Synaxarium, Synaxarion, Synexarium, Synexarion, pl. Synaxaria (Greek: Συναξάριον, from συναγειν, synagein, to bring together; cf. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly etymology of "synaxis" and "synagogue") , the name given in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches to a compilation of hagiographies corresponding roughly to the martyrology of the Roman Church. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time For the Moth Genus, see Synaxis (moth. (at this point April 2008 this redirects to a nonexistant article A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See Hagiography ( is the study of Saints. A hagiography, from Greek (hağios (ἅγιος "holy" or "saint" and graphē (γραφή A martyrology is a catalogue or list of Martyrs (or more precisely of Saints, arranged in the calendar order of their anniversaries or feasts The term Holy Roman Church refers strictly to the Church of Rome, the Diocese of Rome, the Holy See or the Apostolic See — they are all one
There are two kinds of synaxaria:
- Simple Synaxaria: lists of the saints arranged in the order of their anniversaries, e. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity g. the calendar of Morcelli
- Historical Synaxaria: including biographical notices, e. Stefano Antonio Morcelli (b 17 January[[ 737]] at Chiari near Brescia; d g. the menology of Basil and the synaxarium of Sirmond. Although the Latin word Menologium, in English also written Menology and Menologe, has been in some measure adopted for Western use it is originally and in strictness Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (c 330 – January 1, 379) (Άγιος Βασίλειος ο Μέγας Latin Jacques Sirmond (12 or 22 October 1559 &ndash October 7 1651) was a French scholar and Jesuit. The notices given in the historical synaxaria are summaries of those in the great menologies, or collections of lives of saints, for the twelve months of the year. As the lessons in the Byzantine Divine Office are always lives of saints, the Synaxarion became the collection of short lives of saints and accounts of events whose memory is kept.
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Definitions
The exact meaning of the name has changed at various times. Its first use was for the index to the Biblical and other lessons to be read in church. In this sense it corresponds to the Latin Capitulare and Comes. Then the Synaxarion was filled up with the whole text of the pericopes to be read. A pericope (pəˈrɪkəpi ( Greek, "a cutting-out" in Rhetoric is a set of verses which form one coherent unit or thought thus forming a short passage As far as the Holy Liturgy was concerned this meant that it was essentially transformed into the "Gospel" and "Apostle" books. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Synaxarion remained the title for the index to the other lessons. Without changing its name it was filled up with complete texts of these lessons. The mere index of such lessons is generally called menologion heortastikon, a book now hardly needed or used, since the Typikon supplies the same, as well as other, information. The Typikon, or Typicon ( Greek:, (typikon lit "following the order" Slavonic: ѹставъ, (ustav is a Liturgical
Certain metrical calendars extant in the Middle Ages were also called Synaxaria. Krumbacher ("Gesch. Karl Krumbacher ( September 23, 1856 - December 12, 1909) German scholar an expert on Byzantine culture der byzantin, Lit. ", 2nd ed. , Munich, 1897, pp. 738, 755) describes those composed by Christopher of Mytilene (d. Christopher of Mytilene (Greek Χριστοφόρος Μιτυληναῖος or Christophoros Mitylenaios Byzantine poet living in the first half of the 11th century about 1050) and Theodore Prodromus (twelfth century). Theodore Prodromus ( Greek: Θεόδορος Πρόδρομος d
Examples
The oldest historical synaxaria apparently go back to the tenth century. There are a great number of medieval Synaxaria extant in manuscript. They are important for Byzantine heortology and church history. Heortology is a term used to denote the study of religious festivals The short lives that form the lessons were composed or collected by various writers. Of these Symeon Metaphrastes is the most important. Saint Symeon Metaphrastes was the most renowned of the Byzantine Hagiographers He is identified with the Logothete of that name The accounts are of very varying historical value. Emperor Basil II (976-1025) ordered a revision of the Synaxarion, which forms an important element of the present official edition (Analecta Bollandiana, XIV, 1895, p. 404). The Synaxarion is not now used as a separate book; it is incorporated in the Menaia. The account of the saint or feast is read in the Orthros after the sixth ode of the Canon. The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints It is printed in its place here, and bears each time the name synaxarion as title. Synaxarion then in modern use means, not the whole collection, but each separate lesson in the Menaia and other books. An example of such a Synaxarion (for St. Martin I, 13 April) will be found in Nilles, op. Nikolaus Nilles ( 21 June[[ 828]]&ndash 31 January[[ 907]] was a Roman Catholic writer and teacher cit. , infra, I, xlix.
The publication of the Arabic text of the synaxarion of the Coptic Orthodox Church was started simultaneously by J. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the Forget in the Corp. script. orient. and by R. Basset in the Patrologia Orientalis, and that of the Ethiopian synaxarion was begun by I. Guidi in the Patrologia orient. The Patrologia Orientalis is an attempt to create a comprehensive collection of the writings by eastern Church Fathers in Syriac, Armenian and The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (in transliterated Amharic: Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is an Oriental Ignazio Guidi (1844-1935 was an Italian orientalist He became Professor at the University of Rome. The Armenian synaxarion, called the Synaxarion of Ter Israel, was published at Constantinople in 1834. The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS
Byzantine Usage
During the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Divine Services the reading of the synaxarion (in the sense of brief lives of the saints of the day) will take place after the Sixth Ode of the Canon at Matins or at the Divine Liturgy. Canonical hours are divisions of time developed by the Christian Church, serving as increments between the prescribed Prayers of the daily round A canon is a structured Hymn used in a number of Eastern Orthodox services Matins (also known as Orthros or Oútrenya in Eastern Churches) is the early morning or night Prayer service in the Roman Catholic The Divine Liturgy is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy. The synaxaria may be printed in a separate volume or may be included with other liturgical texts such as the Menaion or Horologion. The Menaion ( Greek: Μηναίον Slavonic: Минеѧ Minéya, "of the month" refers to the annual fixed cycle of services in See also [[Canonical hours#Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic usage]] [[Canonical hours]] The Horologion ( Greek: ῾Ωρολόγιον
See also
References
- Stefano Antonio Morcelli, Kalendarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae (Rome, 1788)
- H. Delehaye, "Le Synaxaire de Sirmond," in Analecta bollandiana, xiv. Hagiography ( is the study of Saints. A hagiography, from Greek (hağios (ἅγιος "holy" or "saint" and graphē (γραφή Patericon or paterikon (πατεριχόν a short form for πατεριχόν βιβλίον ("father's book" is a genre of Byzantine Literature The Menaion ( Greek: Μηναίον Slavonic: Минеѧ Minéya, "of the month" refers to the annual fixed cycle of services in The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints A martyrology is a catalogue or list of Martyrs (or more precisely of Saints, arranged in the calendar order of their anniversaries or feasts Stefano Antonio Morcelli (b 17 January[[ 737]] at Chiari near Brescia; d Hippolyte Delehaye ( Antwerp August 19, 1859 – Brussels April 1, 1941 was a Belgian Jesuit 396-434, where the terminology is explained; idem, Synaxarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice Sirmondiano (Brussels, 1902), forming the volume Propylaeum ad acta sanctorum novembris.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia , s. v. , Synaxarion
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