A T and O map or O-T or T-O map (orbis terrae, orb or circle of the earth), is a type of medieval world map, sometimes also called a Beatine map or a Beatus map because one of the earliest known representations of this sort is attributed to Beatus of Liébana, an 8th century Spanish monk. If you are looking for an editable blank World political map go to A world map is a Map of the surface of the Earth, which may be The Beatus Map or Beatine Map is one of the most relevant cartographic works of the European High Middle Ages It was originally drawn by the Spanish monk Beatus of Liébana Saint Beatus of Liébana (c 730 - c 800 was a Monk, Theologian and Geographer from the Kingdom of Asturias, in northern Spain who worked MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective The map appeared in the prologue to his twelve books of commentaries on the Apocalypse.
The T-O map represents the physical world as first described by the 7th century scholar Isidore of Seville in his Etymologiae (chapter 14, de terra et partibus):
Orbis a rotunditate circuli dictus, quia sicut rota est [. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Saint Isidore of Seville ( Spanish: es ''San Isidro'' or es ''San Isidoro de Sevilla'' Latin: latin ''Isidorus Hispalensis'' (c Etymologiae (or Origines, standard abbrev Orig) is an Encyclopedia compiled by Isidore of Seville (died . . ] Undique enim Oceanus circumfluens eius in circulo ambit fines. Divisus est autem trifarie: e quibus una pars Asia, altera Europa, tertia Africa nuncupatur.
The [inhabitated] mass of solid land is called round after the roundness of a circle, because it is like a wheel [. . . ] Because of this, the Ocean flowing around it is contained in a circular limit, and it is divided in three parts, one part being called Asia, the second Europe, and the third Africa.
Although Isidore taught in the Etymologiae that the Earth was 'round', his meaning was ambiguous and some writers think he referred to a disc-shaped Earth. However, other writings by Isidore make it clear that he considered the Earth to be globular. [1][2] Indeed, the theory of a spherical earth had always been the prevailing assumption among the learned since at least Aristotle, who had divided the spherical earth into zones of climate, with a frigid clime at the poles, a deadly torrid clime near the equator, and a mild and habitable temperate clime between the two. The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to around the 6th century BC in ancient Greek philosophy and possibly ancient Indian philosophy. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. The seven climes ( klima, plural klimata, meaning "inclination" referring to the angle between the axis of the Celestial sphere and the horizon A geographical pole, or geographic pole, is either of two fixed points on the surface of a spinning body or Planet, at 90 degrees from the Equator, based The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the
The T and O map is representing only the top-half of the spherical Earth[3]. It was presumably tacitly considered a convenient projection of the inhabited parts, the northern temperate half of the globe. A map projection is any method of representing the Surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane. Since the southern temperate clime was considered uninhabited, or unattainable, there was no need to depict them on a world map. It was then believed that no one could cross the torrid equatorial clime and reach the unknown lands on the other half of the globe. These imagined lands were called antipodes. The antipodes refer to lands and peoples located on the opposite side of the World compared to the speaker [4]
The T is the Mediterranean, dividing the three continents, Asia, Europe and Africa, and the O is the encircling Ocean. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Jerusalem was generally represented in the center of the map. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Asia was typically the size of the other two continents combined. Because the sun rose in the east, Paradise (the Garden of Eden) was generally depicted as being in Asia, and Asia was situated at the top portion of the map.
This qualitative and conceptual type of medieval cartography could yield extremely detailed maps in addition to simple representations. The earliest maps had only a few cities and the most important bodies of water noted. The four sacred rivers of the holy land were always present. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש More useful tools for the traveller were the itinerary, which listed in order the names of towns between two points, and the periplus that did the same for harbours and landmarks along a seacoast. Travel literature is Travel writing considered to have value as Literature. Periplus is the Latinization of an Ancient Greek word περίπλους ( periplous, contracted from periploos) literally "a sailing-around
Later maps of this same conceptual format featured many rivers and cities of Eastern as well as Western Europe, and other features encountered during the Crusades. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Decorative illustrations were also added in addition to the new geographic features. The most important cities would be represented by distinct fortifications and towers in addition to their names, and the empty spaces would be filled with mythical creatures.
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Gallery
 The world map from the Saint-Sever Beatus, dating to ca. The Saint-Sever Beatus, also known as the Apocalypse of Saint-Sever, (Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS lat AD 1050. |
 From a 12th c. copy of Etymologiae. |
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 Mappa Mundi in La Fleur des Histoires. 1459-1463. |
 Bünting clover leaf map. A 1581 woodcut, Magdeburg. Jerusalem is in the center, surrounded by Europe, Asia and Africa. |
 A "T-O" map made with modern cartography. |
See also
References and notes
- ^ Isidore, Etymologiae, XIV. The idea of a flat Earth is the idea that the surface of the Earth is flat (a plane) rather than the view that it is a very close approximation of Mappa mundi {{IPA|/ˈmapːa ˈmʊndiː/}} (plural = mappae mundi) is a general term used to describe Medieval European maps of the world ii. 1[1]
- ^ Wesley M. Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's De natura rerum", Isis, 71(1980): 268-277.
- ^ Michael Livingston, Modern Medieval Map Myths: The Flat World, Ancient Sea-Kings, and Dragons, 2002.
- ^ Alfred Hiatt, "Blank Spaces on the Earth," The Yale Journal of Criticism, 15, (2002): 223–250; Michael Livingston, Modern Medieval Map Myths: The Flat World, Ancient Sea-Kings, and Dragons, 2002.
- Crosby, Alfred W. The Measure of Reality : Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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