Indonesian. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent.

Features

Geographic distribution

The Tagalog homeland, or Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon - particularly in Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, and Rizal. The Republika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic was the short lived Republic in the mountains of southern Luzon founded in 1902 by members of the Filipino Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important Island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country with Visayas Aurora is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Bataan is a province of the Philippines occupying the whole of Bataan Peninsula on Luzon. This article is about the province For the city see Batangas City. This article is about the province For the municipality see Bulacan Bulacan. Cavite is a province of the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region in Luzon, Laguna is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzón. Metropolitan Manila ( Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan) or the National Capital Region (NCR ( Filipino: Pambansang Nueva Ecija is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region Quezon is a province of the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon. Rizal is a province of the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 20 kilometers east of Manila. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of Lubang, Marinduque, and the northern and eastern parts of Mindoro. Marinduque is an Island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region in Luzon. For the unincorporated community of Mindoro Wisconsin in the United States of America see Mindoro Wisconsin. It is spoken by approximately 64. 3 million Filipinos, 96. 4% of the household population[5]. 21. 5 million, or 28. 15% of the total Philippine population[6], of which speak it as a native language.

Tagalog speakers are found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world, though its use is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups. The various ethnic groups in the Philippines identify themselves based on one or several factors most popularly by parental lineage and Language. It is the sixth most-spoken language in the United States with over a million speakers[7]. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Canada it is spoken by 235,615 [8]. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Official status

Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines.
Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines.
Main article: Filipino language

Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. Filipino is the national and an Official language of the Philippines as designated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. [9]

In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. [10] After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. [11][4] President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [11] In 1939 President Quezon renamed Tagalog as wikang pambansâ (national language). [4] In 1939, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino". [4]

The 1973 constitution designated Tagalog (as Pilipino), along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino. [12] The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language, mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. [13]

Since 1940, Tagalog has been taught in schools throughout the Philippines. It is the only one out of over 170 Philippine languages that is officially used in schools and businesses, (info from culturegrams) though Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines does specify, in part:

Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. The Constitution of the Philippines ( Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme Law of the Philippines [13]

The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. [13]

Filipino

Filipino, the national language of the Philippines, is the de facto standardized variant of the Tagalog language. Filipino is the national and an Official language of the Philippines as designated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Other Philippine languages have also influenced Filipino, primarily through migration from the provinces to Metro Manila of speakers of those other languages. In Philippines there are over 170 languages almost all of them belong to the Austronesian language family. The provinces of the Philippines are the primary administrative divisions of the Philippines. Metropolitan Manila ( Filipino: Kalakhang Maynila, Kamaynilaan) or the National Capital Region (NCR ( Filipino: Pambansang

Dialects

At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars on various Tagalog dialects. Dialectology (from Greek grc διάλεκτος dialektos, "talk dialect" and grc -λογία -logia) is a sub-field of Historical Ethnologue lists Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian Batangas Tagalog also known as Batangan is a Dialect of the Tagalog language spoken primarily in the province of Batangas However, there appear to be four main dialects of which the aforementioned are a part; Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque. This article is about the province For the municipality see Bulacan Bulacan. Batangas Tagalog also known as Batangan is a Dialect of the Tagalog language spoken primarily in the province of Batangas

Some example of dialectal differences are:

Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Marinduque is an Island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region in Luzon. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon. Batangas Tagalog also known as Batangan is a Dialect of the Tagalog language spoken primarily in the province of Batangas

One example are the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog dialects by the early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.

Manileño Tagalog Marinduque Dialect English
Susulat sina Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan. Másúlat da Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan. "Maria and Fulgencia will write to Juan. "
Mag-aaral siya sa Maynila. Gaaral siya sa Maynila. "He will study in Manila. "
Magluto ka! Pagluto ka! "Cook!"
Kainin mo iyan. Kaina mo yaan. "Eat that. "
Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay. Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay. "Father is calling us. "
Tutulungan ba kayó ni Hilarion? Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilarion? "Will Hilarion help you (pl. )?"

Code-switching

Taglish and Englog are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. Taglish is a Portmanteau of the words "Tagalog" and "English" which refers to the Philippine language Tagalog (or its standardized Englog, sometimes Enggalog, is an informal Sociolect in the Philippines. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to outright code-switching where the language changes in mid-sentence. Code-switching is a term in Linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various of the languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.

Nasirà ang motorcycle ko kahapon!
"My motorcycle broke down yesterday!"
Huwág kang maninigarilyo, because it is harmful to your health.
"Never smoke cigarettes, . . . "

Code switching also entails the use of foreign words that are Filipinized by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.

Magshoshopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shoppingan?
"We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center anyway?"

Although it is generally looked down upon, code-switching is prevalent in all levels of society; however, city-dwellers, the highly educated, and people born around and after World War II are more likely to do it. Politicians as highly placed as President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo have code-switched in interviews. Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5 1947 is a Filipina Politician.

The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart, Albertsons, McDonald's, and Western Union have contained Taglish. Wells Fargo & Co ( is a diversified Financial services company headquartered in San Francisco California, United States with operations around the Wal-Mart Stores Inc (or Walmart as written in its new logo is an American public corporation that runs a chain of large discount department stores The Western Union Company ( is a financial services and communications company based in the United States.

The Chinese and the non-Tagalog communities in the Philippines also frequently code-switch their language, be it Cebuano or Min Nan Chinese, with Taglish. "Cebuano" redirects here For the inhabitants of Cebu see Cebuano people Cebuano (Cebuano Sinugbuanon, "language The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects

Phonology

Main article: Tagalog phonology

Tagalog has 21 phonemes; 16 consonants and five vowels. See also Tagalog language This article is about the Phonology of the Tagalog language. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

Vowels

Before the arrival of the Spanish, Tagalog had three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, and /u/. This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish words.

They are:

There are four main diphthongs; /aɪ/, /oɪ/, /aʊ/, and /iʊ/. The open front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The open-mid front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The close front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The close-mid back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The close back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with

Consonants

Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. The velar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents

Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive Voiceless p t k ʔ
Voiced b d g
Fricative s h
Flap ɾ
Lateral l
Approximant w j

Stress

Stress is phonemic in Tagalog. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e. g. tayo(to stand) and tayo(us; we)

Sounds

Historical changes

Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə. In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral In Bikol & Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and [o]. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/. For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick) is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot.

Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *ngajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík.

Proto-Philippine *R merged with /g/. *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô.

Grammar

Further information: Tagalog grammar

Writing system

Baybayin

Main article: Baybayin

Tagalog was written in an abugida called Baybayin prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century. This article describes the grammar of both Tagalog, and Filipino &mdash which is de facto based on Tagalog Baybayin or Alibata (known in Unicode as the Tagalog script) is a pre- Spanish Philippine Writing system that originated An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which Baybayin or Alibata (known in Unicode as the Tagalog script) is a pre- Spanish Philippine Writing system that originated This particular writing system was composed of symbols representing three vowels and 14 consonants. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, it shares similarities with the Old Kawi script of Java and is believed to be descended from the script used by the Bugis in Sulawesi. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. The Bugis are the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, the southwestern province of Sulawesi, Indonesia's third largest Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the

Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, the script gradually fell into disuse in favor of the Latin alphabet during Spanish colonial rule.

There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin. Each letter in the Latin Alphabet is not represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphabet. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages. Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.

A "kudlit" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the Kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the final consonant was just left out, leaving the reader to use context to determine the final consonants.

Example:

Ba Be Bo B (in Baybayin)

Baybayin is encoded in Unicode version 3. 2 in the range 1700-171F under the name "Tagalog".

Latin alphabet

Main article: Filipino orthography

Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography. The Filipino alphabet (officially Makabagong alpabetong Filipino; English: Modern Filipino alphabet) is made up of 28 letters which includes the entire The twentieth century of the Common Era began on When Tagalog became the national language, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ABAKADA in school grammar books called balarilà; A B K D E G H I L M N NG O P R S T U W Y.

As Pilipino, the national language, the alphabet was expanded in 1976 to include the letters C, CH, F, J, Q, RR, V, X, and Z in order to accommodate words of Spanish and English origin. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Filipino is the national language de facto based on Tagalog that borrows vocabulary from other languages. In 1987, the Filipino alphabet was reduced from 33 to 28; A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Ñ Ng O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar)

ng and mga

The genitive marker ng and the plural marker mga are abbreviations that are pronounced nang [naŋ] and mangá [mɐ'ŋa]. Ng means "of" (ex. Siya ay kapatid ng nanay ko. Ng is a Cantonese and Hakka transliteration of the Chinese surnames 吳 / 吴 ( Pinyin: Wú and 伍 (Pinyin Wǔ and She is the sister of my mother) while nang means "when" or "while. " Mga denotes plurality (ex. Iyan ang mga damit ko. Mga (Мга is an Urban-type settlement in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. Those are my clothes).

Ex#1: Nang si Hudas ay madulas. - When Judas slipped.

Ex#2: Siya ay kumain nang nakatayo. - He ate while standing.

Vocabulary and borrowed words

Tagalog vocabulary is composed mostly of words of Austronesian origin with borrowings from Spanish, Min Nan Chinese (also known as Hokkien), Malay, Sanskrit, Arabic, Tamil, Persian, Kapampangan, languages spoken on Luzon, and others, especially other Austronesian languages. The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Kapampangan is one of the major Languages of the Philippines. Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important Island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country with Visayas

Due to trade with Mexico via the Manila galleon from the 16th to the 19th centuries, many words from Nahuatl, a language spoken by Native Americans in Mexico, were introduced to Tagalog. The Manila galleons or Manila-Acapulco galleons ( Galeones de Manila-Acapulco) were Spanish trading Ships that sailed once or twice Nahuatl ( is a group of related languages and dialects of the Aztecan or Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family

English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, adobo, aggrupation, barong, balisong, boondocks, jeepney, Manila hemp, pancit, and yaya, although the vast majority of these borrowed words are only used in the Philippines as part of the vocabularies of Philippine English. Philippine English is the variety of English used in the Philippines by the media and the vast majority of educated Filipinos.

Tagalog words of foreign origin chart

Main article: Tagalog loanwords

For the Min Nan Chinese borrowings, the parentheses indicate the equivalent in standard Chinese. The Tagalog language, due to huge communication with outsiders and foreigners has developed a unique wording utilizing words from its own and other Austronesian roots and also

Tagalog meaning language of origin original spelling
kumustá how are you? Spanish cómo está
dasál pray Spanish rezar
kabayo horse Spanish caballo
silya chair Spanish silla
umpisá start Spanish empezar
kotse car Spanish coche
sabón soap Spanish jabón (sabón in old Sp)
relós watch Spanish reloj
litrato picture Spanish retrato
tsismis gossip Spanish chismes
giyera/gyera/gera war Spanish guerra
tsinelas slippers Spanish chinelas
karne meat Spanish carne
sapatos shoes Spanish zapatos
arina/harina flour Spanish harina
bisikleta bicycle Spanish bicicleta
sugál gambling Spanish jugar (to play)
baryo village Spanish barrio
swerte luck Spanish suerte
piyesta/pista celebration Spanish fiesta
garáhe garage Spanish garaje
ahente agent/salesman Spanish agente
ensaymada a kind of pastry Catalan ensaïmada
kamote sweet potato Nahuatl camotli
sayote chayote, choko Nahuatl hitzayotli
atswete achiote Nahuatl achiotl
sili chili pepper Nahuatl chili
tsokolate chocolate Nahuatl xocolatl
tiyangge market Nahuatl tianquiztli
sapote chico (fruit) Nahuatl tzapotl
nars nurse English  
bolpen ballpoint pen English  
drayber/drayver driver English  
tráysikel tricycle English  
lumpia (/lum·pyâ/) spring roll Min Nan Chinese 潤餅 (春捲)
siopao (/syó·paw/) steamed buns Min Nan Chinese 燒包 (肉包)
pansít (/pyan·i·sit/) noodles Min Nan Chinese 便食 (麵)
susì key Min Nan Chinese 鎖匙
kuya (see Philippine kinship) older brother Min Nan Chinese 哥亚 (哥仔)
ate (/ah·chi/) (see Philippine kinship) older sister Min Nan Chinese 亜姐 (阿姐)
bwisit annoyance Min Nan Chinese 無衣食
bakyâ wooden shoes Min Nan Chinese 木履
hikaw earrings Min Nan Chinese 耳鈎 (耳環)
kanan right Malay kanan
tulong help Malay tolong
sakit sick Malay sakit
tanghalì afternoon Malay tengah hari
dalamhatì grief Malay dalam + hati
luwalhatì glory Malay luar + hati
duryán durian Malay durian
rambután rambutan Malay rambutan
batík spot Malay batik
saráp delicious Malay sedap
asa hope Sanskrit आशा
salitâ speak Sanskrit चरितँ (cerita)
balità news Sanskrit वार्ता (berita)
karma karma Sanskrit कर्म
alak liquor Persian عرق (arak)
manggá mango Tamil மாங்காய்(mángáy)
bagay thing Tamil வகை(vagai)
hukóm judge Arabic حكم
salamat thanks Arabic سلامة
bakit why Kapampangan obakit
akyát climb Kapampangan ukyát/mukyat
at and Kapampangan at
bundók mountain Kapampangan bunduk
huwág don't Pangasinan ag
aso dog Luzon languages aso
tayo we (inc. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official The chayote ( Sechium edule) also known as sayote, tayota, choko, chocho, chow-chow, christophine or Sapodilla ( Manilkara zapota) is a long-lived Evergreen Tree native to the New World tropics Philippine kinship utilizes the Generational system (see Kinship terminology) to define family Philippine kinship utilizes the Generational system (see Kinship terminology) to define family ) Luzon languages  

Austronesian comparison chart

Below is a chart of Tagalog and sixteen other Austronesian languages comparing thirteen words; the first thirteen languages are spoken in the Philippines and the other four are spoken in Indonesia, Hawai'i, and Madagascar.

English one two three four person house dog coconut day new we (inc. ) what fire
Tagalog isa dalawa tatlo apat tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano apoy
Bicol saro duwa tulo apat tawo harong ayam niyog aldaw ba-go kita ano kalayo
Cebuano usa duha tulo upat tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag-o kita unsa kalayo
Waray usa duha tulo upat tawo balay ayam lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Tausug hambuuk duwa tu upat tau bay iru' niyug adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu kayu
Kinaray-a sara darwa tatlo apat taho balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita, taten ano kalayo
Kapampangan metung adwa atlu apat tau bale asu ngungut aldo bayu ikatamu nanu api
Pangasinan sakey duara talora apatira too abong aso niyog agew balo sikatayo anto apoy
Ilokano maysa dua tallo uppat tao balay aso niog aldaw baro datayo ania apoy
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango apoy
Ibanag tadday dua tallu appa' tolay balay kitu niuk aggaw bagu sittam anni afi
Gaddang antet addwa tallo appat tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetem sanenay afuy
Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofih
Indonesian satu dua tiga empat orang rumah/balai anjing kelapa/nyiur hari baru kita apa/anu api
Javanese siji loro telu papat wong omah/bale asu opo/anu api
Hawaiian kahi lua kolu hā kanaka hale 'īlio niu ao hou kākou aha ahi
Malagasy isa roa telo efatra olona trano alika voanio andro vaovao isika inona afo

Contribution to other languages

Tagalog itself has contributed a few words into English. For the macrolanguage Bikol see Bikol languages. Bikol refers to Central Bicolano (also known as Bikol Central "Cebuano" redirects here For the inhabitants of Cebu see Cebuano people Cebuano (Cebuano Sinugbuanon, "language Wáray-Wáray or Waráy (commonly spelled as Waray; also referred to as Winaray or L(ineyte-Samarnon) is a language spoken in the provinces Tausūg (Tausūg Bahasa Sūg, Malay: Bahasa Suluk) is a Visayan language spoken in Sulu province in the Philippines Kinaray-a is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Antique Province in the Philippines. Kapampangan is one of the major Languages of the Philippines. The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: idioma pangasinense, sometimes called Panggalatok belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian To view the Ilokano edition of this Wikipedia article select from the in other languages section to the side of this page The Ivatan language, also known as Ibatan or Chirin nu Ibatan (meaning "language or dialect of the Ivatan people" is an Austronesian language The Ibanag language (also Ybanag or Ibanak) is spoken by up to 500000 speakers (the Ibanag people) in the Philippines, in the northeastern The T'boli are one of the Indigenous peoples of Southern Mindanao. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i) is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawai'i, the largest island in the tropical This article is about the Malagasy language For the Malagasy ethnic group see Malagasy people.

Yo-yo is reportedly a Tagalog word, however no such word exists in Tagalog. The yo-yo is a Toy consisting of two equally sized and weighted disks of Plastic, Wood, or Metal, connected with an Axle, with a

Tagalog has contributed several words to Philippine Spanish, like barangay (from balañgay meaning barrio), the abacá, cogon, palay, etc. Spanish was the first official language of the Philippines and the country's original national language

Religious literature

Religious Literature remains to be one of the most dynamic contributors to Tagalog literature. In 1970, the Philippine Bible Society translated the Bible into Tagalog, the first translation to any of the Philippine languages. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin In Philippines there are over 170 languages almost all of them belong to the Austronesian language family. Even before the Second Vatican Council, devotional materials in Tagalog had been circulating. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. At present, there are two circulating Tagalog translations of the Holy Bible—the Magandang Balita Biblia (a parallel translation of the Good News Bible), which is the ecumenical version and the Ang Biblia, which is a more Protestant version. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Magandang Balita Biblia (or the Tagalog Popular Version) is one of the two most widely circulated translation of the Christian Bible in the Ecumenism (also oecumenism, œcumenism) refers to initiatives aimed at greater Religious unity or cooperation Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

When the Second Vatican Council, (specifically the Sacrosanctum Concilium) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into vernacular languages, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines was one of the first to translate the Roman Missal into Tagalog. The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Sacrosanctum Concilium, the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, is one of the constitutions of the Second Vatican Council. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines ( CBCP) is the official organization of the Catholic Episcopacy in the Philippines. The Roman Missal ((Missale Romanum is the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Mass in the Roman Rite In fact, the Roman Missal in Tagalog was published as early as 1982, while not published in English until 1985. The Roman Missal ((Missale Romanum is the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Mass in the Roman Rite

Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to Catholic Bible translations. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Also, as Protestantism in the Philippines is relatively young, liturgical prayers tend to be more ecumenical.

Examples

The Lord's Prayer (Ama Namin)

Ama Namin, sumasalangit ka. Sambahin ang ngalan mo. Mapasaamin ang kaharian mo, Sundin ang loob mo dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Bigyan mo kami ngayon ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw, At patawarin mo kami sa aming mga sala, Para nang pagpapatawad namin sa nagkakasala sa amin At huwag mo kaming ipahintulot sa tukso, At iadya mo kami sa lahat ng masama. Amen.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Ang lahat ng tao'y isinilang na malaya at pantay-pantay sa karangalan at mga karapatan. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katwiran at budhi at dapat magpalagayan ang isa't isa sa diwa ng pagkakapatiran.

(Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for the spirit of brotherhood. )

Numbers

  Cardinal Ordinal
1 isá una / ika-isa
2 dalawá pangalawá / ika'lawa
3 tatló pangatló / ika'tlo
4 apat pang-apat / ika-apat
5 limá panlimá / ika-lima
6 anim pang-anim / ika-anim
7 pitó pampitó / ika-pito
8 waló pangwaló / ika-walo
9 siyám pansiyám / ika-siyam
10 sampû pansampû / ika-sampu
11 labíng-isá / onse (Spanish numbers are commonly used above 10) panlabíng-isá / pang-onse / ika-labing-isa
12 labingdalawá / dose panlabindalawá / pandose / ika-labing-dalawa
20 dalawampu pambente / ika-dalawang-pu
100 (i)sán(g)daán / syento pang-isán(g)daán / pansyento / ika-isang-daan
200 dalawáng daán / dos syentos  
400 apat-na-raán / kwatro syentos  
600 anim-na-raán / saís syentos  
1,000 isáng libo  
2,000 dalawáng libo / dos mil  
10,000 sanlaksa / dyes mil  
100,000 sangyuta / syento mil  
1,000,000 isáng milyón / sang-angaw  
2,000,000 dalawáng milyón / dalawang angaw  
100,000,000 isang bahala  

Common phrases

References

  1. ^ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
  2. ^ Zorc, David. 1977. The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics C. 44. Canberra: The Australian National University
  3. ^ Blust, Robert. 1991. The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis. Oceanic Linguistics 30:73–129
  4. ^ a b c d e Andrew Gonzalez (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 19 (5, 6): p. 487–488.  
  5. ^ Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Educational Characteristics of the Filipinos, National Statistics Office, March 18, 2005, <http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr05153tx.html>. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 21 January 2008 
  6. ^ Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Population expected to reach 100 million Filipinos in 14 years, National Statistics Office, October 16, 2002, <http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02178tx.html>. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 21 January 2008 
  7. ^ Census:Languages of the United States. United States. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
  8. ^ Statistics Canada 2006
  9. ^ 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, Article VIII, Filipiniana. net, <http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=L00000000001&page=1&epage=1>. Retrieved on 2008-01-16 
  10. ^ 1935 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Section 3, Chanrobles Law Library, <http://www.chanrobles.com/1935constitutionofthephilippines.htm>. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Retrieved on 2007-12-20 
  11. ^ a b Manuel L. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Quezon III, Quezon’s speech proclaiming Tagalog the basis of the National Language, quezon. ph, <http://www.quezon.ph/?page_id=1024>. Retrieved on 2007-12-20 
  12. ^ 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Sections 2-3, Chanrobles Law Library, <http://www.chanrobles.com/1973constitutionofthephilippines.htm>. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-12-20 
  13. ^ a b c 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6-9, Chanrobles Law Library, <http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm>. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-12-20 

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