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Pali Canon
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History
 

Pre-sectarian Buddhism
Early schools • Sthavira
Asoka • Third Council
Vibhajjavada
Mahinda • Sanghamitta
Dipavamsa • Mahavamsa
Buddhaghosa

  

Doctrine
 

Saṃsāra • Nibbāṇa
Middle Way
Noble Eightfold Path
Four Noble Truths
Enlightenment Stages
Precepts • 3 Jewels

  
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The Sutta Pitaka (suttapiṭaka; or Suttanta Pitaka; cf Sanskrit सूत्र पिटक Sutra Pitaka) is the second of the three divisions of the Tipitaka or Pali Canon, the great Pali collection of Buddhist writings, the scriptures of Theravada Buddhism. History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation Buddha was born in Shakya kingdom which lies in Rupandehi district Lumbini zone of Nepal General Buddhism in Sri Lanka is primarily of the Theravada school and constitutes the religious faith of about 70% of the populationAccording to traditional History See also History of Buddhism in Cambodia Unconfirmed Singhalese sources assert that missionaries of King Asohka introduced Buddhism into Buddhism is the primary religion of Laos. The Buddhism practiced in Laos is of the Theravada tradition History The history of Buddhism in Burmaextends nearly a millennium Buddhism in Thailand is largely of the Theravada school Nearly 95% of Thailand 's population is Buddhist of the Theravada school though Buddhism Pali literature is concerned mainly with Theravada Buddhism, of which Pali is the traditional language Atthakatha ( Pali for explanation commentary refers to Pali-language Theravadin Buddhist commentaries to the canonical Theravadin Tipitaka. The subcommentaries (tika ṭīkā are commentaries on the commentaries on the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism The term pre-sectarian Buddhism is used by some scholars to refer to the Buddhism that existed before the various subsects of Buddhism came into being The Early Buddhist schools are those schools into which according to most scholars the Buddhist monastic Sangha initially split due originally to differences in Sthaviravāda ( Sanskrit; Chinese 上座部 literally means "Teaching Of The Elders" Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi The Third Buddhist council was convened in about 250 BCE at Asokarama in Patiliputta, supposedly under the patronage of Emperor Asoka. Vibhajjavāda is an umbrella classification for Buddhist denominations that promote analysis as a primary tool for developing 'insight' (Sanskrit Prajñā Mahinda ( Sanskrit: महिन्द्र Mahindra) (born 3rd century BCE in Magadha, now in Bihar, India) was a Buddhist See also Ashoka Bhikkhuni Sri Maha Bodhi The Dipavamsa, or "Deepavamsa" (ie Chronicle of the Island in Pali) is the oldest historical record of Sri Lanka. The Mahavamsa, ("Great Chronicle " is a historical poem written in the Pali language of the kings of Sri Lanka. Bhadantācariya Buddhaghosa was a 5th century Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar In sramanic philosophy Nirvana (निर्वाण| Nirvāṇa; निब्बान Nibbāna; Prakrit: णिव्वाण In general the Middle Way or Middle Path ( madhyamā-pratipad; ṭṭipadā) is the Buddhist practice of non-extremism Background Why the Buddha is said to have taught in this way is illuminated by the social context of the time in which he lived The four stages of Enlightenment in Buddhism are the four degrees of approach to full enlightenment as an Arahant which a person can attain in this life The Three Jewels, also called the Three Treasures, the Three Refuges, or the Triple Gem, are the three things that Buddhists take refuge Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. Buddhist texts can be categorized in a number of ways The Western terms "scripture" and "canonical" are applied to Buddhism in inconsistent ways by Western scholars History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Sutta Pitaka contains more than 10,000 suttas (teachings) attributed to the Buddha or his close companions. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder

Contents

Origins

The scriptures tell how the First Council held shortly after the Buddha's death collected together the discipline (vinaya), and the dhamma in five collections. Lists and numbering of Buddhist councils vary between and even within schools Dhamma ( Pāli: धम्म or Dharma (धर्म in Buddhism has two primary meanings the teachings of the Buddha which lead to enlightenment Tradition holds that little was added to the Canon after this. Scholars are more skeptical, but differ in their degrees of scepticism. Dr Richard Gombrich, Academic Director of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, former Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford University and former President of the Pali Text Society, thinks most of the first four nikayas (see below) go back to the Buddha, in content but not in form. [1] The late Professor Hirakawa Akira says[2] that the First Council collected only short prose passages or verses expressing important doctrines, and that these were expanded into full length suttas over the next century. L. S. Cousins, former lecturer in the Department of Comparative Religion at Manchester University and former President of the Pali Text Society, holds[3] that in early times sutta was a pattern of teaching rather than a body of literature. Dr Gregory Schopen, Lecturer in Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Buddhist Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, says[4] that it is not until the fifth to sixth centuries C.E. that we can know anything definite about the contents of the Pali Canon.

Contents

Pali Canon
    Vinaya Pitaka    
   
                                       
Sutta-
vibhanga		 Khandhaka Pari-
vara
               
   
    Sutta Pitaka    
   
                                                      
Digha
Nikaya		 Majjhima
Nikaya		 Samyutta
Nikaya
                     
   
   
                                                                     
Anguttara
Nikaya		 Khuddaka
Nikaya
                           
   
    Abhidhamma Pitaka    
   
                                                           
Dhs. Vbh. Dhk.
Pug.		 Kvu. Yamaka Patthana
                       
   
         
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There are five nikayas (collections) of suttas:

  1. Digha Nikaya (dīghanikāya), the "long" discourses. The Vinaya Piṭaka is a Buddhist Scripture, one of the three parts that make up the Tripitaka. Suttavibhanga (-vibhaṅga Pali for "rule analysis" is the first book of the Theravadin Vinaya Pitaka. Outline The Mahavagga has 10 chapters the first chapter is simply called the great chapter it starts with a narrative beginning immediately after the Buddha's Parivara ( Pali for "accessory" is the third and last book of the Theravadin Vinaya Pitaka. The Digha Nikaya (dīghanikāya "Collection of Long Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the first of the five Nikayas or collections The Majjhima Nikaya (-nikāya "Collection of Middle-length Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the second of the five Nikayas or collections in the The Samyutta Nikaya (Saṃyutta Nikāya SN, "Connected Discourses" or "Kindred Sayings" is a Buddhist scripture the third of the five Nikayas The Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttaranikāya "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the fourth of the five Nikayas or The Khuddaka Nikaya (-nikāya "Minor Collection" is the last of the five Nikayas or collections in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the "three The Abhidhamma Pitaka (abhidhammapiṭaka is the last of the three Pitakas that is baskets constituting the Pali Canon, the Scriptures of Theravāda The Dhammasangani (-saṅgaṇi or -ī is a Buddhist scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism where it is included in the Abhidhamma Pitaka The Vibhanga (vibhaṅga is a Buddhist Scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism where it is included in the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Dhatukatha (dhātukathā is a Buddhist scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism where it is included in the Abhidhamma Pitaka The Puggalapannatti (-ññ- is a Buddhist scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism where it is included in the Abhidhamma Pitaka. Kathāvatthu ( Pāli) (abbrev Kv Kvu literally "Points of Controversy" is a Buddhist scripture one of the seven books in the Theravada Abhidhamma For "yamaka" as a misspelling of "yarmulke" an item of Jewish headgear see Kippah. The Patthana (paṭṭhāna is a Buddhist scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism where it is included in the Abhidhamma Pitaka. Nikāya is a word of meaning 'collection' 'assemblage' 'class' or 'group' in both Pali and Sanskrit. The Digha Nikaya (dīghanikāya "Collection of Long Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the first of the five Nikayas or collections
  2. Majjhima Nikaya, the "medium-length" discourses. The Majjhima Nikaya (-nikāya "Collection of Middle-length Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the second of the five Nikayas or collections in the
  3. Samyutta Nikaya (saṃyutta-), the "clustered" discourses. The Samyutta Nikaya (Saṃyutta Nikāya SN, "Connected Discourses" or "Kindred Sayings" is a Buddhist scripture the third of the five Nikayas
  4. Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttara-), the "gradual collection". The Anguttara Nikaya (aṅguttaranikāya "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses" is a Buddhist scripture the fourth of the five Nikayas or
  5. Khuddaka Nikaya, the "minor collection". The Khuddaka Nikaya (-nikāya "Minor Collection" is the last of the five Nikayas or collections in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the "three

Digha Nikaya

This includes The Greater Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness, The Fruits of the Contemplative Life, and The Buddha's Last Days. There are 34 long suttas in this nikaya.

Majjhima Nikaya

This includes Shorter Exposition of Kamma, Mindfulness of Breathing, and Mindfulness of the Body. There are 152 medium-length suttas in this nikaya.

Samyutta Nikaya

There are, according to one reckoning, 2,889 shorter suttas clustered together by subject.

Anguttara Nikaya

These teachings are arranged numerically. It includes, according to the commentary's reckoning, 9,557 short suttas grouped by number, from ones to elevens.

Khuddaka Nikaya

This is a heterogeneous mix of sermons, doctrines, and poetry attributed to the Buddha and his disciples. The contents vary somewhat between editions. The Thai edition includes 1-15 below, the Sinhalese edition 1-17 and the Burmese edition 1-18. (For details of these editions see Pali Canon. )

  1. Khuddakapatha
  2. Dhammapada
  3. Udana
  4. Itivuttaka
  5. Suttanipata
  6. Vimanavatthu
  7. Petavatthu
  8. Theragatha
  9. Therigatha
  10. Jataka
  11. Niddesa
  12. Patisambhidamagga
  13. Apadana
  14. Buddhavamsa
  15. Cariyapitaka
  16. Nettipakarana or Netti
  17. Petakopadesa
  18. Milindapanha

Translations

The first four nikayas and more than half of the fifth have been translated by the Pali Text Society[1]. The Khuddakapatha (-pāṭha Pali for "short passages" abbreviated as "Khp" is a Buddhist scripture the first collection of discourses ( Suttas The Dhammapada ( Pāli; Prakrit: Dhamapada; Sanskrit Dharmapada; sometimes translated into English as Path of the The Udana (udāna is a Buddhist scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism. The Itivuttaka ( Pali for "as it was said" is a Buddhist scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism The Sutta Nipata is a Buddhist scripture a Sutta collection in the Khuddaka Nikaya, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism The Vimanavatthu is a Buddhist scripture the sixth book of the Khuddaka Nikaya in the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism The Petavatthu is a Theravada Buddhist scripture included in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Pali Canon 's Sutta Pitaka. The Theragatha (-gāthā often translated as Verses of the Elder Monks (Pāli thera elder (masculine + gatha verse is a Buddhist scripture The Therigatha, often translated as Verses of the Elder Nuns (Pāli thera elder (feminine + gatha verse is a Buddhist scripture a collection of short The Jātaka Tales ( Sanskrit जातक and Pali, Malay: jetaka Lao: satok refer to a voluminous body of Folklore -like literature The Niddesa is a Buddhist scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism. The Patisambhidamagga (paṭisambhidā- Pali for "path of discrimination" sometimes called just Patisambhida for short is a Buddhist scripture part of the The Buddhavamsa (-vaṃsa abbrev Bv is a Buddhist scripture part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism. Overview In the first story (Cp I the Buddha says he will illustrate his practice of the perfections (Pali Pāramitā or pārami) by The Nettipakarana ( Pali: -pakaraṇa) Nettippakarana or just Netti is a Buddhist scripture sometimes included in the Khuddaka Nikaya of The Petakopadesa (peṭakopadesa is a Buddhist scripture sometimes included in the Khuddaka Nikaya of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism The Pali Text Society was founded in 1881 by TW Rhys Davids "to foster and promote the study of Pali texts" The first three have also been translated in the Teachings of the Buddha series by Wisdom Publications, with a translation of the fourth in preparation.

Selections (including material from at least two nikayas):

Notes

  1. ^ Theravada Buddhism, 2nd edn, Routledge, London, 2006, pages 20f
  2. ^ Hirakawa, History of Indian Buddhism, volume 1, 1974, English translation University of Hawai'i Press, pages 69f
  3. ^ "Pali oral literature", in Buddhist Studies, ed Denwood and Piatigorski, Curzon, London, 1982/3, page 3
  4. ^ Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks, University of Hawai'i Press, 1997, page 24

See also

External links

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