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TSR, Inc.
Fate acquired & discontinued
Successor Wizards of the Coast
Founded 1983
Defunct 1997
Location Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, USA
Industry Role-playing game publisher
Products Dungeons & Dragons
Key people Gary Gygax, Brian Blume, Lorraine Williams
Tactical Studies Rules
Fate dissolved
Successor TSR Hobbies, Inc. Wizards of the Coast (often referred to as WotC or simply Wizards) is an American publisher of Games primarily based on Fantasy and Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by Ernest Gary Gygax ( July 27, 1938 &ndash March 4, 2008) ( IPA:) was an American Writer and Game designer
Founded 1973
Defunct 1975
Location Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, USA
Industry Role-playing game publisher
Products Dungeons & Dragons
Key people Gary Gygax, Don Kaye, Brian Blume
TSR Hobbies, Inc. Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by Ernest Gary Gygax ( July 27, 1938 &ndash March 4, 2008) ( IPA:) was an American Writer and Game designer TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game.
Fate split up
Successor TSR, Inc. , TSR Ventures, TSR International and TSR Entertainment Corporation
Founded 1975
Defunct 1983
Location Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, USA
Industry Role-playing game publisher
Products Dungeons & Dragons
Key people Gary Gygax, Brian Blume, Kevin Blume
Subsidiary Greenfield Needlewomen

TSR, Inc. Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by Ernest Gary Gygax ( July 27, 1938 &ndash March 4, 2008) ( IPA:) was an American Writer and Game designer was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. The company was purchased in 1997 by Wizards of the Coast, which no longer uses the TSR name for its products. Wizards of the Coast (often referred to as WotC or simply Wizards) is an American publisher of Games primarily based on Fantasy and

Contents

History

Tactical Studies Rules

Tactical Studies Rules was formed in 1973 as a partnership between Gary Gygax and Don Kaye as a means to publish formally and sell the rules of Dungeons & Dragons, one of the first modern role-playing games. see also 1972 in games, 1974 in games This page lists board and Card games Wargames and miniatures games Ernest Gary Gygax ( July 27, 1938 &ndash March 4, 2008) ( IPA:) was an American Writer and Game designer Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. They first published Cavaliers and Roundheads, a miniature game, to start generating income for TSR. Cavaliers and Roundheads is a set of rules for English Civil War Miniature wargaming. Miniature wargaming is a form of Wargaming that incorporates Miniature figures and modeled terrain as the main components of play The partnership was subsequently joined by Brian Blume and (temporarily) by Dave Arneson. David L Arneson (born October 1, 1947 in Minnesota, United States) is an American Game designer. Blume was admitted to the partnership to fund publishing of D&D instead of waiting for Cavalier and Roundheads to generate enough revenue. [1] When Don Kaye died of a stroke in 1975, the Tactic Study Rules partnership was dissolved.

TSR Hobbies, Inc.

Brian Blume and Gary Gygax, the remaining owners, incorporated a new company, TSR Hobbies, Inc. Ernest Gary Gygax ( July 27, 1938 &ndash March 4, 2008) ( IPA:) was an American Writer and Game designer , of which Blume and his father, Melvin Blume, had the larger share. The former assets of the partnership were transferred to TSR Hobbies, Inc. Ownership of Melvin Blume's shares were later transferred to Kevin Blume. With the board of directors consisting of Kevin and Brian Blume plus Gygax, Gygax was primarily a figurehead president & CEO of the corporation with Brian Blume as President of creative affairs and Kevin as President, operations effect in 1981. In 1983, the company was split into four companies, TSR, Inc. (primary successor), TSR International, TSR Ventures and TSR Entertainment, Inc. [1]

Gygax left for Hollywood to found TSR Entertainment, Inc. (later Dungeons & Dragons Entertainment Corp. ), which attempted to license D&D products to movie and television executives. His work would eventually lead to only a single license for what later became the Dungeons & Dragons cartoon. Dungeons & Dragons is an American Animated television series based on TSR's Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. [2] The Blumes were forced to leave after being accused of misusing corporate funds and accumulating large debts in the pursuit of acquisitions such as latchhook rug kits that were thought to be too broadly targeted. [3] Within a year of the ascension of the Blumes, the company was forced to post a net loss of 1. 5 million US dollars, resulting in layoffs for approximately 75% of the staff. Some of these staff members went on to form other prominent game companies such as Pacesetter Games, Mayfair Games and to work with Coleco's video game division. Mayfair Games is a publisher of board and Roleplaying games in the United States and United Kingdom. Coleco was a company founded in 1932 by Maurice Greenberg as " Co nnecticut Le ather Co mpany "

Williams Ownership

Gygax, who at that time owned only approximately 30% of the stock, requested that the Board of Directors remove the Blumes as a way of restoring financial health to the company. In an act many saw as retaliation, the Blumes sold their stock to Lorraine Williams. [4] Gygax tried to have the sale declared illegal; after that failed, Gygax sold his remaining stock to Williams and used the capital to form New Infinity Productions.

Williams was a financial planner who saw the potential for transforming the debt-plagued company into a highly profitable one. However, she disdained the gaming field, viewing herself as superior to gamers. [5][6] Williams implemented an internal policy under which playing games was forbidden at the company. This resulted in many products being released without being playtested (some were playtested "on the sly") and a large number of products being released that were incompatible with the existing game system.

Through Williams' direction, TSR solidified its expansion into other fields, such as magazines, paperback fiction, and comic books. Through her family, Williams personally held the rights to the Buck Rogers license and encouraged TSR to produce Buck Rogers games and novels. Buck Rogers is a fictional character who first appeared in 1928 as Anthony Rogers the hero of two Novellas by Philip Francis Nowlan published in the magazine TSR would end up publishing a board game and a role-playing game, the latter based on the AD&D 2nd Edition rules. [4]

In 1984 TSR developed Dragonlance, which consisted of an entirely new game world promoted both by a series of game supplements and a trilogy of novels written by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman. Dragonlance is an immense series of Fantasy Novels, with over 190 novels printed and is accompanied by a supplemental Campaign "The Dragons of Autumn Twilight", the first novel in the series, reached the top of the New York Times Best Seller list, encouraging TSR to a launch a long series of paperback novels based on the various official settings for D&D. The New York Times Best Seller List is widely considered to be the preeminent list of best-selling books in the United States. By the early 1990's, the profits from TSR's fiction department actually far surpassed that of their gaming publications. During the height of its success, TSR made an annual profit of over one million U. S. dollars, and maintained a staff of 400 employees.

However, problems grew in the company's business practices. After the emergence of collectible card games, TSR released several new collectable game lines: Dragon Dice and Spellfire. Collectible card games (CCGs also called trading card games (TCGs or customizable card games (CCGs are played using specially designed sets of cards Dragon Dice is a Collectible dice game originally made by TSR Inc Spellfire is also the name of a magical power in the Forgotten Realms. Neither found great success in the market place. Their inventory control became virtually nonexistent, and their warehouse became packed full of unsellable product. At the same time, TSR began retaliating against fan fiction and other creative work derived from TSR intellectual property, which angered many long-time customers and fans. Other new entrants into the RPG genre introduced competing fantasy worlds, which fragmented the RPG community, further reducing TSR's already wilting consumer base. TSR itself introduced no fewer than six campaign settings over the 1990s (Al-Qadim, Birthright, Council of Wyrms, Dark Sun, Planescape and Spelljammer, in addition to the traditional five settings of Mystara, Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, Greyhawk and Ravenloft), diluting its own fan base and creating competition between its expensive boxed campaign sets. Al-Qadim is an Arabian Nights -themed Campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. Birthright is a Dungeons & Dragons Campaign setting based on the world of Aebrynis on the continent of Cerilia Council of Wyrms is a Dungeons and Dragons boxed set that includes rules for playing dragon, half dragon and dragon servant characters. Dark Sun is a Dungeons & Dragons Campaign setting featuring the fictional desert world of Athas. Planescape is a Campaign setting Spelljammer (1989 is a Mystara is a Campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons Role playing game. Dragonlance is an immense series of Fantasy Novels, with over 190 novels printed and is accompanied by a supplemental Campaign The Forgotten Realms is a Campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D Fantasy Role-playing game, created by Greyhawk, also known as the World Ravenloft is a Campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons Roleplaying game. Some campaign boxed sets (particularly Planescape) actually sold for less money than they cost to make. These and other factors, such as a disastrous year for its fiction lines in 1996 (over one million copies of tie-in books for various game lines were returned to TSR that year), led to TSR ending accumulating over $30 million in debt by 1996, and having to endure multiple rounds of layoffs. [6]

Ryan Dancey, Vice President of Wizards of the Coast, believed that TSR failed before of ". Wizards of the Coast (often referred to as WotC or simply Wizards) is an American publisher of Games primarily based on Fantasy and . . a near total inability to listen to its customers, hear what they were saying, and make changes to make those customers happy. "[7]

With the decline of TSR, Wizards of the Coast, publishers of the wildly popular collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, inherited the title of "Lord of the RPGs". Wizards of the Coast (often referred to as WotC or simply Wizards) is an American publisher of Games primarily based on Fantasy and This article is somewhat over-complete Please do not add significant new content without first discussing it on the talk page Wizards of the Coast purchased TSR and its intellectual properties in 1997, ending the company's slow fall from grace. [8] TSR employees were given the opportunity to transfer to Wizards of the Coast's offices in Washington; some accepted the offer. Corporate offices in the Lake Geneva office were closed. Over the next few years, various parts of the company were resold to other companies, while in 1999, Wizards of the Coast was itself purchased by Hasbro, Inc. Hasbro ( is an American Toy company It is one of the largest toy makers in the world second only to the toy giant Mattel. In 2002 Gen Con was sold to Peter Adkison's Gen Con, LLC. Peter D Adkison is a game developer one of the founders of game companies Wizards of the Coast and Hidden City Games. [9] Also in 2002 TSR's magazines were transferred to Paizo Publishing. Paizo Publishing is an American Publishing company located in Bellevue Washington that specializes in game aids and adventures for "the world's most [10] The TSR brand name continued for several years, then was retired. Soon after, TSR trademarks were allowed to expire.

Logos

1974–1979.
"GK" for Gary Gygax/Don Kaye

July 1975–December 1978.
The creature depicted is a lizardman. Lizardfolk (also lizard men) are a fictional humanoid species in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy Role-playing game. This particular image first appeared on the inside front cover the 1975 Greyhawk supplement book authored by Gary Gygax and Robert Kuntz. Greyhawk, also known as the World Ernest Gary Gygax ( July 27, 1938 &ndash March 4, 2008) ( IPA:) was an American Writer and Game designer Robert J Kuntz (born September 23 1955) is a Game designer and author of Role-playing game publications

December 1978–1980

1980–1982
Received U. S. trademark registration number 1241135 on June 7, 1983. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Trademark canceled on October 23, 1989. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)

1982–1991
This logo was frequently recolored to match the needs of a particular product, sometimes with different colors for the inside and outside.

1991–1992

1992–1999
Received U. S. trademark registration number 1980554 on June 18, 1996. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Trademark canceled on March 22, 2003. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

1999–2003
TSR's purchase by Wizards of the Coast brought an end to the brand, its final trademark expiring in 2003. Wizards of the Coast (often referred to as WotC or simply Wizards) is an American publisher of Games primarily based on Fantasy and

Products

TSR's main products were role-playing games, the most successful of which was Dungeons & Dragons. However, they also produced other games like card, board and dice games, and published both magazines and books. A card game is any Game using Playing cards either traditional or game-specific A board game is a Game in which counters or pieces that are placed on removed from or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game Dice games are games that use or incorporate a die as their sole or central component usually as a Random device.

Role-playing games

Wargames

Other games

Magazines

Comics

In the 1990's TSR published a number of comic book series, some of them based on their role playing games. Alternity is a Science fiction Role-playing game (RPG published by TSR in 1998. Amazing Engine was a series of Role-playing game books that were published by TSR Inc Boot Hill is a western Role-playing game designed by Brian Blume and Gary Gygax. Buck Rogers XXVc (sometimes written as Buck Rogers in the 25th Century) is a game setting created by TSR Conan the Barbarian (also known as Conan the Cimmerian, from the name of his homeland Cimmeria) is a Fictional character often associated with Dragonlance is an immense series of Fantasy Novels, with over 190 novels printed and is accompanied by a supplemental Campaign For the unrelated computer game see DragonStrike (computer game. Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by Tékumel Empire of the Petal Throne is a Fantasy world created by Professor Muhammad Abd-el-Rahman Barker over the course of several decades Gamma World is a Science fantasy Role-playing game, originally designed by James M Gangbusters is a Historical Roleplaying game designed by Mark Acres, Rick Krebs, and Tom Moldvay, and published by There have been two publications of role-playing games based on the Indiana Jones franchise Marvel Superheroes (MSHRPG aka "the FASERIP system" is a Role playing game set in the Marvel Universe, first published by TSR under The Marvel Super Heroes Adventure Game is a Role-playing game published by TSR Inc Metamorphosis Alpha was the first Science fiction Role-playing game. Star Frontiers is a Science fiction Role-playing game produced by TSR during the 1980s Top Secret is an Espionage -themed Role-playing game first published in 1980 by TSR Inc Top Secret is an Espionage -themed Role-playing game first published in 1980 by TSR Inc Cavaliers and Roundheads is a set of rules for English Civil War Miniature wargaming. Chainmail is a Medieval miniatures wargame created by Jeff Perren and Gary Gygax. Divine Right is a Fantasy Board wargame designed by Glenn A Rahman. Don't Give Up the Ship! is a set of rules for conducting Napoleonic era naval wargames. Fight In The Skies, also known as Dawn Patrol, is a Board wargame written by Mike Carr which models World War I style air Gammarauders is a Post-apocalyptic Board wargame published by TSR Inc Sniper! was a Board wargame originally released in 1973 Some sources refer to "Sniper/Patrol" as a sort of series of games a similar game by Simulations Star Probe is a space game written by John Snider and published by TSR Inc Terrible Swift Sword The Three Days of Gettysburg (often abbreviated as TSS) is a classic grand tactical regimental level Board wargame Tractics is a set of rules for conducting World War II style combat with miniatures Tricolor is a rulebook for Wargaming with Napoleonic miniatures Warriors of Mars is a Miniatures wargame written by Gary Gygax and Brian Blume in 1974, designed for simulating skirmishes on Wellington's Victory, Op 91 ( Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria) is a minor orchestral work composed by Ludwig van Beethoven to commemorate William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages Buck Rogers - Battle for the 25th Century is a strategy board game published in 1988 by Dungeons and Dragons makers TSR Inc For the unrelated computer game see DragonStrike (computer game. Dragon Dice is a Collectible dice game originally made by TSR Inc Dungeon! is a 1975 Adventure board game designed by David R Megarry, Gary Gygax, Michael Gray, Steve Winter The Endless Quest books were two series of Gamebooks released by TSR. A gamebook is a Book that allows the reader to participate in the story by making choices that affect the course of the narrative which branches down various paths through the Escape from New York is a 1981 science fiction / Action film directed and scored by John Carpenter. Fantasy Forest is the name of a series of ten Choose Your Own Adventure style Gamebooks, published by TSR Inc Revolt On Antares is a Science-fiction themed Microgame designed by Tom Moldvay and produced Spellfire is also the name of a magical power in the Forgotten Realms. Collectible card games (CCGs also called trading card games (TCGs or customizable card games (CCGs are played using specially designed sets of cards A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Amazing Stories was an American Science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback 's Experimenter Publishing. Dragon is one of the two official Magazines for source material for the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game and associated products Dungeon Adventures, commonly called simply Dungeon, is a Magazine targeting people who play Role-playing games particularly

Fiction

In 1984, TSR started publishing novels based on their games. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Most D&D campaign settings had their own novel line, the most successful of which were the Dragonlance and Forgotten Realms lines with dozens of novels released in each. A campaign setting is usually a Fictional world which serves as a setting for a Role-playing game or Wargame campaign Dragonlance is an immense series of Fantasy Novels, with over 190 novels printed and is accompanied by a supplemental Campaign The Forgotten Realms is a Campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D Fantasy Role-playing game, created by

TSR also published the 1995 novel Buck Rogers: A Life in the Future by Martin Caidin, a standalone reimagining of the Buck Rogers universe and unrelated to TSR's Buck Rogers XXVC game. Buck Rogers A Life in the Future is the title of a Science fiction novel by Martin Caidin published in 1995 Martin Caidin ( September 14, 1927 &ndash March 24, 1997) was an American author and an authority on Aeronautics and Buck Rogers is a fictional character who first appeared in 1928 as Anthony Rogers the hero of two Novellas by Philip Francis Nowlan published in the magazine Buck Rogers XXVc (sometimes written as Buck Rogers in the 25th Century) is a game setting created by TSR

TSR published a number of fantasy and science fiction novels unconnected with their gaming products, such as L. Dean James' "Red Kings of Wynnamyr" novels, Sorcerer's Stone (1991) and Kingslayer (1992) and Mary H. Herbert's five "Gabria" novels (Valorian, Dark Horse, Lightning's Daughter, City of the Sorcerers and Winged Magic). L Dean James ( 1947 -) is an American Fantasy and horror writer Mary H Herbert (born 1957 is an American Fantasy writer author of the Dark Horse series and several Dragonlance novels However such projects never represented more than a fraction of the company's fiction output, which retained a strong emphasis on game-derived works.

Criticism

After its initial success faded, the company turned to legal defenses of what it regarded as its intellectual property. Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names In addition, there were several legal cases brought regarding who had invented what within the company and the division of royalties. These actions reached their nadir when the company threatened to sue individuals supplying game material on Internet sites (illegitimately, as under special circumstances U. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks S. copyright law holds that guidelines and rules may not be copyrighted). [11] In the mid-1990s, this led to frequent use of the nickname "T$R" in discussions on RPG-related Internet mailing lists and Usenet, as the company was widely perceived as attacking its customers. A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system Increasing product proliferation did not help matters; many of the product lines overlapped and were separated by what seemed like minor points (even the classic troika of Greyhawk, the Forgotten Realms and Dragonlance suffered in this regard). Greyhawk, also known as the World The Forgotten Realms is a Campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D Fantasy Role-playing game, created by Dragonlance is an immense series of Fantasy Novels, with over 190 novels printed and is accompanied by a supplemental Campaign

The company was the subject of an urban myth stating that it tried to trademark the term "Nazi". An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German This was based on a supplement for the Indiana Jones RPG in which some figures were marked with "NAZI(tm)". Dr (also Col Henry Walton Jones Jr, better known as Indiana Jones or Indy after his pet dog is a fictional Adventurer, Soldier This notation was in compliance with the list of trademarked character names supplied by Lucasfilm's legal department, specifically referring to a particular illustration of a Nazi on a cardboard game piece, which is legally trademarkable. Lucasfilm Limited' is an American Film production company founded by George Lucas in 1971, based in San Francisco California (Marvel Comics also supplied a list of trademarked Marvel characters which included the term "NAZI(tm)". Marvel Comics is an American comic book company owned by Marvel Publishing Inc ) Later references to the error would forget its origin and slowly morph into stories of TSR's trying to register such a trademark, possibly aided by TSR's own reputation late in its existence as a "trademark Nazi" company.

References

  1. ^ a b c Sacco, Ciro Alessandro (2 2007). An Interview with Gary Gygax, Part I (PDF) (English). OD&Dities issue 9 7. Richard Tongue. Retrieved on 9/11/2007, 2007. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 11, 2007. Retrieved on 9 2007.
  2. ^ Rausch, Allen (2004-08-16). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Gary Gygax Interview - Part 2. Gamespy. Retrieved on 2006-07-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
  3. ^ "Magic & Memories: The Complete History of Dungeons & Dragons - Part II" from GameSpy
  4. ^ a b Magic & Memories: The Complete History of Dungeons & Dragons - Part II: Mazes & Monsters 5. GameSpy, also known as GameSpy Industries, is a division of IGN Entertainment, which operates a network of game websites and provides online video game-related Gamespy (2004-08-16). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Retrieved on 2006-07-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
  5. ^ gygaxfaq: What Happened to Gygax - TSR?. gygax. com. Archived from the original on 1999-01-28. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Retrieved on 2006-07-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
  6. ^ a b Magic & Memories: The Complete History of Dungeons & Dragons - Part III: Mazes & Monsters 1. Gamespy (2004-08-17). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Retrieved on 2006-07-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
  7. ^ Dancey, Ryan. Archived Record (English). Archived from the original on 2004-05-30. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Retrieved on 2008-03-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King
  8. ^ Tidwell, Ken (1997-04-10). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Wizards of the Coast to acquire TSR. http://www.gamecabinet.com. The Game Cabinet.
  9. ^ Biography, Peter D. Adkison. Gen Con LLC. Retrieved on 2006-07-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples
  10. ^ Wizards of the Coast Signs Exclusive Publishing Agreement With Paizo Publishing, LLC To Produce Top Hobby Industry Magazines. Wizards of the Coast, Inc. (2002-07-08). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
  11. ^ U.S. Copyright Office - Games. U. S. Copyright Office (www. copyright. gov).

External links

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