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"Lawrence of Arabia" redirects here. For the 1962 film, see Lawrence of Arabia (film). Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 Epic film based on the life of T
Thomas Edward Lawrence
August 16, 1888(1888-08-16) – May 19, 1935 (aged 46)

T. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. E. Lawrence in the white silk robes of the Sherifs of Mecca. Sharīf ( Arabic: شريف is a traditional Arab tribal Title given to those who serve as the protector of the tribe and all tribal Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored
Nickname Lawrence of Arabia
Place of birth Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, North Wales
Place of death Bovington Camp, Dorset, England
Allegiance United Kingdom
Service/branch British Army, Royal Air Force
Years of service 1914-1918, 1923-1935
Rank Lieutenant Colonel
Awards Companion of the Order of the Bath[1]
Distinguished Service Order[2]
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour[3]
Croix de Guerre[4]

Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence, CB, DSO (16 August 1888[5] – 19 May 1935), known professionally as T. Tremadog (sometimes known as Tremadoc) is a Village on the outskirts of Porthmadog, in Gwynedd, north west Wales. Caernarfonshire (Sir Gaernarfon sometimes also spelt as Caernarvonshire and Carnarvonshire, is one of the thirteen historic counties and a former administrative North Wales (Gogledd Cymru is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales and to the east by England. The Bovington Tank Museum is the a collection of Armoured vehicles in the United Kingdom. Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Distinguished Service Order ( DSO) is a Military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries awarded for The Croix de Guerre (sometimes lowercase in French Croix de guerre, meaning "Cross of War" is a military decoration of both France and Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Distinguished Service Order ( DSO) is a Military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries awarded for Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. E. Lawrence, was a British soldier renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt of 1916-18, but whose vivid personality and writings, along with the extraordinary breadth and variety of his activities and associations, have made him the object of fascination throughout the world as "Lawrence of Arabia". The Arab Revolt (1916&ndash1918 ( الثورة العربية Al-Thawra al-`Arabīya) was initiated by the Sherif Hussein ibn Ali with the aim of securing

Lawrence's public image was due in part to American journalist Lowell Thomas's sensationalised reportage of the Revolt, as well as to Lawrence's autobiographical account, Seven Pillars of Wisdom. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Lowell Jackson Thomas ( April 6, 1892 &ndash August 29, 1981) was an American Writer, broadcaster, and Seven Pillars of Wisdom A Triumph is the autobiographical account of the experiences of T

Contents

Early years

T. E. Lawrence’s birth-place. The house was originally called 'Gorphwysfa' before being given the English name of 'Woodlands'. Later it reverted to the original name, albeit using modern Welsh orthography as 'Gorffwysfa', but this has more recently been changed to 'Lawrence House'
T. E. Lawrence’s birth-place. The house was originally called 'Gorphwysfa' before being given the English name of 'Woodlands'. Later it reverted to the original name, albeit using modern Welsh orthography as 'Gorffwysfa', but this has more recently been changed to 'Lawrence House'

Lawrence was born in 1888 at "Gorphwysfa" in Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, North Wales. Tremadog (sometimes known as Tremadoc) is a Village on the outskirts of Porthmadog, in Gwynedd, north west Wales. Caernarfonshire (Sir Gaernarfon sometimes also spelt as Caernarvonshire and Carnarvonshire, is one of the thirteen historic counties and a former administrative North Wales (Gogledd Cymru is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales and to the east by England. His Anglo-Irish father, Thomas Robert Tighe Chapman, who in 1914 inherited the title of seventh Baronet of Westmeath in Ireland, had abandoned his wife, Edith, for his daughters' governess, Sarah Junner. " Anglo-Irish " was a term used historically to describe a privileged Social class in Ireland, whose members were the descendants and successors of the A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent a baronetess (abbreviation Btss) is the holder County Westmeath (Contae na hIarmhí is a County situated in the Irish midlands, also popularly called the "Lake county" in the western part of the province Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The couple did not marry. Sir Thomas and Sarah had five illegitimate sons, of whom Thomas Edward was the second-eldest. In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the The family later lived at 2 Polstead Road (now marked with a blue plaque) in Oxford, under the names of Mr. Polstead Road is a residential road that runs between Kingston Road and Hayfield Road to the west and the Woodstock Road to the east in the suburb of North Oxford In the United Kingdom, a blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, and Mrs. Lawrence. Thomas Edward (known in the family as "Ned") attended the City of Oxford High School for Boys, where one of the four houses is now named "Lawrence" in his honour. The City of Oxford High School for Boys (aka Oxford High School for Boys and City of Oxford School) was founded in 1881 by Thomas Hill Green to The house system is a traditional feature of British Schools and schools in ex- British colonies, similar to the collegiate system of a University The school has since moved from its location in central Oxford to the suburbs. Lawrence was not complimentary of his time there. As a schoolboy, one of his favourite pastimes was to cycle to country churches and make brass rubbings.

Lawrence claimed that in about 1905, he ran away from home and served for a few weeks as a boy soldier with the Royal Garrison Artillery at St Mawes Castle in Cornwall; he was bought out. Royal Artillery The Royal Regiment of Artillery, is generally known as the Royal Artillery and is nicknamed the Gunners. St Mawes is a small town opposite Falmouth, on the south coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar However no evidence of this can be found in army records.

From 1907 Lawrence was educated at Jesus College, Oxford. Jesus College (in full Jesus College in the University of Oxford of Queen Elizabeth's Foundation) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of During the summers of 1907 and 1908, he toured France by bicycle, collecting photographs, drawings and measurements of castles dating from the medieval period. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. Subsequently, in the summer of 1909, he set out alone on a three-month walking tour of crusader castles in Syria, during which he travelled 1,000 miles on foot. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lawrence graduated with First Class Honours after submitting a thesis entitled The influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture – to the end of the 12th century based on his own field research in France and the Middle East. The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading scheme for Undergraduate degrees ( Bachelor's degrees and some Master's degrees The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents At this time, Lawrence and one of his brothers became commissioned officers in the Church Lads' Brigade at St Aldate's church. The Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade is a Church of England youth organisation with branches in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland

On completing his degree in 1910, he commenced postgraduate research in medieval pottery with a Senior Demy at Magdalen College, Oxford, which he abandoned after he was offered the opportunity to become a practising archaeologist in the Middle East. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware A demyship (or demy) is a form of Scholarship, specifically at Magdalen College Oxford. Magdalen College redirects here see also Magdalene College Cambridge Magdalen College (ˈmɔːdlɨn "maudlin" is one of the constituent Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos In December 1910 he sailed for Beirut, and on arrival went to Jbail (Byblos), where he studied Arabic. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Byblos ( Βύβλος) is the Greek name of the Phoenician city Gebal (earlier Gubla) Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language He then went to work on the excavations at Carchemish, near Jerablus in northern Syria, where he worked under D.G. Hogarth and R. Carchemish (called Europus by the Greco-Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires now on the frontier between Carchemish (called Europus by the Greco-Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires now on the frontier between David George Hogarth (born May 23, 1862, in Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire; died November 6, 1927, in Oxford Campbell-Thompson of the British Museum. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. He would later state that everything that he had accomplished, he owed to Hogarth. [6] As the site lay close to the Turkish border, near an important crossing on the Baghdad Railway, knowledge gathered there was of considerable importance for military intelligence. Gaziantep is a province in south-central Turkey. Its capital is the city of Gaziantep which had a population of 853513 as of 2000 In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Ottoman Empire planned to construct a Baghdad Railway under German control While excavating ancient Mesopotamian sites, Lawrence met Gertrude Bell, who was to influence him for much of his time in the Middle East. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell CBE ( July 14, 1868 – July 12, 1926) was a British writer traveller political analyst

T.E.Lawrence (left) and Sir Leonard Woolley standing beside a Hittite slab found during excavations at Carchemish, Syria
T. E. Lawrence (left) and Sir Leonard Woolley standing beside a Hittite slab found during excavations at Carchemish, Syria

In late summer 1911, Lawrence returned to England for a brief sojourn. Sir Charles Leonard Woolley ( 17 April 1880 &ndash 20 February 1960) was a British Archaeologist best known for his Excavations Carchemish (called Europus by the Greco-Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires now on the frontier between By November he was en route to Beirut for a second season at Carchemish, where he was to work with Leonard Woolley. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Carchemish (called Europus by the Greco-Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires now on the frontier between Sir Charles Leonard Woolley ( 17 April 1880 &ndash 20 February 1960) was a British Archaeologist best known for his Excavations Prior to resuming work there, however, he briefly worked with William Flinders Petrie at Kafr Ammar in Egypt. Professor Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie FRS ( 3 June 1853 &ndash 28 July 1942) known as Flinders Petrie, was an This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.

Lawrence continued making trips to the Middle East as a field archaeologist until the outbreak of World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In January 1914, Woolley and Lawrence were co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey of the Negev Desert. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking The Negev (נֶגֶב Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ) is the Desert region of southern Israel. They were funded by the Palestine Exploration Fund to search for an area referred to in the Bible as the "Wilderness of Zin"; along the way, they undertook an archaeological survey of the Negev Desert. The Palestine Exploration Fund is a British society it is often simply known as the PEF Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Wilderness of Zin / Desert of Zin ( Hebrew: מדבר צן Midbar Tzin) is a geographic area mentioned by the Torah as containing Kadesh-Barnea The Negev was of strategic importance, as it would have to be crossed by any Ottoman army attacking Egypt in the event of war. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Woolley and Lawrence subsequently published a report of the expedition's archaeological findings,[7] but a more important result was an updated mapping of the area, with special attention to features of military relevance such as water sources. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. At this time, Lawrence also visited Aqaba and Petra. For the town in the West Bank see Aqabah West Bank. Aqaba (العقبة Al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal town in the far south of Petra (from "petra" rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء Al-Batrāʾ) is an archaeological site in the Arabah

From March to May 1914, Lawrence worked again at Carchemish. Carchemish (called Europus by the Greco-Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires now on the frontier between Following the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914, on the advice of S. F. Newcombe, Lawrence did not immediately enlist in the British Army but held back until October, when he was commissioned on the General List. The General Service Corps ( GSC) is a corps of the British Army.

Arab Revolt

At the outbreak of World War I Lawrence was a university post-graduate researcher who had for years travelled extensively within the Ottoman Empire provinces of the Levant (Transjordan and Palestine) and Mesopotamia (Syria and Iraq) under his own name. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. As such he became known to the Turkish Interior Ministry authorities and their European (German) technical advisors. Lawrence came into contact with the Ottoman-German technical advisers, travelling over the German-designed, -built and -financed railways during the course of his researches.

Thus on the eve of World War I, the Ottoman authorities would have already regarded Lawrence as a foreigner who was known to have detailed knowledge of Ottoman frontier territories bordering on the British sphere of influence at Suez and in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Anglo-Egyptian Sudan referred to the manner by which Sudan was administered between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of Egypt Once the Ottoman Empire joined the war as a German ally, the Ottoman Interior Ministry would have regarded Lawrence and men like him as suspect enemy aliens who might be spies working for their governments. The Ottoman authorities would have been on the lookout for all such persons, who might attempt to re-enter their Empire and re-establish contacts with their friends and or dissidents that they had met during their travels before the war.

Even if Lawrence had not volunteered, the British would probably have recruited him for his first-hand knowledge of the Levant, Syria and Mesopotamia. His posting to Cairo on the Intelligence Staff of the GOC Middle East was therefore inevitable. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. General Officer Commanding ( GOC) is the usual title given in the armies of Commonwealth (and some other nations to a General officer who holds a command It is against this backdrop that Lawrence's actions should be viewed.

Contrary to later myth, it was not Lawrence or the Army that conceptualised a campaign of internal insurgency against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East: it was the Arab Bureau of Britain's Foreign Office. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting The Arab Bureau had long felt it likely that a campaign instigated and financed by outside powers, supporting the breakaway-minded tribes and regional challengers to the Turkish government's centralised rule of their empire, would pay great dividends in the diversion of effort that would be needed to meet such a challenge. The Arab Bureau was a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department during the First World War. The Arab Bureau was the first to recognise what is today called the "asymmetry" of such conflict. Asymmetric warfare originally referred to War between two or more belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly The Ottoman authorities would have to devote a hundred or a thousand times the resources to contain the threat of such an internal rebellion, as would be the Allies' cost of sponsoring it.

At that point in the Foreign Office’s thinking they were not considering the region as candidate territories for incorporation in the British Empire, but only as an extension of the range of British Imperial influence, and the weakening and destruction of a German ally, the Ottoman Empire.

During the war, Lawrence fought with Arab irregular troops under the command of Emir Faisal, a son of Sherif Hussein of Mecca, in extended guerrilla operations against the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. Irregular military refers to any non-standard military Being defined by exclusion there is a lot of variance in what comes under the term Faisal bin Al Hussein Bin Ali El-Hashemi, GCB, GCMG ( فيصل بن حسين Fayṣal ibn Ḥusayn; 20 May 1883 &ndash September 8 Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, GCB (1854 &mdash June 4, 1931) ( حسین بن علی; Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī) was the Sharif Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Lawrence's major contribution to World War I was convincing Arab leaders to co-ordinate their revolt to aid British interests. He persuaded the Arabs not to drive the Ottomans out of Medina, thus forcing the Turkish army to tie up troops in the city garrison. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as The Arabs were then able to direct most of their attention to the Hejaz railway that supplied the garrison. History A railway had been suggested in 1864 to relieve the suffering of the hajis on their forty day journey through the wilderness of Midian the Nafud and the Hejaz Mountains This tied up more Ottoman troops, who were forced to protect the railway and repair the constant damage.

In 1917, Lawrence arranged a joint action with the Arab irregulars and forces under Auda Abu Tayi (until then in the employ of the Ottomans) against the strategically located port city of Aqaba. Auda ban harb al-abo seed al-mazro al-tamame ibu Tayi, also Auda abu Tayi, Awda abu Tayi, etc ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo For the town in the West Bank see Aqabah West Bank. Aqaba (العقبة Al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal town in the far south of He was promoted to major in the same year. Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country On July 6, after an overland attack, Aqaba fell to Arab forces. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Some 12 months later, Lawrence was involved in the capture of Damascus in the final weeks of the war and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1918. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies

As was his habit when travelling before the war, Lawrence adopted many local customs and traditions (many photographs show him in the desert wearing white Arab garb and riding camels), and he soon became a confidant of Prince Faisal. Camels are Even-toed ungulates within the Genus Camelus. The Dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and the In theater the confidant (feminine confidante, same pronunciation character is usually someone the lead character confides in and trusts

During the closing years of the war he sought, with mixed success, to convince his superiors in the British government that Arab independence was in their interests.

In 1918 he co-operated with war correspondent Lowell Thomas for a short period. A war correspondent is a Journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. Lowell Jackson Thomas ( April 6, 1892 &ndash August 29, 1981) was an American Writer, broadcaster, and During this time Thomas and his cameraman Harry Chase shot much film and many photographs, which Thomas used in a highly lucrative film that toured the world after the war. Harry Chase may refer to Harry B Chase, Canadian politician in the Alberta legislature Harrie B

Lawrence was made a Companion in the Order of the Bath and awarded the Distinguished Service Order and the French Légion d'Honneur, though in October 1918 he refused to be made a Knight Commander of the British Empire. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Distinguished Service Order ( DSO) is a Military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries awarded for The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V.

Post-war years

Emir Faisal's party at Versailles, during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Left to right: Rustum Haidar, Nuri as-Said, Prince Faisal, Captain Pisani (behind Faisal), T. E. Lawrence, Faisal's black slave (name unknown), Captain Hassan Khadri.
Emir Faisal's party at Versailles, during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Faisal bin Al Hussein Bin Ali El-Hashemi, GCB, GCMG ( فيصل بن حسين Fayṣal ibn Ḥusayn; 20 May 1883 &ndash September 8 Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important Left to right: Rustum Haidar, Nuri as-Said, Prince Faisal, Captain Pisani (behind Faisal), T. Nuri al-Said (1888 &ndash July 15, 1958) (نوري السعيد was an Iraqi politician during the British Mandate and the monarchy Faisal bin Al Hussein Bin Ali El-Hashemi, GCB, GCMG ( فيصل بن حسين Fayṣal ibn Ḥusayn; 20 May 1883 &ndash September 8 E. Lawrence, Faisal's black slave (name unknown), Captain Hassan Khadri.

Immediately after the war, Lawrence worked for the Foreign Office, attending the Paris Peace Conference between January and May as a member of Faisal's delegation. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting

Lowell Thomas's film was seen by four million people in the post-war years, giving Lawrence great publicity. Until then, Lawrence had little influence, but soon newspapers began to report his opinions. Consequently he served for much of 1921 as an advisor to Winston Churchill at the Colonial Office. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies.

Lawrence was ambivalent about Thomas's publicity, calling him a "vulgar man," though he saw Thomas's show several times. Starting in 1922, Lawrence attempted to join the Royal Air Force as an airman under the name John Hume Ross. He was soon exposed and subsequently forced out of the RAF. He changed his name to T. E. Shaw and joined the Royal Tank Corps in 1923. The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR is an armoured regiment of the British Army. He was unhappy there and repeatedly petitioned to rejoin the RAF, which finally admitted him in August 1925. A fresh burst of publicity after the publication of Revolt in the Desert (see below) resulted in his assignment to a remote base in British India in late 1926, where he remained until the end of 1928. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British At that time he was forced to return to the UK after rumours began to circulate that he was involved in espionage activities.

He purchased several small plots of land in Chingford, built a hut and swimming pool there, and visited frequently. Chingford is a town in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. It is a suburban development situated northeast of Charing Cross. This was demolished in 1930 when the City of London Corporation acquired the land. The City of London Corporation (formerly known as the Corporation of London)is the municipal governing body of the City of London.

He continued serving in the RAF, specialising in high-speed boats and professing happiness, and it was with considerable regret that he left the service at the end of his enlistment in March 1935.

T.E.Lawrence on an early scooter; British India (1926-1928)
T. E. Lawrence on an early scooter; British India (1926-1928)

Lawrence was a keen motorcyclist, and, at different times, had owned seven Brough Superior motorcycles. Brough Superior (pr bruff su-peer-ee-or Motorcycles and motor cars were made by George Brough in his Brough Superior works on Haydn Road in Nottingham [8] His seventh motorcycle is on display at the Imperial War Museum. The Imperial War Museum is a Museum in London, England featuring military vehicles weapons war memorabilia an extensive library open to the public Among the books Lawrence is known to have carried with him on his military campaigns is Thomas Malory's Morte D'Arthur; accounts of the 1934 discovery of the Winchester Manuscript of the Morte include a report that Lawrence followed Eugene Vinaver - a Malory scholar - by motorcycle from Manchester to Winchester upon reading of the discovery in The Times. Sir Thomas Malory (c 1405 – 14 March 1471 was an English writer the author or compiler of Le Morte d'Arthur. Le Morte d'Arthur (spelled Le Morte Darthur in the first printing and also in some modern editions Middle French for la mort d'Arthur The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. [9]

Death

For more details on this topic, see Brough Superior SS100. The Brough Superior SS 100 was designed and built by George Brough in Nottingham UK in 1924.

A few weeks after leaving the service, aged 46, Lawrence was fatally injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset, close to his cottage, Clouds Hill, near Wareham (now run by the National Trust and open to the public). MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Clouds Hill is an isolated cottage near Wareham in the county of Dorset in South West England. Wareham is a historic Market town and under the name Wareham Town, a Civil parish, in the English county of Dorset. The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales The accident occurred because of a dip in the road that obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control and was thrown over the handlebars of his motorcycle. He died six days later. [10] The spot is marked by a small memorial at the side of the road but the road now is much improved on what it would have been like 70 years ago. The circumstances of Lawrence's death would have far reaching consequences, however. One of the doctors attending him was the neurosurgeon, Hugh Cairns. Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating those central, Peripheral nervous system and spinal column diseases amenable to surgical He was profoundly affected by the incident and consequently began a long study of what he saw as the unnecessary loss of life by motorcycle dispatch riders through head injuries and his research led to the use of crash helmets by both military and civilian motorcyclists. As a consequence of treating Lawrence, Sir Hugh Cairns ultimately saved the lives of many motorcyclists since. [11]

Some sources mistakenly claim that Lawrence was buried in St Paul's Cathedral; in reality, only a bust of him was placed in the crypt. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. In terms of European architecture a crypt (from the Latin crypta and the Greek κρυπτη, kryptē) is a stone chamber or His final resting place is the Dorset village of Moreton. A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Moreton is a village in Dorset, England, situated on the River Frome eight Miles east of Dorchester. [12] Moreton Estate, which borders Bovington Camp, was owned by family cousins, the Frampton family. Lawrence had rented and subsequently purchased Clouds Hill from the Framptons. Clouds Hill is an isolated cottage near Wareham in the county of Dorset in South West England. He had been a frequent visitor to their home, Okers Wood House, and had for many years corresponded with Louisa Frampton.

On Lawrence's death, his mother wrote to the Framptons asking whether there was space for him in their family plot at Moreton Church. At his funeral there, attendees included Winston and Clementine Churchill and Lawrence's youngest brother, Arnold (who demonstrated the Lawrencian dry humour in speaking with reporters), and T. A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Clementine Ogilvy Spencer-Churchill Baroness Spencer-Churchill, GBE, CStJ (née Hozier; 1 April 1885 &ndash 12 December E. Lawrence's coffin was transported on the Frampton estate's bier. A bier is a stand on which a corpse, or Coffin containing a corpse is placed to Lie in state or to be carried to the Grave. The famous stone effigy of Lawrence can be seen at the Saxon church in Wareham.

Writings

Throughout his life, Lawrence was a prolific writer. A large portion of his output was epistolary; he often sent several letters a day. An epistolary novel German Briefroman ---> is a Novel written as a series of documents Several collections of his letters have been published. He corresponded with many notable figures, including George Bernard Shaw, Edward Elgar, Winston Churchill, Robert Graves and E.M. Forster. George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Robert Graves (24 July 1895 &ndash 7 December 1985 was an English Poet, Translator and Novelist. Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879–7 June 1970 was an English novelist Short story writer Essayist, and Librettist He met Joseph Conrad and commented perceptively on his works. Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist The many letters that he sent to Shaw's wife, Charlotte, offer a revealing side of his character. [13]

In his lifetime, Lawrence published four major texts. Two were translations: Homer's Odyssey, and The Forest Giant – the latter an otherwise forgotten work of French fiction. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Odyssey ( Greek: Ὀδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. He received a flat fee for the second translation, and negotiated a generous fee plus royalties for the first.

Seven Pillars

14 Barton Street, London S.W.1, where Lawrence lived while writing Seven Pillars.
14 Barton Street, London S. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. W. 1, where Lawrence lived while writing Seven Pillars.

Lawrence's major work is Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an account of his war experiences. Seven Pillars of Wisdom A Triumph is the autobiographical account of the experiences of T In 1919 he had been elected to a seven-year research fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, providing him with support while he worked on the book. All Souls College (in full The Warden and College of the Souls of all Faithful People deceased in the University of Oxford) is one of the constituent colleges In addition to being a memoir of his experiences during the war, certain parts also serve as essays on military strategy, Arabian culture and geography, and other topics. Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek Lawrence re-wrote Seven Pillars of Wisdom three times; once "blind" after he lost the manuscript while changing trains in Reading. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way

The accusation that Lawrence repeatedly exaggerated his feats has been a persistent theme among commentators. The list of his alleged "embellishments" in Seven Pillars is long, though many such allegations have been disproved with time, most definitively in Jeremy Wilson's authorised biography. Jeremy M Wilson (1944 -) is a contemporary British historian biographer writer editor and fine-press publisher However Lawrence's own notebooks confirm that his claim to have crossed The Sinai Peninsula from Aqaba to the Suez Canal in just 49 hours without any sleep was not true. The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء For the town in the West Bank see Aqabah West Bank. Aqaba (العقبة Al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal town in the far south of The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation In reality this famous camel ride lasted for more than 70 hours and was interrupted by two long breaks for sleeping which Lawrence omitted when he wrote his book.

Lawrence acknowledged having been helped in the editing of the book by George Bernard Shaw. George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. In the preface to Seven Pillars, Lawrence offered his "thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Shaw for countless suggestions of great value and diversity: and for all the present semicolons. A semicolon (   ) is a conventional Punctuation mark with several usages "

The first edition was to be published in 1926 as a high-priced private subscription edition. Lawrence was afraid that the public would think that he would make a substantial income from the book, and he stated that it was written as a result of his war service. He vowed not to take any money from it, and indeed he did not, as the sale price was one third of the production costs. This left Lawrence in substantial debt.

Revolt

Revolt in the Desert was an abridged version of Seven Pillars, also published in 1926. Seven Pillars of Wisdom A Triumph is the autobiographical account of the experiences of T He undertook a needed but reluctant publicity exercise, which resulted in a best-seller. Again he vowed not to take any fees from the publication, partly to appease the subscribers to Seven Pillars who had paid dearly for their editions. By the fourth reprint in 1927, the debt from Seven Pillars was paid off. As Lawrence left for military service in India at the end of 1926, he set up the "Seven Pillars Trust" with his friend D.G. Hogarth as a trustee, in which he made over the copyright and any surplus income of Revolt in the Desert. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country David George Hogarth (born May 23, 1862, in Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire; died November 6, 1927, in Oxford He later told Hogarth that he had "made the Trust final, to save myself the temptation of reviewing it, if Revolt turned out a best seller. "

The resultant trust paid off the debt, and Lawrence then invoked a clause in his publishing contract to halt publication of the abridgment in the UK. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located However, he allowed both American editions and translations, which resulted in a substantial flow of income. The trust paid income either into an educational fund for children of RAF officers who lost their lives or were invalided as a result of service, or more substantially into the RAF Benevolent Fund set up by Air-Marshal Trenchard, founder of the RAF, in 1919. Marshal of the Royal Air Force Hugh Montague Trenchard 1st Viscount Trenchard GCB OM GCVO DSO (3 February 1873 - 10 February

Posthumous

He also authored The Mint,[14] a memoir of his experiences as an enlisted man in the Royal Air Force. The Mint is a book written by T E Lawrence, ‘Lawrence of Arabia’ Lawrence worked from a notebook that he kept while enlisted, writing of the daily lives of enlisted men and his desire to be a part of something larger than himself: the Royal Air Force. The book is stylistically very different from Seven Pillars of Wisdom, using sparse prose as opposed to the complicated syntax found in Seven Pillars. Seven Pillars of Wisdom A Triumph is the autobiographical account of the experiences of T It was published posthumously, edited by his brother, Professor A. W. Lawrence.

After Lawrence's death, his brother inherited all Lawrence's estate and his copyrights as the sole beneficiary. To pay the inheritance tax, he sold the U.S. copyright of Seven Pillars of Wisdom (subscribers' text) outright to Doubleday Doran in 1935. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Doubleday Publishing Group is the fifth largest Book Publishing company in the world Doubleday still controls publication rights of this version of the text of Seven Pillars of Wisdom in the USA. In 1936 he split the remaining assets of the estate, giving "Clouds Hill" and many copies of less substantial or historical letters to the nation via the National Trust, and then set up two trusts to control interests in Lawrence's residual copyrights. The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales To the original Seven Pillars Trust he assigned the copyright in Seven Pillars of Wisdom, as a result of which it was given its first general publication. To the Letters and Symposium Trust, he assigned the copyright in The Mint and all Lawrence's letters, which were subsequently edited and published in the book T. E. Lawrence by his Friends (edited by A. W. Lawrence, London, Jonathan Cape, 1937).

A substantial amount of income went directly to the RAF Benevolent Fund or for archaeological, environmental, or academic projects. The two trusts were amalgamated in 1986, and, on the death of Prof. A. W. Lawrence, also acquired all the remaining rights to Lawrence's works that it had not owned, plus rights to all of Prof. Lawrence's works.

Sexuality

Writers working to elucidate the history of same-sex erotic relationships identify a strong homoerotic element in Lawrence's life, while scholars, including his official biographer, have been accused of "attempt[ing] to defend Lawrence against 'charges' of homosexuality. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. "[15]

Selim Ahmed ("Dahoum"), before World War I, at Carchemish. Photograph by T.E. Lawrence.
Selim Ahmed ("Dahoum"), before World War I, at Carchemish. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Carchemish (called Europus by the Greco-Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires now on the frontier between Photograph by T. E. Lawrence.

Lawrence did not discuss his sexual orientation or practices. There is one clearly homoerotic passage in the Introduction, Chapter 2, of Seven Pillars of Wisdom: "quivering together in the yielding sand, with intimate hot limbs in supreme embrace. Homoeroticism refers to the representation of same-sex love and desire most especially as it is depicted or manifested in the Visual arts and Literature. Seven Pillars of Wisdom A Triumph is the autobiographical account of the experiences of T "

The book is dedicated to "S. A. " with a poem that begins:

"I loved you, so I drew these tides of men into my hands
and wrote my will across the sky in stars
To gain you Freedom, the seven-pillared worthy house,
that your eyes might be shining for me
When I came. "[16]

Lawrence himself maintained that "S. A. " was a composite character. He once said: "I liked a particular Arab, and thought that freedom for the race would be an acceptable present. "[17] If "S. A. " does refer to a particular person, a likely possibility is Selim Ahmed, nicknamed "Dahoum" ("Dark One"), a 14-year-old Arab with whom Lawrence is known to have been close. Selim Ahmed (ca 1897-1916 was a Syrian Arab known for his relationship with T The two met while working at a pre-war archaeological dig at Carchemish; Lawrence had the boy move in with him, carved a nude sculpture of him which he placed on the roof of the house in Greco-Roman style, and brought Ahmed on holiday to England. Carchemish (called Europus by the Greco-Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires now on the frontier between The two parted in 1914, never to see each other again, as Dahoum died of typhus in 1918. Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Louse -borne bacteria Boston University Professor Matthew Parfitt maintains that "in Seven Pillars, and more explicitly in his correspondence, Lawrence suggests that his distaste for the entire exploit (i. e. , the Arab Campaign) in its last triumphant days was largely owing to news of his friend's death. "

In Seven Pillars, Lawrence claims that, while reconnoitering Deraa in Arab disguise, he was captured, beaten, and raped. Daraa (درعا also Dera ("fortress" compare Dura-Europos) is a city in southwestern Syria [18] Modern biographers have questioned whether the incident ever occurred: there are problems with the chronology of Lawrence's account, whose subsequent sex-life revolved around male flagellation, while the Ottoman commander whom Lawrence accuses of whipping and sodomising him went on to lead a blameless post-war life without a hint of scandal. Lawrence's own statements and actions concerning the incident have contributed to the confusion: he removed the page from his war diary which would have covered the November 1917 week in question.

Lawrence hired people to whip him, making it clear he had unconventional tastes, notably masochism. Sadism refers to Sexual or non-sexual gratification in the infliction of Pain or humiliation upon or by another person [19] Also, years after the Deraa incident, Lawrence embarked on a rigid programme of physical rehabilitation, including diet, exercise, and swimming in the North Sea. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. During this time he recruited men from the service and told them a story about a fictitious uncle who, because Lawrence had stolen money from him, demanded that he enlist in the service and that he be beaten. Lawrence wrote letters purporting to be from the uncle ("R. " or "The Old Man") instructing the men in how he was to be beaten, yet also asking them to persuade him to stop this. This treatment continued until his death. [20]

Discussion about Lawrence's sexuality began with Richard Aldington's critical Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry (1955). Richard Aldington (born Edward Godfree Aldington July 8 1892 &ndash July 27 1962 was an English writer and poet. Richard Meinertzhagen wrote in his Middle East Diary that upon meeting Lawrence, he asked himself, "Boy or girl?" – though historians widely consider this to have been added after the fact. Colonel Richard Henry Meinertzhagen CBE DSO ( March 3, 1878 - June 17, 1967) was a British The play Ross (1960) by Terence Rattigan, as well as the famous film Lawrence of Arabia, helped introduce the idea into popular culture. Ross is a 1960 play by British Playwright Terence Rattigan. It is a biographical play of T Sir Terence Mervyn Rattigan ( June 10 1911 – November 30 1977) was one of England 's most popular 20th century Dramatists Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 Epic film based on the life of T

In a letter to a homosexual man, Lawrence wrote that he did not find homosexuality morally wrong, yet he did find it distasteful. [21] In the book T. E. Lawrence by His Friends, many of Lawrence's friends are adamant that he was not homosexual but simply had little interest in the topic of sex. Asexuality is a Sexual orientation that describes individuals who do not experience Sexual attraction. Not one of them suspected him of homosexual inclinations. Like many men of the time, Lawrence had little pressure to pursue women. Unlike most men of his time, he also had little inclination. E. H. R. Altounyan, a close friend of Lawrence, wrote the following in T. E. Lawrence by His Friends:

"Women were to him persons, and as such to be appraised on their own merits. Preoccupation with sex is (except in the defective) due either to a sense of personal insufficiency and its resultant groping for fulfilment, or to a real sympathy with its biological purpose. Neither could hold much weight with him. He was justifiably self sufficient, and up to the time of his death no woman had convinced him of the necessity to secure his own succession. He was never married because he never happened to meet the right person; and nothing short of that would do[. . . ]. "

Vision of Middle East

Lawrence's post-World War I vision of the Levant.
Lawrence's post-World War I vision of the Levant. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the

A map of the Middle East that belonged to Lawrence has been put on exhibition at the Imperial War Museum in London. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Imperial War Museum is a Museum in London, England featuring military vehicles weapons war memorabilia an extensive library open to the public It was drafted by him and presented to Britain's War Cabinet in November 1918.

The map provides an alternative to present-day borders in the region, based on the sensibilities of the local populations. It includes a separate state for the Armenians and groups the people of present-day Syria, Jordan and parts of Saudi Arabia in another state, based on tribal patterns and commercial routes. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer

Redrawn map of Lawrence's post-World War I vision of the Levant.
Redrawn map of Lawrence's post-World War I vision of the Levant. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the

Portrayals

Film and television

Lawrence of Arabia film poster (1962).
Lawrence of Arabia film poster (1962). Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 Epic film based on the life of T

Lawrence was most famously portrayed by Peter O'Toole in the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia. Peter O'Toole (born 2 August 1932) is an Irish and British actor who achieved instant stardom in 1962 playing T The year 1962 in film involved some significant events Events Dr Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 Epic film based on the life of T Alec Guinness was considered for the title role in the first film, but was passed over as too old; he did, however, play Emir Faisal. Sir Alec Guinness, CH, CBE (2 April 1914 &ndash 5 August 2000 was an English Actor. Ralph Fiennes in the 1990 made-for-TV movie A Dangerous Man: Lawrence after Arabia. Ralph Nathaniel Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes ( "rafe fines" born 22 December 1962) is a British Actor. The year 1990 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1990. A Dangerous Man Lawrence After Arabia is a Made for TV movie from 1990 depicting the events involving T Both O'Toole and Fiennes are much taller than the real Lawrence: O'Toole stands 6 ft 3 in (1. 90 metres) and Fiennes, 6 ft 1 in (1. 85 m).

He was portrayed by Judson Scott in the 1982 TV series Voyagers!, and by Joseph A. Bennett and Douglas Henshall in the 1992 TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. Judson Earney Scott ( July 15, 1952) is an American stage television and film actor Voyagers! is a time travel-based television series broadcast in the 1982-1983 season on NBC, starting on October 3, 1982. Joseph A Bennett (born 1968 is a English Actor. Joseph Bennett was born in 1968 in London, England. Douglas James Henshall (born 19 November 1965) is a Scottish Actor. The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, also known as The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, is an Emmy Award -winning American In Young Indiana Jones, Lawrence is portrayed as being a life-long friend of the title character. Dr (also Col Henry Walton Jones Jr, better known as Indiana Jones or Indy after his pet dog is a fictional Adventurer, Soldier

Theatre

Trivia

Military

Travel

Other

See also

Bibliography

Lawrence's works

Secondary sources

References

  1. ^ London Gazette Issue 30222 published on the 7 August 1917. Page 1 of 4
  2. ^ London Gazette Issue 30681 published on the 10 May 1918. Page 2 of 16
  3. ^ London Gazette Issue 29600 published on the 30 May 1916. Page 5 of 84
  4. ^ London Gazette Issue 30638 published on the 16 April 1918. Page 2 of 4
  5. ^ His official birth record, according to his father's statement, lists August 15, 1888 as birth date (no time of birth). However, his mother stated he was born in the early hours of August 16, and according to extant documents it was on this date his birthday was celebrated.
  6. ^ telawrence.net/telawrencenet/letters/1927/271207_d_knowles.htm.
  7. ^ www.pef.org.uk/Pages/WildZin.htm.
  8. ^ Title: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles, Editor: Erwin Tragatsch, Publisher: New Burlington Books, Copyright: 1979 Quarto Publishing, Edition: 1988 Revised, Page 95, ISBN 0-906286-07-7
  9. ^ Jonathan Evans, "The Winchester Manuscript"; Walter F. Oakeshott, "The Finding of the Manuscript," Essays on Malory, J.A.W. Bennett, ed. [Oxford: Clarendon, 1963: 1-6)]
  10. ^ Paul Harvey, The Rest of the Story, KGO 810AM, August/September 2006. Paul Harvey Aurandt (born September 4, 1918) better known as Paul Harvey, is an American Radio broadcaster for the
  11. ^ Lawrence of Arabia, Sir Hugh Cairns, and the Origin of Motorcycle Helmets (accessed 2008-05-09)
  12. ^ Kerrigan, Michael (1998). Who Lies Where - A guide to famous graves. London: Fourth Estate Limited, pp. 51. ISBN 1-85702-258-0.  
  13. ^ Author: T. E. Lawrence, Title: Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922-1926, vol. 1, Editor: Jeremy and Nicole Wilson, Publisher: Castle Hill Press, Copyright: 2000, Foreword by Jeremy Wilson
  14. ^ Doubleday,Doran &Co, New York,1936; rprnt Penguin,Harmondsworth,1984 ISBN 0140045058
  15. ^ T. E. Lawrence on glbtq.com. glbtqcom is an Online Encyclopedia that presents detailed biographies of notable Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender
  16. ^ Some editions of Seven Pillars give the last line of this stanza as "When we came. " The 1922 Oxford text, however, has "When I came. "
  17. ^ GayHeroes.com. Retrieved on April 12, 2007.
  18. ^ Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence, Book VI
  19. ^ John Edward Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder
  20. ^ Mack, 1976. John Edward Mack MD (4 October 1929 – 27 September 2004 was an American Psychiatrist, and Professor at the Harvard University School of Medicine
  21. ^ The Letters of T. E. Lawrence.
  22. ^ www.ray-sargent.net/w&p.html.
  23. ^ London Review of Books, 7 August 2003, page 13

External links

Persondata
NAME Lawrence, Thomas Edward
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Shaw, T. The Museum of the History of Science, located in Broad Street, Oxford, is home to an unrivalled collection of scientific instruments from medieval times to the The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the E.
SHORT DESCRIPTION archaeologist, soldier, author
DATE OF BIRTH 1888-08-16
PLACE OF BIRTH Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, North Wales
DATE OF DEATH 1935-05-13
PLACE OF DEATH Bovington Camp, Dorset, England
Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Tremadog (sometimes known as Tremadoc) is a Village on the outskirts of Porthmadog, in Gwynedd, north west Wales. Caernarfonshire (Sir Gaernarfon sometimes also spelt as Caernarvonshire and Carnarvonshire, is one of the thirteen historic counties and a former administrative North Wales (Gogledd Cymru is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales and to the east by England. The Bovington Tank Museum is the a collection of Armoured vehicles in the United Kingdom. Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
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