Sutton Hoo ceremonial helmet (British Museum, restored). The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. Although based on helmets of the spangenhelm type, the immediate comparisons are with contemporary Vendel Age helmets from eastern Sweden. The Spangenhelm was a popular European war Combat helmet design of the Early Middle Ages. Swedish prehistory the Vendel era ( 550 - 793) is the name given to a part of the Germanic Iron Age (or more generally the Age of Migrations "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Sutton Hoo Ceremonial Helmet (Reconstruction)

Sutton Hoo near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of the 6th century and early 7th century, one of which contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of artifacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance. Woodbridge is a town in Suffolk, East Anglia, England. It is in the south east of England not far from the coast Suffolk (ˈsʌfək is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. A ship burial or boat grave is a Burial in which a Ship or Boat is used either as a container for the dead and the grave goods or as a part Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos

Sutton Hoo is of a primary importance to early medieval historians because it sheds light on a period of English history which is on the margin between myth, legend and historical documentation. The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 Use of the site culminated at a time when the ruler (Raedwald) of East Anglia held senior power among the English, and played a dynamic (if ambiguous) part in the establishment of Christian rulership in England. Rædwald, son of Tytila, was King of the East Angles from c 600 AD until his death in c 624 AD East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth It is central to understanding of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of East Anglia and of the period in a wider perspective. The Kingdom of the East Angles or Kingdom of East Anglia was one of the ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

The ship-burial, probably dating from the early 7th century and excavated in 1939, is one of the most magnificent archaeological finds in England for its size and completeness, far-reaching connections, quality and beauty of its contents, and for the profound interest of the burial ritual itself. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Although it is the ship-burial which commands the widest attention from tourists, there is also rich historical meaning in the two separate cemeteries, their position in relation to the Deben estuary and the North Sea, and their relation to other sites in the immediate neighbourhood. The River Deben is a medium length river in Suffolk rising in Debenham, passing through Woodbridge, turning into a tidal estuary before entering the The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf.

Background

Sutton Hoo from the Deben tideway (Mound 2 visible on the horizon above the farm).

Sutton Hoo is the name of an area spread along the bluffs on the eastern bank of the River Deben opposite the harbour of Woodbridge. The River Deben is a medium length river in Suffolk rising in Debenham, passing through Woodbridge, turning into a tidal estuary before entering the The word "hoo" means "spur of a hill. " About 7 miles (11 km) from the sea, it overlooks the inland waters of the tidal estuary a little below the lowest convenient fording place. Of the two gravefields found here, one ('the Sutton Hoo cemetery') has always been known to exist because it consists of a group of around 20 earthen burial mounds which rise slightly above the horizon of the hill-spur when viewed from the opposite bank. ^[1] The other (called here the 'new' burial ground) is situated on a second hill-spur close to the present Exhibition Hall, about 500 m upstream of the first, and was discovered and partially explored in 2000 during preparations for the construction of the Hall. This also had burials under mounds, but was not known because they had long since been flattened by agricultural activity.

Discovery

Edith May Pretty J. Edith May Pretty (1883-1942 was an English landowner and amateur Archaeologist. P. lived in Sutton Hoo House and owned the estate at the time of the discovery, having moved there with her husband in 1926. Around 1900 an elderly resident of Woodbridge had spoken of 'untold gold' in the Sutton Hoo mounds,^[2] and Mrs Pretty's nephew, a dowser, repeatedly identified signals of buried gold from what is now known to be the ship-mound. ^[3] Pretty became interested in Spiritualism, and was encouraged by friends who claimed to see figures at the mounds. Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772 ^[4]

Through the Ipswich Museum, in 1938 she obtained the services of Basil Brown, a Suffolk man whose smallholding had failed four years earlier, and who had taken up full-time archaeology on Roman sites for the museum. Ipswich Museum is a registered Museum of culture history and natural heritage located in Ipswich, the County Town of the English county of Suffolk Basil John Wait Brown ( Bucklesham, Suffolk 1888- Rickinghall, Suffolk 1977 was a farmer archaeologist amateur astronomer and author who most famously ^[5] Pretty took Brown to the site, and suggested that he start digging at Mound 1, one of the largest. The mound had obviously been disturbed, and in consultation with Ipswich Museum Brown decided instead to open three smaller mounds during 1938 with the help of three estate labourers. These did reveal interesting treasures, but only in fragments as the mounds had been robbed. ^[6]

Mound 11 (front left), Mound 10 (foreground, masking Mound 1), Mound 2 (middle distance) and Sutton Hoo House, coachhouse and stables: looking north.

Mrs Pretty still wanted a full excavation of Mound 1 and, in May 1939, Brown began work helped by the gamekeeper and the gardener. Driving a trench from the east end they soon discovered ship-rivets in position, and the colossal size of the find began to dawn on them. After patient weeks of clearing out earth from within the ship’s hull they reached the burial chamber and realised it was undisturbed. ^[7] It lay beneath the exact spot where Mrs Pretty had told him to dig a year previously.

In June 1939 Charles Phillips of Cambridge University, hearing rumour of a ship discovery (the 1938 find), visited Ipswich Museum and was taken by Mr Maynard, the Curator, to the site. Charles William Phillips ( April 24 1901 - September 23 1985) was a British Archaeologist best known for leading the 1939 The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Staggered by what he now saw, within a short time Phillips, in discussion with the Ipswich Museum, the British Museum, the Science Museum and Office of Works undertook the excavation of the burial chamber. For science museums in general check out Science museum. The Science Museum on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London is part He assembled a team of experts including W. F. Grimes and O. G. S. Crawford (Ordnance Survey), Stuart and Peggy Piggot and others. Ordnance Survey (OS is an Executive agency of the United Kingdom government Basil Brown continued to clear the ship. ^[8] Mrs Pretty sent Brown to a spiritualist meeting in Woodbridge, where the medium had an intimation of his discovery. ^[9]

The need for secrecy and various vested interests led to confrontation between Phillips and the Ipswich Museum. The museum's Honorary President, Reid Moir F. R. S. , had been a founder of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia in 1908, and the Curator, Mr Maynard, was its Secretary and Editor from 1921. The Prehistoric Society is an international Learned society devoted to the study of the human past from the earliest times until the emergence of written History. In 1935–6 Charles Phillips and his friend (Sir) Grahame Clark had taken control of the Society. Sir John Grahame Douglas Clark, CBE FBA ( 28 July, 1907 &ndash 12 September, 1995) was a British Archaeologist Mr Maynard then turned his attention to developing Brown’s work for the Museum. Phillips (hostile towards Moir) had now reappeared, and he deliberately excluded Moir and Maynard from the new discovery. ^[10]

The whole excavation was overshadowed by the imminence of war with Germany. The finds, having been packed and removed to London, were brought back for a treasure trove inquest held in the autumn at Sutton village hall, where it was decided that since the treasure was buried without the intention to recover it, it was the property of Mrs Pretty as landowner. A treasure trove may broadly be defined as an amount of gold silver gemstones money jewellery or any valuable collection found hidden underground or in places such as cellars ^[11]

Pretty decided to bequeath the treasure as a gift to the whole nation, so that the meaning and excitement of her discovery could be shared by everyone. ^[12]

Unusually Sutton Hoo had remained largely untouched by treasure seekers since the burial. In medieval times the site had been divided by boundary ditches to form fields. One of those ditches cut across the western side of Mound 1, giving it a lopsided appearance. A pit dug in the 16th century had been sunk at the apparent centre, missing the real centre and the burial deposit by a narrow margin.

Surroundings

The tidal reaches of the Deben form one of a group of estuaries which drain from the south-eastern side of the county of Suffolk into the North Sea. From north to south these are the Alde (at its mouth called the Ore), the Butley river, the Deben and the Orwell, which at its mouth joins with the more southerly River Stour. The River Alde is a River in Suffolk, England, with a source near Laxfield in the same area as the River Blyth. The River Orwell flows through the County of Suffolk in England. The River Stour is a River in East Anglia, England. It is 76 km (47 m long and forms most of the county boundary between Suffolk to the These rivers formed paths of entry to East Anglia during the continental migrations to Britain of the 5th and 6th centuries, following the end of Roman imperial rule, and their control was important both in Roman and Anglo-Saxon times. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 ^[13] A Roman stone shore-fort stood on high ground near the mouth of the Deben on the south side, at Walton, near Felixstowe, and stood as a prominent feature in Anglo-Saxon times: it is one of the two claimed sites for the original East Anglian bishopric of Dommoc, founded c. The Latin word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military Walton is a small town in Suffolk, between the rivers Orwell and Deben. Felixstowe is a seaside town on the North Sea coast of Suffolk, England. Dommoc, a place not certainly identified but probably within the modern county of Suffolk, was the original seat of the bishops of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of 630. ^[14]

Sutton Hoo in relation to Gipeswic (Ipswich) and the Wicklaw.

Fifth century artefacts, including late Roman belt equipment and early continental brooches, have been found at Shottisham (south of Sutton Hoo). A brooch (also known in ancient times as a fibula, and not to be confused with broach) is a Decorative jewelry item designed to be attached to ^[15] A little way south of Woodbridge the tidal Martlesham Creek emerges into the Deben on the west side, fed from valleys with 6th century burial grounds at Rushmere, Little Bealings and Tuddenham St Martin,^[16] and circling Brightwell Heath, the site of several Bronze Age and later mounds. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for ^[17] Further up the Deben, on bluffs overlooking the brackish reaches, were cemeteries of similar date at Rendlesham and Ufford. ^[18] A large cemetery of mixed cremation and inhumation burials stood in a similar position to Sutton Hoo at Snape, above the fordable headwaters of the river Alde, somewhat further from the river. The Snape boat grave is a 6th century boat grave found at Snape Common, near Aldeburgh in Suffolk, East Anglia. ^[19] This also contained a large ship-burial, the only other burial in England comparable to the famous examples at Sutton Hoo. ^[20]

Within thirty years after the use of the Sutton Hoo cemetery culminated in the ship-burial, an important early monastery was founded by royal grant at Iken beside the Alde in 654 for Saint Botolph. Botolph, Botulph or Botulf (d c 680 was an English Abbot and Saint. ^[21] In c 660 Rendlesham is definitely identified by Bede^[22] as the site of a vicus regius (royal dwelling) of King Aethelwold of the Wuffinga dynasty of the East Angles. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c Æthelwold was King of East Anglia from c 654 until his death in 664 The Wuffings were the ruling dynasty of East Anglia. They took their name from the early East Anglian king Wuffa. A similar use is suggested at an earlier date,^[23] though Kingston near Woodbridge (nearly opposite Sutton Hoo) is another possibility. ^[24] Rendlesham has a church dedication to Gregory the Great, founder of the Roman Christian mission to England which arrived in Kent in 597. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format

By the early tenth century the entire region between the Orwell and the watersheds of the Alde and Deben rivers was known as the 'Wicklaw'. ^[25] It is suggested that this represents an early administrative region or regio, originally centred upon Rendlesham or Sutton Hoo as the node of estuarine control, and was one of the primary components in the formation of the Kingdom of East Anglia. Also in the early 7th century Gipeswic (Ipswich), at the fordable headwaters of the Orwell estuary, began its growth as the primary centre for maritime trade in East Anglia, with Rhineland contacts,^[26] so that the instruments and resources of royal power were focussed in this immediate neighbourhood. Ipswich ( ˈɪpswɪtʃ is a Non-metropolitan district and the County town of Suffolk, England on the Estuary of the River Orwell The Rhineland ( Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. Jon Newman has made the archaeological survey of this region a special study (the East Anglian Kingdom project),^[27] and Keith Wade has spearheaded the Ipswich Excavation Project since 1974 for Suffolk County Council.

Cemetery

Excavation history

Model of the 1939 find (chamber area outlined).

The burial ground with visible mounds has experienced diggings since at least the 16th century and was extensively dug into during the 19th century, without any useful records being made. In 1860 it was reported that nearly two bushels of iron screw bolts (presumably ship rivets) had been found at the recent opening of a mound, and that it was hoped to open others. ^[28] During the 1980s excavations it was shown that some burials had been laid open in the 19th century with a small platform at one side for viewing. ^[29]

• In 1937 Mrs Pretty sought advice from Ipswich Museum's curator, who in 1938 released Basil Brown to work for her. He opened three mounds in the first season (2, 3 and 4). He found plundered cremation burials with goods in two of them. In Mound 2 (larger) he found iron ship-rivets and a disturbed chamber burial with fragments of metal and glass artefacts. The rituals and objects revealed were unusual, and at first it was undecided if they were of Viking age or early Anglo-Saxon date. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. ^[30] These finds are held by Ipswich Museum.

The intitial excavation, August 1939 (shot by H. J. Phillips).

• In spring 1939 Brown drove a trench through Mound 1 and discovered the replaced wood stain and undisturbed rivets of the ship-burial. Through late summer a team led by Charles Phillips for the Office of Works elucidated the burial chamber amidships and removed the treasure. Charles William Phillips ( April 24 1901 - September 23 1985) was a British Archaeologist best known for leading the 1939 As the astounding golden and silver treasures emerged it became certain this was an early 7th century find of greater quality than any hitherto discovered. Afterwards the hollow mound was lined with bracken and turf for protection. ^[31] During the War the grave-goods were put in storage and the site was used as a training ground for military vehicles. ^[32] Phillips and colleagues produced important publications in 1940. ^[33]

• Rupert Bruce-Mitford^[34] led the Sutton Hoo research team at the British Museum. Rupert Leo Scott Bruce-Mitford (surname sometimes referred to as "Mitford" (1914 in Streatham (London UK &ndash 1994 in Oxford) was a British archaeologist They completely re-excavated Mound 1 in 1965–1971 to resolve certain problems posed by the first discovery. The ship impression was again exposed and a plaster cast taken, from which a fibre-glass shape was produced. The mound was afterwards restored to its pre-1939 appearance. The limits of Mound 5 were also determined, and evidence of prehistoric activity on the original land-surface was investigated by Ian Longworth. ^[35] Meanwhile the British Museum Conservation team under Harold Plenderleith, Herbert Maryon and Nigel Williams performed the immense work of scientific analysis and reconstruction of the finds. The definitive and monumental work The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial was produced in three volumes in 1975, 1978, and 1983.

Ghost image of ship revealed during initial excavation, August or September 1939 (shot by H. J. Phillips).

• The investigation of 1983–1992 was directed by Professor Martin Carver (University of York) for the Sutton Hoo Research Trust, on behalf of the British Museum and the Society of Antiquaries of London. Martin Oswald Hugh Carver FSA BSc (London DipArchaeol (Durham MIFA is Professor of Archaeology at the University of York, England, The University of York is a Campus university in the city of York, England. The Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL is the world’s premier Learned Society for heritage The site was thoroughly surveyed and new techniques were developed. Topsoil was stripped across an area of the site around (and including) Mounds 2, 5, 6, 7, 17 and 18 to produce a map of soil patterns and intrusions. This showed that the mounds had been sited in relation to earlier (prehistoric and Roman) enclosure patterns. There was also found a series of Anglo-Saxon graves of execution victims, later than the primary mounds. Mound 2 was re-explored and reconstructed to its supposed Anglo-Saxon form. A new undisturbed burial (Mound 17) contained a young man with weapons and goods, alongside a separate grave containing his horse. The publication of this work came to completion in 2005. ^[36]

A substantial part of the gravefield has not been disturbed in modern times, but is reserved for the benefit of future investigators and future scientific methods. ^[37]

Contents

The field contains about 20 barrows. A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves Professor Carver's excavation established that this was no general burying-ground, but was reserved for a select group of individuals buried with objects denoting unusual wealth or prestige. (This was unlike the Snape cemetery, where a ship-burial and other furnished graves were added to an older existing graveyard of human ashes buried in pots). Most had been cremated, and each barrow was raised to commemorate one particular person. It was used in this way for about 50–60 years during the last quarter of the sixth and the first quarter of the 7th centuries. Almost all of these graves had been plundered. ^[38] The mounds are discussed in thematic, not numeric order, below, because the numbering reflects the excavation history rather than the original deposition of the burials.

• Cremation Graves and Minor Inhumations

Of the two cremations excavated in 1938 Mound 3 contained the ashes of a man and a horse placed on a wooden trough or dugout bier, together with an iron-headed throwing-axe (a Frankish weapon). A bier is a stand on which a corpse, or Coffin containing a corpse is placed to Lie in state or to be carried to the Grave. The francisca (or francesca) is a Throwing axe used as a weapon during the Early Middle Ages by the Franks, among whom it was a characteristic The grave also contained objects imported from the eastern Mediterranean area, including a bronze ewer (lid only), part of a miniature carved plaque depicting a winged Victory, and fragments of decorated bone from a casket of similar origin. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus A pitcher is a container with a spout used for pouring its contents In Roman mythology, Victoria was the personification/Goddess of victory ^[39] The other, Mound 4, was the cremation of a man and a woman with a horse and perhaps also a dog. This included a few fragments of bone gaming-pieces. ^[40]

In Mounds 5, 6 and 7 Professor Carver found three cremations deposited in bronze bowls with a variety of goods. The man in Mound 5 had died from weapon blows to the skull. With him some gaming-pieces, small iron shears, a cup and an ivory box with sliding lid had escaped the looters' attention. Mound 7 was the remains of a grand cremation, in which horse, cattle, red deer, sheep and pig had been burnt with the deceased on the pyre. His goods had included gaming-pieces, an iron-bound bucket, a sword-belt fitting and a drinking vessel. Mound 6, similarly, was accompanied by cremated animals, gaming-pieces, a sword-belt fitting and a comb. The Mound 18 grave was very damaged, but of similar kind. ^[41]

One urned and one unurned cremation were found during the 1960s exploration to define the extent of Mound 5, together with two inhumations and a pit with a skull and fragment of decorative foil. ^[42] In level areas between the mounds Professor Carver found three furnished inhumations (not of execution victims). One under a small mound held a child's body with a buckle and a miniature spear. The grave of a man included two belt-buckles and a knife, and that of a woman contained a leather bag, a ring-headed pin and a chatelaine. Chatelaine is a decorative belt Hook or clasp worn at the Waist with a series of chains suspended from it ^[43]

• Mound 17: The Equestrian Grave

Most impressive of the burials not contained in a chamber is the Mound 17 grave of a young man and his horse. ^[44] They were in fact two separate grave-hollows side by side under a single mound, and were undisturbed (looters had dug over the intervening baulk). The man was buried in an oak coffin with his pattern welded sword at his right side. Pattern welding is the practice in Sword and Knife making of forming a blade of several Metal pieces of differing composition that are forge-welded The sword-belt was wrapped around the blade, with a bronze buckle with garnet cellwork, two pyramidal strapmounts and a scabbard-buckle. The garnet group includes a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives A scabbard is a Sheath for holding a Sword or other large blade By his head were a strike-a-light and a leather pouch containing rough garnets and a piece of millefiori glass. Firesteel is a piece of High-carbon steel used for striking a Spark, usually kept in a Tinderbox together with Flint and Tinder. Millefiori is a glasswork technique which produces distinctive decorative patterns on glassware Around the coffin were two spears, a shield, a small cauldron and bronze bowl, a pot and an iron-bound bucket. A cauldron or caldron (from Latin Caldarium, hot bath is a large Metal pot ( Kettle) for cooking and/or boiling Some animal ribs were probably a food offering. In the north-west corner of the man's grave was the bridle for the horse, mounted with circular gilt bronze plaques bearing deftly-controlled interlace ornament. ^[45] These are displayed in the Exhibition Hall at Sutton Hoo.

Inhumation graves containing a man and horse together, signifying an equestrian role, are known from England and Germanic Europe. ^[46] Most are of the sixth or early seventh century. Two Suffolk examples have been excavated at Lakenheath in western Suffolk,^[47] and another found in c 1820 is recorded from Witnesham near Ipswich. Lakenheath is a village in Suffolk, England It has around 8200 residents and is situated in the Forest Heath district of Suffolk close to the county boundaries ^[48] There is an example in the Snape cemetery. ^[49] Others are inferred from records of the discovery of horse furniture in cemetery contexts at Eye and Mildenhall. Eye is a small Market town in the County of Suffolk, East Anglia, England, south of Diss, and on the River Dove Mildenhall is a small Market town and Civil parish in Suffolk, England ^[50] Presumably the horse was sacrificed for the funeral. The ritual is sufficiently standardised to indicate that it reflects formal status rather than sentimental attachment.

• Mound 14: A Woman's Chamber-Grave

Although this grave had been destroyed almost completely by robbing (apparently during a heavy rainstorm), it had contained exceptionally high quality goods belonging to a woman. These included a chatelaine, a kidney-shaped purse lid, a bowl, several buckles, a dress-fastener and the hinges of a casket, all made of silver, and also a fragment of embroidered cloth. ^[51]

One of the Sutton Hoo burial mounds. A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves This picture, taken during the Summer Solstice sunset on 21 June 2006, shows Mound 2 which is the only one of the Sutton Hoo mounds to have been reconstructed to its supposed original height. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Alternative view.

• Mound 2: A Man's Chamber-Grave covered with a Ship

This extremely important grave, very damaged by looters, was excavated in 1938 by Basil Brown. It was probably the source of the many iron ship-rivets found in 1860. Brown, having found similar rivets dispersed in the mound, interpreted the burial as a small boat with square stern containing the grave deposit (by comparison with the Snape find). ^[52] Professor Carver's very thorough re-investigation revealed that this was essentially a rectangular plank-lined chamber, 5 m long by 2 m wide, sunk below the land surface with the body and grave-goods laid out in it. A ship (probably a smaller version of the Snape or Sutton Hoo Mound 1 type) was then placed over it, aligned east and west, before a large earth mound was raised above the whole. ^[53]

Chemical analysis of the chamber floor suggested the presence of a body in the south-western corner. The goods, although very fragmentary, included an English blue glass cup with trailed decoration (like those from various English chamber-graves)^[54] (including the new find at Prittlewell, Essex), two gilt-bronze discs with animal interlace ornament, a bronze brooch, a silver buckle, a gold-coated stud from a buckle and other items. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites Prittlewell is an area of Southend-on-Sea in Essex. Historically Prittlewell is the original town Southend being the south end of Prittlewell Animal style (also known as Zoomorphic style) is a type of Imagery used in Northern Europe during the ancient and medieval periods characterized Four objects (apart from the boat) have a special kinship to those from the Mound 1 ship-burial. The tip of a swordblade showed elaborate pattern-welding similar to the Mound 1 sword: silver-gilt drinking horn mounts were struck from the same dies as the Mound 1 horn-mounts: and two fragments of dragonlike mounts or plaques probably derived from a large shield of Vendel type, similar to the Mound 1 shield. ^[55] Although the rituals were not identical, the association of these objects and the ship in this grave shows an immediate connection between the two burials.

• Mound 1: The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial (see below)

• The Execution Burials (or 'Sandmen')

In contrast to the high status evident from these finds, the cemetery also contained a number of inhumations of a very different character. These were of people who had died by violent means, in some cases clearly by hanging or beheading. Often the bones had not survived, but this important part of the site's history was recovered by a special technique during the 1980s excavations. The fleshy parts of the bodies had left a stain in the sandy soil: this was laminated as work progressed, so that finally the emaciated figures of the dead were revealed. Casts were taken of several of these tableaux.

The identification and discussion of these burials has been led by Professor Carver. ^[56] Two main groups were excavated, one arranged around Mound 5, and the other beyond the barrow cemetery limits in the field to the east. It is thought that a gallows stood on Mound 5, a prominently visible position near a significant river-crossing point, and that these were victims of judicial execution. The executions are evidently later than Mound 5, and possibly date mostly from the 8th and 9th centuries.

Ship-burial

For a full description of the ship-burial, its excavation, contents, and analysis of them, the British Museum monograph The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial (Bruce-Mitford 1975, 1978, 1983) remains the primary resource.

Ship

Although practically none of the original timber survived, the excavated form of the ship in Mound 1 presented a very perfect image in 1939. ^[57] A stain in the sand had replaced the wood but had preserved many details of the construction, and nearly all of the iron planking rivets remained in their original places. Hence it was possible to survey and describe what was merely a ghost of the original ship. She was about 27 m (c 90 feet) long, pointed at either end with tall rising stem and stern posts, widening to about 4. A sternpost is the upright structural member or post at the Stern of a (generally wooden Ship or a Boat, to which is attached the transoms and 4 m (c 14 feet) in the beam amidships with an inboard depth of about 1. 5 m (c 4 ft 10 ins) over the keel line. In boats and ships keel can refer to either of two parts a structural element or a hydrodynamic element From the keel board the hull was constructed clinker-fashion with nine planks on either side, the overlaps fastened with rivets. A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking Clinker building is a method of constructing hulls of Boats and Ships by fixing Wooden planks and in the early nineteenth century Twenty-six wooden frames strengthened the form within, more numerous near the stern where a steering-oar might be attached. The stern is the rear or aft part of a Ship or Boat, technically defined as the area built up over the Sternpost, extending upwards from the Counter The steering oar or steering board is an oversized Oar or Board to control the direction of a Ship or other Watercraft prior to the Repairs were visible: this had been a seagoing vessel of excellent craftsmanship, but there was no descending keel.

Reconstructed model of the burial-chamber

Burial-chamber

This oak vessel of many tons weight had been hauled a considerable distance from the river to the brow of the hill, the prow facing inland to the east, and lowered into a prepared trench, so that only the tops of the stem and stern posts, some 4 m (c 13 feet) above the lowest part of the hull, rose above the land surface. ^[58] The decking, benches and whatever mast there may have been were removed. In the fore and aft sections, thorn-shaped wooden oar-rests were visible along the gunwales. Thorn, or þorn (Þ þ is a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic Alphabets It was also used in Medieval Scandinavia If these were originally continuous along either side there would have been positions for forty oarsmen. However they were absent (perhaps removed) in the central section, where a chamber for the burial was constructed. This occupied a length of about 5. 5 m (c 17 feet) amidships: timber walls were constructed at either end (the hull forming the side walls) and a roof (probably pitched like a house) was mounted above.

Position of the Body

The excavators found no trace of a body, and originally suggested that the grave was a form of cenotaph. A cenotaph is a tomb or a Monument erected in honour of a person or group of persons whose remains are elsewhere ^[59] However the arrangement and type of the buried goods, and the knowledge that these soils do dissolve bone, left little doubt that this was a burial with a body, and that it was placed in the centre of the chamber with the feet to the east. A phosphorus survey indicated higher levels of phosphorus in the area supposed to have been occupied by the body^[60]. Some long time (perhaps many decades) after burial the roof collapsed violently under the weight of the mound, compressing the goods into a seam of earth. ^[61] The body lay on or in a central wooden structure about 9 feet long, possibly a platform or a very large coffin (interpretations vary). ^[62] An ironbound wooden bucket stood on the south side of this, and an iron lamp containing beeswax and a small wheel-thrown bottle of north continental make at its south-east corner.

The West Wall

The shield-fittings reassembled.

Along the inner west wall (i. e. the head end) at the north-west corner stood a tall iron stand with a grid near the top. ^[63] Beside this rested a very large circular shield. ^[64] The central boss was mounted with garnets and with die-pressed^[65] plaques of interlaced animal ornament. The shield front displayed two large emblems with garnet settings, one a composite metal predatory bird and the other a long gilt casting of a flying dragon. It also bore animal-ornamented sheet strips directly die-linked to examples from the early cemetery at Vendel^[66] near Old Uppsala in Sweden. Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland.The village overlooks a long inland stretch of water Vendelsjön near which the Vendel river has its confluence with the Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. ^[67] A small bell, possibly for an animal (?hound), lay nearby.

At the centre of the wall was a long square-sectioned whetstone tapered at either end and carved with human faces on each side. A ring mount topped by a bronze antlered stag figurine was fixed to the upper end, theorised to have been made to resemble a late Roman consular sceptre. A sceptre or scepter is a symbolic ornamental staff held by a ruling Monarch, a prominent item of royal Regalia. ^[68] The sceptre has resulted in some debate and an amount of theories, some of which pointing to the potential Anglo-Saxon religious significance of the stag. Deer have significant roles in the Mythology of various peoples ^[69]South of this was an iron-bound wooden bucket, one of several in the grave. ^[70]

In the south-west corner was a complex containing objects which may have hung upon the chamber wall, but were found compressed together. Lowest was a Coptic or eastern Mediterranean bronze bowl with drop handles and chased with figures of animals. A Copt ( Coptic: ouRemenkīmi enEkhristianos, literally Egyptian Christian) is a native Egyptian Christian. ^[71] Above this (badly deformed) was a six-stringed Anglo-Saxon lyre in a beaver-skin bag, of a Germanic type found in wealthy Anglo-Saxon and north European graves of this date. The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later ^[72] Uppermost was a large and exceptionally elaborate three-hooked hanging bowl of Insular production, with champleve enamel and millefiori mounts showing fine-line spiral ornament and red cross motifs, and with an enamelled metal fish mounted to swivel on a pin within the bowl. The hanging bowls are among the most beautiful and enigmatic artifacts of the British Dark Ages, that is the period between the departure of the Roman government and military Champlevé is an Enamelling technique in the Decorative arts, or an object made by that process in which troughs or cells are carved into the surface of a metal In a discussion of Material science, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U ^[73]

Reproduction of the lyre by Messrs Dolmetsch.

• The East Wall

At the east end of the chamber stood (near the north corner) an iron-bound tub of yew with a smaller bucket within. To the south were two small bronze cauldrons, one globular and one concave-sided, probably hanging against the wall. A cauldron or caldron (from Latin Caldarium, hot bath is a large Metal pot ( Kettle) for cooking and/or boiling A large carinated bronze cauldron, similar to the example from a chamber-grave at Taplow, with iron mounts and two ring-handles was hung by one handle at the centre. Taplow is a Village and Civil parish within South Bucks district in Buckinghamshire, England. ^[74] Nearby lay a chain almost 3. 5 m long of complex ornamental sections and wrought links, for the suspension of such a cauldron from the beams of a large hall. ^[75] All these items were of a domestic character.

Helmet, silver bowls and spoons (head area)

The objects around the likely position of the body indicate that it lay with the head close to the west end of the central wooden structure.

On the head's left side was placed the 'crested' and masked helmet, wrapped in cloths. ^[76] With its historiated die-struck panels and assembled mounts this is directly comparable to the helmets of the Vendel and Valsgärde cemeteries of eastern Sweden,^[77] although differing in that the dome is constructed in a single vaulted shell (and therefore not strictly a spangenhelm) and in having a full mask. Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland.The village overlooks a long inland stretch of water Vendelsjön near which the Vendel river has its confluence with the Valsgärde or Vallsgärde is a farm on the Fyris river about three kilometres north of Gamla Uppsala, the ancient centre of the Swedish kings and of the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Spangenhelm was a popular European war Combat helmet design of the Early Middle Ages. Although very like the Swedish examples it is a superior production. Helmets are extremely rare finds, and no other example from England is of this type with panels depicting warrior scenes, with the exception of a fragment from a burial at Caenby, Lincolnshire. Caenby is a small hamlet within the Civil parish of Glentham in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. ^[78] The helmet rusted in the grave and was shattered into hundreds of fragments when the chamber roof collapsed. ^[79]

To the head's right was placed inverted a nested set of ten silver bowls, probably made in the Eastern Empire during the sixth century. Beneath them were two silver spoons, possibly from Byzantium itself, of a type bearing names of the Apostles. This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e ^[80] One spoon is marked in original nielloed Greek lettering with the name of PAVLOC, 'Paul'. Niello is a black metallic Alloy of Sulfur, Copper, Silver, and usually Lead, used as an inlay on engraved metal The other, matching spoon has been modified using lettering conventions of a Frankish coin-die cutter, to read CAVLOC, 'Saul'. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group It is claimed (but disputed) that the spoons (and possibly also the bowls) formed a baptismal gift for the buried person, alluding to the Damascene conversion of Saint Paul (Acts Ch. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. 9 & 13. 9). ^[81]

Sword, sword-harness and spears (right side)

Parallel with the body space on the right hand lay a set of spears, tips uppermost, including three barbed angons, their heads thrust through a handle of the bronze bowl in the northeast corner. ^[82] Nearby was a wand with a small mount depicting a wolf. ^[83] Closer to the body lay the magnificent sword with gold and garnet-cloisonné pommel (85 cm or 34in long), its pattern-welded blade within its sheath. ^[84] Attached to this and lying towards the body was the sword harness and belt, fitted with a suite of solid gold mounts and strap-distributors of extremely intricate garnet cellwork ornament. ^[85] The scabbard-bosses of domed cellwork and pyramidal mounts with faceted stones in the angles are also superlative.

Purse, shoulder-clasps and great buckle (upper body area)

Shoulder-clasps. Alternate view. British Museum.

Together with the sword harness and scabbard mounts, the gold and garnet objects found in the upper body space are among the true wonders of Sutton Hoo. Their artistic and technical quality is quite exceptional. They form a co-ordinated ensemble thought to have been produced for this wearer as patron. ^[86]

Each shoulder-clasp consists of two matching curved halves, hinged upon a long removable chained pin. ^[87] The surfaces display panels of interlocking stepped garnets and chequer millefiori insets, surrounded by interlaced ornament of Germanic Style II ribbon animals. Migration Period art is the artwork of Germanic peoples during the Migration period of 300 to 900 The half-round clasp ends contain garnet-work of interlocking boars with filigree surrounds. On the underside of the mounts are lugs for attachment to a stiff leather cuirass. Cuirass ( French cuirasse, Latin coriaceus, made of leather from corium, the original breastplate being of Leather) the The function of the clasps is to hold together the front and back halves of such armour so that it can fit the torso closely in the Roman manner. ^[88] The cuirass itself, possibly worn in the grave, did not survive. No other Anglo-Saxon cuirass clasps are known.

Great Buckle.

The 'great' gold buckle is made in three parts. ^[89] The plate is a long ovoid of meandering but symmetrical outline with densely interwoven and interpenetrating Style II ribbon animals rendered in chip-carving on the front. The gold surfaces are punched to receive niello detail. The plate is hollow and has a hinged back, forming a secret chamber possibly for a relic. Both the tongue-plate and hoop are solid, ornamented, and expertly engineered. Garnet is not employed in this object.

The purse, with ornamental lid covering a lost leather pouch, hung from the waist-belt. ^[90] The lid consists of a kidney-shaped cellwork frame enclosing a sheet of horn, on which were mounted pairs of exquisite garnet cellwork plaques depicting predatory birds, wolves devouring men, geometric motifs, and a double panel showing horses or animals with interlaced extremities. The maker derived these images from the ornament of the Swedish-style helmets and shield-mounts. In his work they are transferred into the cellwork medium with dazzling technical and artistic virtuosity.

Purse lid. British Museum.

These are therefore the work of a master-goldsmith of his age who had access to an East Anglian armoury containing the objects used as pattern sources. As an ensemble they enabled the patron to appear in an imperial persona, and expressed his authority and resources to do so. ^[91]

Within the purse were contained 37 gold shillings or tremisses, each from a different Frankish mint and therefore deliberately formed as a collection. After Rome prelude to the Anglo-Saxon coinage At the end of the fourth century the Roman provinces of Britain were still part of a vibrant and quite efficient economic There were also three blank coins and two small ingots. ^[92] This has prompted various explanations. Possibly like the Roman obolus they were to pay the forty ghostly oarsmen in the afterworld, or were a funeral tribute, or an expression of allegiance. ^[93] They provide the (debated) primary evidence for the date of the burial, probably in the third decade of the 7th century. ^[94]

Drinking-horn complex (lower body area)

In the area corresponding to the lower legs of the body were laid out various drinking vessels. They included a pair of drinking horns of heroic distinction, made from the horns of an aurochs (a continental species of Wild Ox extinct since early mediaeval times). The aurochs or urus ( Bos taurus primigenius) was a very large type of cattle that was prevalent in Europe until its Extinction in 1627 ^[95] These have matching die-stamped gilt rim mounts and vandykes, of similar workmanship and design to the shield mounts, and exactly similar to the surviving horn vandykes from Mound 2. ^[96] These mounts also have decisive parallels in metalwork from the Vendel cemetery. ^[97] In the same area stood a set of maplewood cups with similar rim-mounts and vandykes,^[98] and a heap of folded textiles lay on the left side. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn.

'Heaps' (beyond the feet, east end)

A large quantity of material including metal objects and textiles was formed into two folded or packed heaps on the foot (east) end of the central wooden structure. This included a long hauberk or coat of ring-mail (an extremely rare survival) made of alternate rows of welded and riveted iron links. A hauberk is a shirt of mail Armour. The term is usually used to describe a shirt reaching at least to mid-thigh and including sleeves ^[99] There were also two additional hanging bowls,^[100] leather shoes,^[101] a cushion or pillow stuffed with feathers, folded objects of leather, a wooden platter, and other items. At one side of the heaps lay an iron hammer-axe with a long iron handle, possibly a weapon. ^[102]

Silverware and contents (above the 'heaps')

On top of the folded heaps was set a fluted silver dish with drop handles, probably of Italian make, with the relief image of a female head in late Roman style worked into the bowl. ^[103] This contained a series of small burr-wood cups with rim-mounts, combs of antler, small metal knives, a small silver bowl, and various other small effects (possibly toilet equipment), and including a bone gaming-piece, thought to be the 'king piece' from a set. ^[104] (Traces of bone above the head position have suggested that a gaming-board was possibly set out, as at Taplow. ) Above these was a silver ladle with gilt chevron ornament, also of Mediterranean origin. ^[105]

Over the whole of this, perched on top of the heaps (or their container, if there was one) lay a very large round silver platter with chased ornament, made in the Eastern Empire in around 500 AD and bearing the control stamps of Emperor Anastasius I (491–518). Flavius Anastasius (Φλάβιος Ἀναστάσιος or Anastasius I (Ἀναστάσιος Β΄ (c ^[106] On this plate was deposited a piece of unburnt bone of uncertain derivation. ^[107]

The assemblage of Mediterranean silverware in the Sutton Hoo grave is unique for this period in Britain and Europe. ^[108]

Textiles (around and on the central structure)

The burial chamber was evidently rich in textiles, represented by many fragments preserved, or replaced by metal corrosion products. ^[109] They included quantities of twill (possibly from cloaks, blankets or hangings), and the remains of cloaks with characteristic long-pile weaving. Twill is a type of fabric woven with a pattern of diagonal parallel ribs A cloak is a type of loose Garment that is worn over indoor Clothing and serves the same purpose as an Overcoat &mdashit protects the wearer from the cold There appear to have been more exotic coloured hangings or spreads, including some (possibly imported) woven in stepped lozenge patterns using a Syrian technique in which the weft is looped around the warp to create a textured surface. WEFT Champaign 901FM is a Community radio station in Champaign Illinois, founded in 1981 and owned by Prairie Air Inc In Weaving, the warp is the set of lengthwise Yarns through which the Weft is woven Two other colour-patterned textiles, near the head and foot of the body area, resemble Scandinavian work of the same period.

The Mound

Finally the burial was completed by the construction of a long and high oval mound which not only completely covered the ship but rose above the horizon at the west or riverward side of the Sutton Hoo cemetery. ^[110] Although the view to the river is now obscured by Top Hat Wood, it was doubtless originally intended that the mound should brood visibly on the bluff above the river as an outward symbol of power to those using the waterway. On present evidence, this magnificent funeral appears to have been the final occasion upon which the Sutton Hoo cemetery was used for its original purpose.

Long after the mound was raised the westerly end of it was dug away when a mediaeval boundary ditch was laid out. Therefore when looters dug into the apparent centre during the sixteenth century they missed the real centre: nor could they have foreseen that the deposit lay very deep in the belly of a buried ship, well below the level of the land surface. ^[111] Great pains had been taken to ensure that it remained undisturbed for a very long time.

New gravefield

During the year 2000 an excavation was made by a Suffolk County Council team on the site intended for the National Trust visitor centre. The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales A visitor center, centre (see Spelling differences) or visitor information centre may be A visitor center at a specific attraction The site lies some distance north of Tranmer House, at a point where the ridge of the Deben valley veers westwards to form a promontory and a south-western prospect across the river is afforded. A large area of topsoil was removed, in one corner of which a number of early Anglo-Saxon burials were discovered, some being furnished with objects of high status. ^[112] The following discoveries were of particular note.

• The 'Bromeswell Bucket'

Attention was first attracted to this area by the chance discovery of a rare imported artefact of eastern Mediterranean origin of the 6th century. ^[113] It is part of a vessel of thin beaten bronze with vertical sides, made to contain beverage. The outer surface is decorated with a frieze of Syrian or 'Nubian' style depicting naked warriors carrying swords and shields in combat with leaping lions, executed by punch-marking. Above the frieze and below the rim is a zone of inscription in Greek lettering which translates 'Use this in good health, Master Count, for many happy years. ' This is very likely to have derived from a furnished burial.

• Group of Cremation Mounds

In an area near to Mrs Pretty's former rose garden a group of moderate-sized burial mounds was identified. The mounds had long since been levelled, but their position was shown by circular surrounding ditches. At the centre of each was a small deposit indicating the presence of a single burial, probably of unurned human ashes.

• Cremation Burial with Hanging Bowl

This burial lay in an irregular ovate pit which contained two vessels. One was a stamped black earthenware urn of late 6th century type. The other was a large bronze hanging bowl in excellent condition, with openwork hook escutcheons (without enamel) and a related circular mount at the centre of the bowl. The hanging bowls are among the most beautiful and enigmatic artifacts of the British Dark Ages, that is the period between the departure of the Roman government and military The mounts are very similar to an example found at Eastry, Kent (possibly a 7th century royal dwelling^[114]). Eastry is a Civil parish and remote yet historically significant village four kilometres SW of Sandwich, in Kent, that was voted "Kent Village of

• 'Warrior' Inhumation

In this burial a man was laid out with a spear at his side and a shield of normal size over him. The shield bore two fine metal mounts, one depicting a predatory bird (not unlike the shield from the ship) and the other a thin dragonlike creature, and the boss-stud was also ornamented. ^[115] The Vendel-type connections with Mound 1 were significant.

History

In 1940 H. M. Chadwick (a pre-eminent Anglo-Saxon historian) gave his opinion that the ship-burial was probably the grave of King Raedwald of the East Angles, who ruled c 599-c 624 AD. Rædwald, son of Tytila, was King of the East Angles from c 600 AD until his death in c 624 AD ^[116] The primary source for Raedwald is the Historia Ecclesiastica of the Venerable Bede, completed AD 731. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c

During the later 6th century (when the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were in process of formation), two great leaders, Ceawlin of Wessex and Ethelbert of Kent, in turn held dominion over all the rulers south of the River Humber (see Bretwalda). Ceawlin (also spelled "Ceaulin" or "Caelin" (died c Æthelberht (also Æthelbert, Aethelberht, Aethelbert, or Ethelbert) (c Bretwalda, also Brytenwalda, Bretenanwealda, is an Anglo-Saxon term the first record of which comes from the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ^[117] In 597 a mission led by Saint Augustine arrived in Kent and began the first formal conversion of the English rulers and their people to Roman Christianity. Augustine of Canterbury OSB (born c first third of the 6th century - died 26 May 604 was a Benedictine Monk who became the first Archbishop The Kingdom of Kent was a kingdom of Jutes in southeast England and was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. ^[118] Raedwald was baptized in Kent, and (as Ethelbert grew old) he built up the leadership for his own nation of East Angles. ^[119]

In c 616 he was challenged by the Northumbrian ruler Aethelfrith, and defeated and slew him in a great battle. Æthelfrith (died c 616 was King of Bernicia from c 593 until c ^[120] Raedwald then set Edwin, a royal exile, to rule in Northumbria, and for the remainder of his life Raedwald held supreme rule (imperium) over the English. Saint Edwin (alternately Eadwine or Æduini) (c 586 &ndash 12 October 632/633 was the King of Deira and Bernicia - which would ^[121] He was the first southern ruler to hold Northumbria under such allegiance.

Raedwald did not establish unequivocal Christian rule,^[122] but at his death Edwin acquired even greater dominion than Raedwald (except in Kent), and was baptized. ^[123] Through further conversions with Bishop Paulinus in Northumbria, Lindsey and East Anglia under the rule of Eorpwald (Raedwald's son),^[124] by cementing Christian alliances with Sigebert of East Anglia (ruled c 629–636),^[125] and by his own marriage to the sister of Eadbald of Kent (ruled c 616–640),^[126] Edwin (ruled c 616–632) became the first English ruler with dominion north and south of the Humber in religious obedience to Christian Rome. St Paulinus (born c 584 died 10 October 644 was the first Bishop of York and Bishop of Rochester in England Lindsey or Linnuis is the name of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom that lay between the Humber and The Wash, forming its inland boundaries from the course Eorpwald was the son of Raedwald and ruled as King of East Anglia from c 624 to c627 Sigeberht of East Anglia (also known as Saint Sigebert) was King of East Anglia from c 629 to c634 Eadbald (died 640 was King of Kent from 616 until his death He succeeded his father Æthelberht, who made Kent the dominant force in England during Edwin is known to have cultivated the public behaviour of a Roman leader. ^[127]

The question 'Who was in the ship?' is finally unanswerable. ^[128] But given the exceptionally high quality of the materials (imported and commissioned) and the resources needed to assemble them, the imperial authority which the gold body equipment was intended to convey, the community involvement required in this unusual ritual at a cemetery reserved for an elite, the nearness of Sutton Hoo to a near-contemporary centre of royal power at Rendlesham, and the probable date-horizons, the identification with Raedwald still has widespread popular acceptance. From time to time other identifications are suggested. ^[129]

Beowulf and Vendel

Vendel era helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities. Swedish prehistory the Vendel era ( 550 - 793) is the name given to a part of the Germanic Iron Age (or more generally the Age of Migrations Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (known in Swedish as Historiska museet or more formally Statens historiska museum) is a Museum located

It is debated whether the custom of furnished burial was explicitly pagan, or whether it was reaching a natural culmination when Christianity began to make its mark. ^[130]

Beowulf, the great surviving example of heroic Old English poetry, is set in Denmark and Sweden (mostly Götaland) during the first half of the 6th century. Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Götaland ( Gothia, Gothland, Gothenland, Gotland, Gautland, Geatland is one of three lands of Sweden It opens with the funeral of a king in a ship laden with treasure, and has other descriptions of hoards including Beowulf's own mound-burial. Its picture of warrior life in the Hall of the Danish Scylding clan, with formal mead-drinking, minstrel recitation to the lyre and the rewarding of valour with gifts, and the description of a helmet, could all be illustrated from the Sutton Hoo finds. Old English Scylding (plural Scyldingas) and Old Norse Skjöldung (plural Skjöldungar) meaning in both languages Shielding The Scandinavian clan or ætt (ˈɛtt in Old Norse) was a social group based on common descent or on the formal acceptance into the group at a þing The interpretation of each has a bearing on the other. ^[131]

Beowulf is a work of heroic lore, not a scholarly history. However, the real eastern Swedish connections of the Sutton Hoo material reinforce this link. ^[132] The Vendel and Valsgärde graves also include ships (though smaller), similar artefact groups, and many sacrificed animals. Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland.The village overlooks a long inland stretch of water Vendelsjön near which the Vendel river has its confluence with the Valsgärde or Vallsgärde is a farm on the Fyris river about three kilometres north of Gamla Uppsala, the ancient centre of the Swedish kings and of the The blót ( Old Norse plural same as singular refers to Norse pagan sacrifice to the Norse gods and Elves. ^[133] Ship-burial at this date is largely confined to east Sweden and East Anglia. The rather earlier mound-burials (without ships) at Old Uppsala, in the same region, have a more direct bearing on the Beowulf story and date-horizon. Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. The Sutton Hoo and the Swedish burials are earlier than the famous Gokstad and Oseberg ship-burials. The Gokstad ship is a late 9th century Viking ship found in a Ship burial beneath a Burial mound at Gokstad farm in Sandar, Sandefjord The Oseberg ship is a well-preserved Viking ship discovered in a large Burial mound at the Oseberg farm near Tønsberg in Vestfold

A Swedish shield from Vendel, directly comparable to the Sutton Hoo shield. Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland.The village overlooks a long inland stretch of water Vendelsjön near which the Vendel river has its confluence with the

The inclusion of drinking-horns, lyre, sword and shield, bronze and glass vessels is not untypical of high-status 6th or early 7th century chamber-graves in England. ^[134] The selection and arrangement of goods in these graves shows a widespread conformity of household possessions and funeral custom among these wealthy people. The Sutton Hoo ship-burial is a uniquely-elaborated version of the ritual, of exceptional quality, with the addition of the regalia and instruments of power, and with Scandinavian connections more direct than the general overlap between English and north continental art of the period.

Vendel era helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities. Swedish prehistory the Vendel era ( 550 - 793) is the name given to a part of the Germanic Iron Age (or more generally the Age of Migrations Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (known in Swedish as Historiska museet or more formally Statens historiska museum) is a Museum located

A possible explanation for these Swedish connections lies in the well-attested northern custom by which the children of leading men were often brought up not at home, but by some distinguished friend or relative. ^[135] In this way, at a royal level, a future East Anglian potentate fostered in Sweden could have acquired very high quality objects of Swedish type, and have made the necessary contacts with those armourers, before returning to Britain to assume his inheritance.

Sam Newton draws together the Sutton Hoo and Beowulf links with the Raedwald identification, and using genealogical data argues that the Wuffing dynasty derived from the Geatish Wulfing house mentioned in Beowulf and the poem Widsith. Geats, Geatas, Gautar, Goths, Gotar, Gøtar, Götar were a North Germanic tribe inhabiting Götaland Wulfings, Wylfings or Ylfings (the name means the "wolf clan" was a powerful clan in Beowulf, Widsith Widsith is an Old English poem of 144 lines that appears to date from the 9th century drawing on earlier Oral traditions of Anglo-Saxon tale singing Possibly the oral materials from which Beowulf was assembled belonged to East Anglian royal tradition, and they and the ship-burial took shape together as heroic restatements of migration-age origins. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name ^[136]

Professor Carver argues that pagan East Anglian rulers responded to the encroachment of Roman Christendom by ever more elaborate cremation rituals to express defiance and independence. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world The execution victims, if not human sacrifices for the ship-burial, perhaps suffered for dissent from the cult of Christian royalty. ^[137] The executions may coincide in date with the period of Mercian dominion in East Anglia (c 760–825). Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. ^[138]

Art history

Sutton Hoo is a cornerstone of the study of art in Britain in the 6th–9th centuries. Professor Henderson, summarising, calls the ship treasures "the first proven hothouse for the incubation of the Insular style. "^[139] A full assemblage of objects of very varied origins are combined among the possessions of a person of the highest social degree. The gold and garnet fittings show the creative fusion of foregoing techniques and motifs derived from them, by a master-goldsmith working for such a patron.

From the gathering together of such possessions, and the combination or transformation of their themes and techniques in new productions, the synthesis of Insular art emerges. Insular art, also known as the Hiberno-Saxon style is the style of art produced in the post-Roman history of the British Isles and the term is also used in Drawing on Irish, Pictish, Anglo-Saxon, native British and Mediterranean artistic sources, Insular art is a fusion more complex than the purely Anglo-Irish expressed by "Hiberno-Saxon" art. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Pictish is a term used for the Extinct language or languages thought to have been spoken by the Picts, the people of northern and central Scotland Migration Period art is the artwork of Germanic peoples during the Migration period of 300 to 900 The 7th century Book of Durrow, first survival of the gospel-book series including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells, owes as much to Pictish sculpture, to British millefiori and enamelwork and Anglo-Saxon cloisonné metalwork, as to Irish art. The Book of Durrow ( Codex Usserianus I; Dublin Trinity College Library MS A The Lindisfarne Gospels is an illuminated Latin manuscript of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John The Book of Kells (Leabhar Cheanannais (Dublin Trinity College Library MS A Cloisonné, an ancient Metalworking technique is a multi-step enamel process used to produce Jewelry, Vases and other decorative items ^[140]

This fusion in the Sutton Hoo treasury and workshop precedes the (often royal) religious context of the scriptoria. There is thus a continuum from pre-Christian royal accumulation of precious objects from diverse cultural sources, through to the art of gospel-books, shrines and liturgical or dynastic objects in which those elements were blended. It is a parallel expression of the formation of English and Insular cultural identity, and the dissemination of royal values. That is part of the fascination of Sutton Hoo.

Exhibition

• The treasure from the ship-burial was presented to the nation by the owner, Edith May Pretty, in a bequest of 1942, and is held and normally displayed at the British Museum in London. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London.

• The original finds from Mounds 2, 3 and 4, excavated in 1938, are displayed at Ipswich Museum, Suffolk, in an Anglo-Saxon Gallery (opened 1996). There are also on display British Museum replicas or reproductions of the lyre, the whetstone-sceptre, great buckle, sword-belt mounts, silver bowls, spoons and ladle, some sword-belt fittings, the coins, a large drinking-cup, and the large cauldron from the ship-burial. The display includes other objects of related interest from Suffolk.

• The Sutton Hoo site itself, including Sutton Hoo House (now Tranmer House), was given to the English National Trust by the Trustees of the Annie Tranmer Trust during the 1990s. A visitor centre and exhibition hall were opened in March 2002, at which Seamus Heaney, the guest speaker, read from his translation of Beowulf. Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between ^[141]

• The National Trust visitor centre is sited near the Sutton Hoo cemetery and includes much of the Sutton Hoo estate. The Exhibition Hall houses the original finds from the Sutton Hoo equestrian grave (Mound 17), the newly-found hanging bowl and the Bromeswell Bucket. There are several high-quality reproductions and a life-sized recreation of the burial chamber and contents. A temporary exhibition room displays original objects on loan in annual themed exhibitions. Tranmer House is used for day-schools on related themes.

• Reproductions: a modern reproduction of the sword was made by Patrick Bárta of TEMPL Historic Arms;^[142] a re-creation of the lyre was made by Michael J. King. ^[143]

See also

• Gokstad ship
• Oseberg ship
• Snape boat grave
• Spong Hill
• Tune ship

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Sutton Hoo, official site at the National Trust
• "Sutton Hoo", from Encyclopedia Britannica (full-article, latest edition, free)
• "Sutton Hoo: the grandest Anglo-Saxon burial of all", from Current Archaeology magazine 17 November 2002. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Current Archaeology describes itself as the " United Kingdom 's best selling archaeology magazine"
• "Notes on the origin of the English people", from History of Britain 407–597 (2002) by Fabio P. Barbieri. Historical context.
• "Sutton Hoo", by James Grout, from the Encyclopædia Romana. James Grout (born 22 October 1927) is an English Actor of Radio and Television.
• Wuffing's Website, by Dr Sam Newton.
• "My buried history", publicity for a novel called The Dig by John Preston, published by Penguin/Viking May 2007, based on the story of the discovery of Sutton Hoo. The Dig is a novel by John Preston published May 2007 set in the context of the 1939 Anglo-Saxon Ship burial excavation at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk Various aspects of the story have been altered for dramatic purposes in this novel.
• Wikimapia