Neuron A (transmitting) to neuron B (receiving)
1. Mitochondria
2. In Cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. synaptic vesicle with neurotransmitters
3. See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Autoreceptor
4. Synapse with neurotransmitter released (serotonin)
5. Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons Postsynaptic receptors activated by neurotransmitter (induction of a postsynaptic potential)
6. Postsynaptic potentials are changes in the Membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a Chemical synapse. Calcium channel
7. A Calcium channel is an Ion channel which displays selective permeabiltiy to Calcium ions Exocytosis of a vesicle
8. Exocytosis (ek-soh-sy-TOH-sis Greek: Έξω - external and κύτος - cell is the durable process by which a cell directs secretory vesicles out of the Cell Recaptured neurotransmitter

In a neuron, synaptic vesicles, also called neurotransmitter vesicles, store the various neurotransmitters that are released during calcium-regulated exocytosis at the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft of a synapse. Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Exocytosis (ek-soh-sy-TOH-sis Greek: Έξω - external and κύτος - cell is the durable process by which a cell directs secretory vesicles out of the Cell Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands The vesicles are essential for the propagation of nerve impulses between neurons and are constantly recreated by the cell. In Neurophysiology, the action potential is a self-regenerating Wave of Electrochemical activity that allows Nerve cells to carry a signal The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called

Formation

Synaptic vesicles are made of a lipid bilayer in which transport proteins specific to each type of neurotransmitter are inserted. A lipid bilayer or bilayer lipid membrane ( BLM) is a membrane composed of Lipid molecules (usually Phospholipids. Neurotransmitters are moved from the cell's cytoplasm into the vesicles by vesicular transporters that rely on active transport mechanisms involving an exchange of protons (H⁺ ions). The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. A vesicular transport protein is a Membrane protein which use vesicles to move the contents of the cell Active transport is the mediated process of moving particles across Biological membrane against the concentration gradient The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive The necessary proton gradient is created by V-ATPase, which breaks down ATP for energy. Vacuolar type H+-ATPase ( V-ATPase) is a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient Enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in eukaryotic organisms Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Vesicular glutamate transporters, for example, sequester glutamate into vesicles by this process. Glutamate transporters, also known as VGLUT, are Neurotransmitter transporters that exist in the membranes of Neurons and Glial cells

The stoichiometry for the movement of different neurotransmitters into a vesicle is given in the following table. Stoichiometry (sometimes called reaction stoichiometry to distinguish it from composition stoichiometry is the Calculation of Quantitative (measurable

membranes are tethered to SNAP via atpase. Norepinephrine ( INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE) or noradrenaline ( BAN) (abbreviated NA or NAd) is a Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates Histamine is a Biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a Neurotransmitter Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons The Chemical compound acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh) is a Neurotransmitter in both the Peripheral nervous system (PNS and Central Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA is the chief inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the Mammalian Central nervous system. Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is the Organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E) is one of the 20 Alpha Amino acids It is not among the human Essential amino acids Its

Effects of neurotoxins

Some neurotoxins, such as batrachotoxin, are known to destroy synaptic vesicles. A neurotoxin is a Toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells ( Neurons, usually by interacting with Membrane proteins such as Ion channels Batrachotoxins ( BTX) are extremely potent Cardiotoxic and Neurotoxic steroidal Alkaloids found in certain species of frogs ( The tetanus toxin damages vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMP), a type of v-SNARE, while botulinum toxins damage t-SNARES and v-SNARES and thus inhibit synaptic transmission. Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of Skeletal muscle fibres Vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP family of proteins includes proteins with similar structure Botulinum toxin is a Neurotoxin Protein produced by the Bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ^[1] A spider toxin called α-Latrotoxin binds to neurexins, damaging vesicles and causing massive release of neurotransmitters. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings A latrotoxin is a high-molecular mass Neurotoxin found in the venom of Latrodectus Spiders (commonly known as Widow spiders) Neurexin is a Nerve tissue Protein. Genes NRXN1, NRXN2, NRXN3 Related Proteins

References