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This article is about the cricket bowling technique. For other uses, see Swing.
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Swing bowling is a technique used for bowling in the sport of cricket. Darren_Gough_bowlingjpg|thumb|250px|right| Darren Gough bowling]] In the Sport of Cricket, bowling is the action of propelling the ball toward In Cricket, at the start of an Innings the pace bowlers on the bowling team usually bowl first Fast bowling, sometimes known as pace bowling, is one of the two main approaches to bowling in the Sport of Cricket. Seam bowling is a phrase used for a Cricket bowling technique whereby the ball is deliberately bowled onto its seam to cause a random deviation Spin bowling, sometimes known as slow bowling, is a technique used for bowling in the Sport of Cricket. Finger spin is a style of bowling in the sport of Cricket. It refers to the mechanical technique and specific hand movements associated with imparting a particular Off spin is a type of bowling in the Sport of Cricket which is bowled by an off spinner a right-handed spin bowler who Left-arm orthodox spin is a style of bowling in the sport of Cricket. Wrist spin is a style of bowling in the sport of Cricket. It refers to the mechanical technique and specific hand movements associated with imparting a particular Leg spin is a style of Spin bowling in Cricket. A leg spinner bowls right-arm with a Wrist spin action causing the ball to spin anti-clockwise at the point In Cricket, left-arm unorthodox spin &ndash often known as slow left-arm chinaman and abbreviated to SLC &ndash is a style of bowling. In the sport of Cricket, throwing (commonly referred to as chucking) occurs when a bowler makes his arm more straight when delivering a ball A delivery or ball in Cricket is a single action of Bowling a Cricket ball towards the Batsman. A full toss is a type of delivery in the Sport of Cricket. It describes any delivery that reaches the Batsman without bouncing on the pitch In the Sport of Cricket, a bouncer (or bumper) is a type of delivery, usually bowled by a fast bowler. In Cricket, a yorker is a delivery that curves into a right-handed batsman before the ball pitches (bounces on the pitch An inswinger is a type of delivery in the Sport of Cricket. It is bowled by swing bowlers. A leg cutter is a type of delivery in the Sport of Cricket. It is bowled by fast bowlers. An off cutter is a type of delivery in the Game of Cricket. It is bowled by fast bowlers. An outswinger is a type of delivery in the Sport of Cricket. It is bowled by swing bowlers. In the Sport of Cricket, making the ball move in the air with the older ball is called reverse swing. In the sport of Cricket, a slower ball is a slower-than-usual delivery from a fast bowler. In Cricket, a yorker is a delivery where the Cricket ball bounces on the Cricket pitch on or near the Batsman 's popping crease Spin bowling, sometimes known as slow bowling, is a technique used for bowling in the Sport of Cricket. An arm ball is a type of delivery in Cricket. It is a variation delivery bowled by an Off spin bowler or slow left-arm orthodox bowler In Cricket, left-arm unorthodox spin &ndash often known as slow left-arm chinaman and abbreviated to SLC &ndash is a style of bowling. A doosra (دوسرا is a particular type of delivery by an off-spin bowler in the Sport of Cricket, popularised by Pakistani The flipper is the name of a particular bowling delivery used in Cricket, generally by a Leg spin bowler. In Cricket, a googly is a type of delivery bowled by a right-arm Leg spin bowler. A leg break is a type of delivery in the Sport of Cricket. It is the stock delivery of a right-handed Leg spin bowler An off break is a type of delivery in the Sport of Cricket. It is the stock delivery of an Off spin bowler. In Cricket, a slider is a type of delivery bowled by a Wrist spin bowler A top-spinner is a type of delivery bowled by a cricketer bowling either Wrist spin or Finger spin. In Cricket, underarm bowling is as old as the sport itself Until the appearance of the roundarm style in the first half of the 19th Century, bowling was In Cricket, roundarm bowling is a style that was introduced in the early years of the 19th century to supersede Underarm bowling. In Cricket, overarm bowling refers to a delivery in which the bowler's hand is above shoulder height In Cricket, Lob bowling is a largely disused style of bowling Darren_Gough_bowlingjpg|thumb|250px|right| Darren Gough bowling]] In the Sport of Cricket, bowling is the action of propelling the ball toward Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Practitioners are known as swing bowlers. Muralijpg|thumb|250px|right|The world's leading off-spin bowler Muttiah Muralitharan sends down a delivery]] A bowler in the Sport of Cricket is usually Swing bowling is generally classed as a subtype of fast bowling. Fast bowling, sometimes known as pace bowling, is one of the two main approaches to bowling in the Sport of Cricket.

Contents

Physics of swing bowling

The Philadelphian's Bart King helped to perfect swing bowling in the early 20th century
The Philadelphian's Bart King helped to perfect swing bowling in the early 20th century

The essence of swing bowling is to get the cricket ball to deviate sideways as it moves through the air towards or away from the batsman. The Philadelphian cricket team was a team that represented Philadelphia in First-class cricket between 1878 and 1913 John Barton "Bart" King (October 19 1873 – October 17 1965 was an American Cricketer active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries A cricket ball is a hard solid Ball used to play Cricket. Manufacture Cricket balls are made from a core of cork, which is layered Mike Powell cricketerjpg|thumb|200px| Warwickshire batsman Mike Powell]] A batsman in the sport of Cricket is depending on context Any In order to do this, the bowler makes use of four factors:

The asymmetry of the ball is encouraged by the constant polishing of one side of the ball by members of the fielding team, while allowing the opposite side to deteriorate through wear and tear. Fielding in the Sport of Cricket is what fielders do to collect the ball when it is struck by the Batsman, in such a way as to either Over time, this produces a marked difference in the aerodynamic properties of the two sides.

At speeds around 80 mph (around 130 km/h), the airflow around the ball is in transition between smooth, or laminar flow, and turbulent flow. Laminar flow, sometimes known as streamline flow occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between the layers In Fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic Stochastic property changes At speeds of 90 mph (around 145 km/h) and above, all the flow is turbulent. A medium-pace bowler, working at 75 to 80 mph (around 120 to 130 km/h), takes advantage of this. In this critical region, the raised seam and other minor imperfections in the ball's surface can induce turbulence while air flowing over other parts of the ball remains laminar. Turbulent air separates from the surface of the ball later than laminar flow air, so that the separation point moves to the back of the ball on the turbulent side. On the laminar flow side it remains towards the front. The result is a net force in the direction of the turbulent side.

Thus by keeping the seam and roughness to one side, the bowler induces the ball to swing in that direction. Skilled bowlers can even make a ball swing one way, and then 'break' the other way upon bouncing, with an off cutter or leg cutter hand action. An off cutter is a type of delivery in the Game of Cricket. It is bowled by fast bowlers. A leg cutter is a type of delivery in the Sport of Cricket. It is bowled by fast bowlers.

The swing of a cricket ball is not caused by the Magnus effect, which gives rise to a force perpendicular to the axis of rotation (in this case up or down). The Magnus effect is the phenomenon whereby a spinning object flying in a Fluid creates a Whirlpool of fluid around itself and experiences a force perpendicular The deviation of a swinging cricket ball is parallel to the axis of its rotation.

Conventional swing

James Anderson, a swing bowler for the England cricket team
James Anderson, a swing bowler for the England cricket team

Typically, a swing bowler aligns the seam and the sides of the ball to reinforce the swing effect. This can be done in two ways:

The curvature of swing deliveries can make them difficult for a batsman to hit with his bat. A cricket bat is used by batsmen in the sport of Cricket. It is usually made of Willow wood Typically, bowlers more commonly bowl outswingers, as they tend to move away from the batsman, meaning he has to "chase" the ball in order to hit it. Hitting away from the batsman's body is dangerous, as it leaves a gap between the bat and body through which the ball may travel to hit the wicket. In the sport of Cricket the word wicket has several distinct meanings Meanings of wicket Set of stumps Primarily the wicket Also, if the batsman misjudges the amount of swing, he can hit the ball with an edge of the bat. An inside edge can ricochet on to the wicket, resulting in him being out bowled, while an outside edge can fly to the wicket-keeper or slip fielders for a catch. Cricket wicket keeperjpg|thumb|300px|A wicket-keeper in characteristic position ready to face a delivery In the Sport of Cricket, a slip fielder (collectively a slip cordon) is placed behind the Batsman on the Off side of the

An inswinger presents relatively fewer dangers to the batsman, but can result in bowled or leg before wicket dismissals if the batsman misjudges the swing on the ball. In the Sport Cricket, leg before wicket (LBW is one of the ways in which a Batsman can be dismissed.

An inswinger combined with a yorker can be especially difficult for the batsman to defend against, especially if used as a surprise delivery after a sequence of outswingers. In Cricket, a yorker is a delivery where the Cricket ball bounces on the Cricket pitch on or near the Batsman 's popping crease

It is a common belief amongst both players and fans that balls swing more in humid weather conditions, although no objective research exists to bear this out. These days there is a distinct lack of left-arm swing bowlers in the game. Some of the more famous left-arm bowlers are Pakistan's Wasim Akram and Australia's Alan Davidson. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Wasim Akram ( Urdu: وسیم اکرم) (born June 3, 1966 in Lahore, Punjab) is a former Pakistani Cricketer The Australian cricket team is the national cricket team of Australia. Alan Keith Davidson, AM, MBE (born June 14 1929 Lisarow, Gosford New South Wales) is a former Australian Cricketer of the 1950s

Reverse swing

Pioneers and notable practitioners of reverse swing have mostly been Pakistani fast bowlers. Pakistan 's estimated population was 172800000 in July 2008 During 1950-2008 Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold while the total population increased by over fourfold Former Pakistan international Sarfraz Nawaz was the founder of reverse swing during the late 1970s, and he passed his knowledge on to former team-mate Imran Khan[1], who in turn taught the duo of Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis. Sarfraz Nawaz Malik ( Urdu: سرفراز نواز ملک) (born December 1, 1948, Lahore, Punjab) is a former Imran Khan Niazi ( عمران خان نیازی) (born November 25 1952) is a Pakistani Cricketer and politician Wasim Akram ( Urdu: وسیم اکرم) (born June 3, 1966 in Lahore, Punjab) is a former Pakistani Cricketer Waqar Younis Maitla ( Urdu: وقار یونس, born November 16, 1969) Nicknamed Wiki, is a former Pakistani The English pair of Andrew Flintoff and Simon Jones are also well known for the ability to reverse swing the ball. Andrew Flintoff, MBE, (born 6 December 1977 in Preston, Lancashire) is a Cricketer who plays for Lancashire and England. Simon Philip Jones MBE (born 25 December 1978 in Swansea, Glamorgan) is a Welsh Cricketer who plays for Worcestershire County Waqar Younis taught Jones, his then Glamorgan team mate, the skill, who went on to instruct Flintoff. Glamorgan County Cricket Club (Criced Morgannwg is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English and Welsh national Cricket structure [2]

In the early days of reverse swing, Pakistani bowlers were suspected of ball tampering to achieve the conditions of the ball that allow reverse swing, but today they are considered to simply have been ahead of their time. In the sport of Cricket, ball tampering is an action in which a fielder illegally alters the condition of the ball.

Normal swing occurs mostly when the ball is fairly new. As it wears more, the aerodynamics of the asymmetry change and it is more difficult to extract a large amount of swing.

When the ball becomes very old—around 40 or more overs old, it can begin to swing towards the polished side rather than the rough side. This is known as reverse swing (Andrew Flintoff and Simon Jones have been known to produce reverse swing in balls as young as 15 overs old[2]). Andrew Flintoff, MBE, (born 6 December 1977 in Preston, Lancashire) is a Cricketer who plays for Lancashire and England. Simon Philip Jones MBE (born 25 December 1978 in Swansea, Glamorgan) is a Welsh Cricketer who plays for Worcestershire County In essence, both sides have turbulent flow, but here the seam causes the airflow to separate earlier on one side. The result is always a swing to the side with the later separation, so the swing is away from the seam. (See External Links. )

Reverse swing is difficult to achieve consistently, as it relies on uneven wear of the ball, tends to occur mostly in hot, dry weather conditions, and requires bowling at high speed. Normal swing can be achieved at relatively moderate bowling speeds, but only the fastest bowlers can regularly produce reverse swing.

Reverse swing tends to be stronger than normal swing, and to occur late in the ball's trajectory. This gives it a very different character to normal swing, and because batsmen experience it less often they generally find it much more difficult to defend against. It is also possible for a ball to swing normally in its early flight, and then to reverse as it approaches the batsman, giving its trajectory an S-shape through the air.

Controversy regarding reverse swing has never left modern cricket, as the Pakistani team was accused of ball tampering by the controversial Australian umpire Darrell Hair during the fourth test against England in 2006 when the ball began to reverse swing after the 50th over. In the sport of Cricket, ball tampering is an action in which a fielder illegally alters the condition of the ball. Darrell Bruce Hair, (born 30 September 1952 in Mudgee New South Wales) is an Australian Test match cricket umpire, from New South Wales The Pakistani cricket team toured England in the 2006 English cricket season, following England 's winter tour of Pakistan where His co-umpire Billy Doctrove fully supported him in this action. A hearing subsequently found that there was insufficient evidence to convict anyone of ball tampering.

See also

External links


References

  1. ^ BBC SPORT - Cricket - England - What is reverse swing?
  2. ^ a b How England reversed a losing trend | Sport | The Guardian
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