Citizendia
Your Ad Here

The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo of the Earth.
The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo of the Earth. Earth Day is one of two Observances both held annually during spring in the Northern hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern hemisphere. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The Blue Marble is a famous Photograph of the Earth taken on December 7, 1972 by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft at EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001

Sustainability can be defined as humanity’s investment in a system of living, projected to be viable on an ongoing basis that provides quality of life for all individuals of sentient species and preserves natural ecosystems. Sustainability in its simplest form describes a characteristic of a process or state that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely. The term, in its environmental usage, refers to the potential longevity of vital human ecological support systems, such as the planet's climatic system, systems of agriculture, industry, forestry, fisheries, and the systems on which they depend. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. In recent years, public discourse has led to a use of "sustainability" in reference to how long human ecological systems can be expected to be usefully productive. In the past, complex human societies have died out, sometimes as a result of their own growth-associated impacts on ecological support systems. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions The implication is that modern industrial society, which continues to grow in scale and complexity, will also collapse. Societal collapse is the large scale breakdown or long term Decline of the Culture, civil institutions or other major characteristics of a Society or a

The implied preference would be for systems to be productive indefinitely, or be "sustainable. " For example, "sustainable agriculture" would develop agricultural systems to last indefinitely; "sustainable development" can be a development of economic systems that last indefinitely, etc. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present A side discourse relates the term sustainability to longevity of natural ecosystems and reserves (set aside for other-than-human species), but the challenging emphasis has been on human systems and anthropogenic problems, such as anthropogenic climate change, or the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. Anthropogenic effects processes objects or materials are those that are derived from Human activities as opposed to those occurring in Natural environments without Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust.

Contents

Definitions

Though relatively new, the term "sustainability" has already proved useful. Sustainability discourse is discussion of how to make human economic systems last longer and have less impact on ecological systems, and particularly relates to concern over major global problems relating to climate change and oil depletion. An economic system is a System that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Oil depletion occurs in the second half of the production curve of an Oil well, Oil field, or the average of total world oil production More useful than discussion, however, is to find ways to make some unit of economic production — a business firm, a family household, a farm — more sustainable. To assist in this, it is meaningful, and pragmatic, to speak of some practices being "more sustainable" or "less sustainable. " Thus energy-saving compact fluorescent light bulbs might be considered more sustainable than incandescent ones, and so on. Given the science, it is more apt to talk of moving "towards sustainability," or away from it. Sustainability advocates would argue that this kind of discourse helps inform debate about human impacts on planet Earth.

One reason many commentators consider sustainability hard to define, is the sheer number of meanings of sustainability that abound. The popularity of the term, and the many isolated attempts on the part of governments and other agents to begin sustainability programs, have led to these competing definitions, and much confusion. The often-uttered statement that there "is no agreed-upon definition of sustainability" results from this confusion.

One of the first and most oft-cited definitions of sustainability, and almost certainly the one that will survive for posterity, is the one created by the Brundtland Commission, led by the former Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. The Brundtland Commission, formally the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED known by the name of its Chair Gro Harlem Brundtland, was convened (ɡru hɑɭɛm brʉntlɑn (born Gro Harlem 20 April 1939 Oslo) is a Norwegian politician diplomat and Physician, and an international leader The Commission defined sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present "[1] The Brundtland definition thus implicitly argues for the rights of future generations to raw materials and vital ecosystem services to be taken into account in decision making.

Sustainability can be defined both qualitatively in words, as an ethical/ecological proposition such as the Brundtland definition above, and quantitatively in terms of system life expectancy and the trajectory of certain factors or terms in the system. Operationalization of the term obviously raises the question of a quantitative definition; in order to set sustainability goals and achieve them, communities have to know whether their efforts are successful or not, so they have to know what to measure. Most recently, the leading attempts at operationalization have given metrics of climate emissions, and their reduction, some level of priority above other metrics. Since the factor of fossil fuel use is necessarily embedded in any meaningful climate emissions metric, climate neutrality (or the state of being climate neutral) is not an unreasonable partial proxy metric for overall sustainability, and is also relatively easy to measure. Climate Neutral is the concept of reducing or offsetting any greenhouse gases produced by any entity (individual business country etc Many institutional sustainability programs have placed becoming climate neutral at the top of their list of sustainability goals, although the social and deliberative processes by which this prioritization took place is generally unexamined, or only partially examined a priori. Climate Neutral is the concept of reducing or offsetting any greenhouse gases produced by any entity (individual business country etc

Other sustainability concerns might be harder to account for because of the complexity of their cycles and systems. Quantitative analysis in sustainability thinking typically uses system dynamics modeling, because systems are often non-linear and so-called feedback loops are key factors. System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behaviour of Complex systems over time Feedback is a circular causal Process whereby some proportion of a system's output is returned (fed back to the Input. So, for instance, important human ecological sub-systems that could be analyzed or modeled in this way might include the nitrogen cycle, and cycles of other important nutrients, in sustainable agriculture, or the depletion of oil reserves and other fossil energy reserves. The nitrogen cycle is the Biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of Nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός One of the key problems in communicating the quantitative impacts of many sustainability issues, such as climate change, oil depletion, or population growth, is that feedback effects often create exponential change. Because the mathematics of exponentiality is not well-understood by ordinary people, and since human nature seems to be to expect linear change, if any, people are often surprised by the speed and rate of change of sustainability phenomena. This has led to recommendations that understanding feedback in dynamic systems be a primary goal of basic environmental education.

According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it stated that in 1980, the term sustainable development was introduced, and it popularised in the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission). [2] In the Brundtland Commission, sustainable development was defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. [3] From this definition, it has been noted by the Commission that it contained two key concepts which are ‘needs’ and ‘limitations’. These can be described as following:

needs, meaning “in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor,” and limitations, meaning “limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs”[4]

Conceptual issues in sustainability thinking

Values, purpose, the focus on outcomes

For what purpose are we conserving natural capital? Is the society supported by this capital just and decent, worthy of preservation? Obviously, the work of sustaining a society raises the question of the moral worth of that society. This is clearly a question of ethics or values.

Values vary greatly in detail within and between cultures, as well as between academic disciplines (e. g. , between economists and ecologists). [5] The introduction of social values to sustainability goals implies a much more complex and contentious debate, and those focused on ecological impacts tend to strongly resist non-ecological interpretations.

Others see at the heart of the concept of sustainability a fundamental, immutable value set that is best stated as 'parallel care and respect for the ecosystem and for the people within'. From this value set emerges the goal of sustainability: to achieve human and ecosystem longevity and well-being together. Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people Seen in this way, the concept of sustainability is much more than environmental protection in another guise. It is a positive concept that has as much to do with achieving well-being for people and ecosystems as it has to do with reducing ecological stress or environmental impacts. This kind of vision is of course much more debatable or subjective than the simpler definitions such as the Bruntland Definition or the "Daly Rules. "

At its least, sustainability implies paying attention to comprehensive outcomes of events and actions insofar as they can be anticipated at present. Paul Hawken (born 8 February 1946) is an Environmentalist, Entrepreneur, Journalist, and best-selling author This is known as full cost accounting, or Environmental accounting. Full cost accounting (FCA generally refers to the process of collecting and presenting information (costs as well as advantages for each proposed alternative when a decision is necessary This kind of accounting assumes that all aspects of a system can be measured and audited (Environmental audits). Environmental audits are intended to quantify environmental performance and environmental position

Environmental accounting can be a limited biological interpretation as in ecological footprint analysis, or may include social factors as in the ICLEI—Triple Bottom Line standards for urban and community accounts. The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's Ecosystems. ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability is an International association of local Governments and national and regional local government organizations The triple bottom line (or " TBL " " 3BL " or " People Planet Profit " captures an expanded spectrum of values and criteria Obviously, sustainability definitions and metrics that focus on accounting are often less prescriptive of economic systems or of political, philosophical, or religious values.

At most, sustainability is clearly intended by some advocates as a means of configuring civilization and human activity so that society, its members and its economies are able to meet their needs and express their greatest potential in the present, while preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems, and planning and acting for the ability to maintain these ideals in a very long term. Social engineering is a concept in Political science that refers to efforts to influence popular Attitudes and Social behavior on a large scale whether A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( It can easily be seen that the definitions and metrices that might result are prescriptive of political, philosophical or religious values.

The evolution of the concept of Sustainability in engineering design is modern, where it is a fundamental change in philosophy, it is a non linear process driven by internal values instead of compliance in response to imposed requirements. This requires a multi-disciplinary approach to decision making, consideration of long term sustainability over short-term benefits (Hasna, 2007)

Common principles

Despite differences, a number of common principles are embedded in most charters or action programmes to achieve sustainable development, sustainability or sustainable prosperity. These include (Hargroves & Smith 2005, see bibliography):

Weak versus strong sustainability

However, a distinction between different 'degrees' of sustainability should be made. The debate currently focuses on the sustainability between economy and the environment which can in other words be considered as between 'natural capital' and 'manufactured/man-made capital'. Natural capital is the extension of the economic notion of capital (manufactured means of production to environmental goods and services This is also captured in the 'weak' versus 'strong' sustainability discussions, which began as a debate between conservative British economist Wilfred Beckerman and sustainability founder Herman E. Daly. Herman Daly (born 1938 is an American Ecological economist and professor at the School of Public Policy of University of Maryland College Park in the

Weak sustainability is advocated by the Hartwick's Rule, which states that as long as TOTAL capital stays constant, sustainable development can be achieved. In Resource economics, Hartwick's Rule defines the amount of Investment in produced capital (buildings roads knowledge stocks etc As long as the diminishing natural capital stocks are being replaced by gains in the man-made stock, total capital will stay constant and the current level of consumption can continue. The proponents believe that economic growth is beneficial as increased levels of income lead to increased levels of environmental protectionism. Income, refers to consumption opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame which is generally expressed in monetary terms This is also known as the 'substitutability paradigm'.

Conversely, strong sustainability, as supported by Herman Daly, holds the view that natural capital and man-made capital are only complementary at best. Herman Daly (born 1938 is an American Ecological economist and professor at the School of Public Policy of University of Maryland College Park in the In order for sustainable development to be achieved, natural capital has to be kept constant independently from man-made capital. This is known as the 'non-substitutability paradigm'. Advocates of weak sustainability thus make a categorical error. So, for instance, and according to Daly, it makes no sense to substitute man-made capital, in the form of fishing boats, for natural capital, in the form of fish stocks, and the attempt to do so usually ends in ecological disaster.

Population growth and consumption

One of the critical issues in sustainability is that of human overpopulation combined with current lifestyle patterns. Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. Some studies have suggested that the current population of the Earth exceeding six billion, is too great to support sustainably,[6] others, such as the book The Improving State of the World, argues that this is sustainable. The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time The Improving State of the World Why We're Living Longer Healthier More Comfortable Lives On a Cleaner Planet is a 2007 book by Indur M At current material consumption levels, this challenge for sustainability is distributed unevenly. According to calculations of the ecological footprint, the ecological pressure of a US resident is 12 times that of a resident of India and 24 times that of a Somali resident. [7] Obviously, were the total human population to be reduced, it would be easier to achieve sustainability in most human systems. Equally, reduction of levels of consumption by those nations with large per-capita footprints could have an equal or greater impact. The inclusion of discussion of the factor of population in the overall sustainability debate has led to the accusation, typically from conservative or libertarian economists such as Julian Simon, that sustainability advocates are neo-malthusians. Julian Simon can be refer to Julian Lincoln Simon (1932-1998 American economist Julián Simón (born 1987 Spanish motorcycle racer Neo-malthusianism is a set of doctrines derived from Thomas Malthus 's theory that limited resources keep populations in check and reduce economic growth

With the world population continuing to grow, there is increasing pressure on arable land, water, energy, and biological resources to provide enough food while supporting viable ecosystems. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( World Bank and United Nations studies show that there are over 854 million people who are undernourished. This is due to a combination of lack of food, low incomes, and poor food distribution. [8] The world population is projected to grow from the current 6 billion and peak at 9. 2 billion in 2075 due to the demographic transition. The Demographic transition model (DTM is a model used to explain the process of shift from high Birth rates and high Death rates to low birth rates and low death rates [1]. With expanding population, the food problem will worsen. [9]

Critics of efforts to reduce population rather than consumption fear that efforts to reduce population growth may lead to human rights violations such as involuntary sterilization and the abandoning of infants to die. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Compulsory sterilization programs are government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical sterilization. Infanticide is the practice of someone intentionally causing the death of an Infant. Some human-rights watchers report that this is already taking place in China, as a result of its one child per family policy. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

It appears inevitable to some commentators that human population numbers will be constrained and brought into some form of equilibrium by the Malthusian limit and in accordance with the Logistic function. A Malthusian catastrophe (or Malthusian check, crisis, dilemma, disaster, trap, controls, or limit) is a return A logistic function or logistic curve is the most common Sigmoid curve. In his book Collapse, author Jared Diamond presents several societies where population growth mixed with unsustainable consumption levels have led to collapses in population numbers. Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed is a 2005 book by Jared M TemplateInfobox writer --> Jared Mason Diamond (b 10 September, 1937) is an American Evolutionary biologist

The phenomenon of change resistance

The above concepts focus primarily on the proper practices required to live sustainably. However, there is also the need to consider why there is such strong resistance to adopting sustainable practices.

Barriers to achieving ecological sustainability

There has been long-standing and widespread public awareness of the seriousness of the consequence of overpopulation (e. g. , Nelson, 1986; Yankelovitch, et al. , 1983; Diamond, Jared (2005) ). Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed is a 2005 book by Jared M

Unruh (2000, 2002) has argued that numerous barriers to sustainability arise because today's technological systems and governing institutions were designed and built for permanence and reliability, not change. In the case of fossil fuel-based systems this is termed "carbon lock-in" and inhibits many change efforts.

Others, particularly Thwink.org, argue that if enough members of the environmental movement adopted a problem solving process that fit the problem, the movement would make the astonishing discovery that the crux of the problem is not what it thought it was. The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green movements is a diverse scientific social and Political movement for It is not the proper practices or technical side of the problem after all. Any number of these practices would be adequate. Instead the real issue is why is it so difficult to persuade social agents (such as people, corporations, and nations) to adopt the proper practices needed to live sustainably? Thus the heart of the matter is the change resistance or social side of the problem.

This is generally attributed to “change resistance” (see, e. g. , Thwink.org), viewed as involving change in individual values, whether at personal, corporate, or collective levels (see e. g. , Stafford Beer). Anthony Stafford Beer ( September 25, 1926 - August 23, 2002) was a British Theorist, Consultant and professor Unfortunately, it has been frequently demonstrated, e. g. , in the studies cited, that people’s values are, in general, in the right place. The problem is to enact them. This has led to the preparation of numerous “wish lists”—such as that compiled by Shah, H. , & Marks, N. (2004)—drawing together many recommendations for government action.

Government and individual failure to act on the available information is widely attributed to personal greed (deemed to be inherent in human nature) especially on the part of international capitalists. But even Karl Marx did not suggest this, instead highlighting sociological processes which have been in operation for thousands of years. Murray Bookchin likewise documents this process over millennia, describing, in detail, the factors that were operational at each transition point. Murray Bookchin ( January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social If fault is to be found with Marx's work it can be argued that it lies elsewhere. Because he believed that the collapse of capitalism was imminent, he never discussed how to run society in an innovative way in the long term public interest. Strangely, Bookchin, in the end, does not suggest how to intervene in and harness the sociocybernetic processes he has identified but contents himself with an account of requisite features of a sustainable society derived from his analysis of organic (primordial) societies.

Two things seem to follow from this brief discussion.

  1. It is vital to follow up the study of the sociocybernetic, or systems (see also systems theory), processes which, it seems, primarily control what happens in society.
  2. We should use the social-science-based insights already available to evolve forms of Public management that will act on information in an innovative way in the long term public interest. Public management considers that government and non-profit administration resembles private-sector management in some important ways

Precautionary principle

The precautionary principle states that if there is a risk that an action could cause harm, and there is a lack of scientific consensus on the matter, the burden of proof is on those who would support taking the action. The precautionary principle is a moral and political principle which states that if an action or policy might cause severe or irreversible harm to the public or to the environment in the

When competing "experts" recommend diametrically opposing paths of action regarding resources, carrying capacity, sustainability, and the future, we serve the cause of sustainability by choosing the conservative path, which is defined as the path that would leave society in the less precarious position if the chosen path turns out to be the wrong path. [10]

Cleaner Production aims at applying the precautionary principle to industrial processes. Cleaner production is a preventive company-specific Environmental protection initiative The objective is to minimize waste, emissions, energy consumption by optimizing the organization and technology of production, and increasing the use of renewable resources.

See also

Other sustainability articles

Notes and references

Footnotes

  1. ^ United Nations. Agenda 21 is a programme run by the United Nations (UN related to Sustainable development. Appropriate technology (AT is Technology that is designed with special consideration to the environmental ethical cultural social and economical aspects of the community Bioregionalism is a term used to describe a political cultural and environmental system based on naturally-defined areas called bioregions or Ecoregions Bioregions are defined Bright green environmentalism is an ideology based on the belief that New technologies and Social innovation provide the most successful path to Sustainable development Cleaner production is a preventive company-specific Environmental protection initiative Corporate sustainability is a business approach that creates long-term shareholder value by embracing opportunities and managing risks deriving from economic environmental and social developments Cradle to Cradle Design (sometimes abbreviated to C2C) is a Biomimetic approach to the design of systems The Earth Charter is a declaration of fundamental values and principles from Earth Charter International that it considers as necessary for building a just sustainable and peaceful global Ecological economics is a Transdisciplinary field of academic research within Economics that aims to address the interdependence between human economies and natural Ecosharing is an environmental ethic for people to live by that their own impact on the Earth’s Biosphere be limited to no more than their own fair ecoshare Futures Studies, Foresight, or Futurology is the science art and practice of postulating possible probable and preferable futures and the worldviews Family planning is frequently used to mean that people plan when to have children using Birth control, preconceptional counseling. Green conventions or green meetings are conventions which are conducted in ways which minimize the environmental burdens imposed by such activities Sustainable design (also referred to as "green design" "eco-design" or "design for environment" is the art of designing physical objects the built environment The Hannover Principles are a set of statements about designing buildings and objects with forethought about their environmental impact their effect on the Sustainability of Industrial Ecology (IE is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the sustainable combination of environment, Economy and Technology. The Institute for Sustainable Communication (ISC was founded in 2003 and is a non-profit organization that is devoted to sustainability through the printing digital media and advertising industries Intergenerational equity, in the sociological and psychological context is the concept or idea of Fairness or Justice in relationships between Children Material efficiency is a description or metric which expresses the degree to which a construction project or physical process is carried out in a manner which consumes incorporates The Melbourne Principles for Sustainable Cities was developed in Melbourne (Australia on 2 April 2002 during an international Charette sponsored by the United Nations Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. The word permaculture, coined by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren during the 1970s is a Portmanteau of perma nent agri' A product-service system ( PSS) also known as a function-oriented business model, is a Business model, developed in academia that is aimed at providing The second law of Thermodynamics is an expression of the universal law of increasing Entropy, stating that the entropy of an Isolated system which Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals choose to minimize the 'more-is-better' pursuit of Wealth and consumption. In 1976 Amory Lovins coined the term "soft path" to describe an alternative future where efficiency and appropriate renewable Energy sources steadily replace a centralized The steady state is a condition of the Economy in which output per worker ( Productivity of labour and capital per worker ( Capital Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD is a strategic approach to Sustainable development and is a field of study that exists within the public domain The People & Planet Green League is a ranking of United Kingdom Universities based on their Sustainable practice The triple bottom line (or " TBL " " 3BL " or " People Planet Profit " captures an expanded spectrum of values and criteria Sustainable development indicators (SDI have the potential to turn the generic concept of Sustainability into action Corporate sustainability reporting has a long history going back to environmental reporting Sustainable advertising addresses the Carbon footprint and other negative environmental and social impacts associated with the production and distribution of advertising materials Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities Sustainable architecture, is a general term that describes environmentally-conscious design techniques in the field of architecture Sustainable art has emerged as an Art term that can be distinguished from Environmental art or Land art. A Business is sustainable if it has adapted its practices for the use of Renewable resources and holds itself accountable for the environmental and Human A sustainable city, ecocity or ecopolis is an entire city dedicated to minimizing the required inputs (of energy water and food and its waste output (of heat air The Sustainable Communities Plan was launched in 2003 and is a key policy of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister in guiding its regeneration and departmental objectives Sustainable communities are communities planned built or modified to promote Sustainable living. Sustainable design (also referred to as "green design" "eco-design" or "design for environment" is the art of designing physical objects the built environment Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities Sustainable fashion is a part of the growing design philosophy and trend of Sustainability, whose goal is to create a system which can be supported indefinitely in terms of Overfishing occurs when Fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level Sustainable forest management ( SFM) is the management of Forests according to the principles of Sustainable development. Sustainable forest management ( SFM) is the management of Forests according to the principles of Sustainable development. The earliest mention of the phrase sustainable industries appeared in 1990 in a story about a Japanese group reforesting a tropical forest to help create sustainable industries for the Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of Sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space Sustainable living refers to a specific Lifestyle that attempts to reduce an individual's or society's use of the Earth's natural resources Sustainable Packaging is the development and use of Packaging which results in improved Sustainability. Sustainable procurement is a spending and investment process typically associated with Public policy, although it is equally applicable to the Private sector. Sustainable tourism is a form of Tourism that follows the principles of Sustainability. Sustainable transport is a concept developed in reaction to things that have gone visibly wrong with transportation policy practice and performance through much the world over the last Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS sometimes known as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS are designed to reduce the potential impact of new and existing developments Sustainable urban infrastructure is a term used to describe Infrastructure that facilitates a place or Regions progress towards the goal of Sustainable living The sustainable yield of Natural capital is the Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself i 1987. "Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development." General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11 December 1987. Retrieved: 2007-04-12
  2. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (1997). Towards sustainable transportation : conference organised by the OECD, hosted by the Government of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, 24-27 March 1996 : conference highlights and overview of issues, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
  3. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (1997). Towards sustainable transportation : conference organised by the OECD, hosted by the Government of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, 24-27 March 1996 : conference highlights and overview of issues, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. Page 10
  4. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (1997). Towards sustainable transportation : conference organised by the OECD, hosted by the Government of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, 24-27 March 1996 : conference highlights and overview of issues, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. Page 10
  5. ^ Tisdell, C. 1988. Clement Allan Tisdell (born 18 November 1939 in Taree New South Wales) is an Australian economist and Emeritus Professor at the University Sustainable development: Differing perspectives of ecologists and economists, and relevance to LDCs. World Development 16(3): 373-384.
  6. ^ E. O. Wilson, The future of life, 2001
  7. ^ Global Footprint Network "National Footprints". Download National Footprint Results in . xls format. Retrieved on: August 4, 2007. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  8. ^ World Hunger Education Service World Hunger Facts 2008. Retrieved on: February 10, 2008. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  9. ^ Pimentel, D, X. Huang, A. Cordova, and M. Pimentel (1996). "Impact of Population Growth on Food Supplies and Environment". Paper presented at AAAS Annual Meeting, Baltimore, February 1996. Population and Development Review. Retrieved on August 4, 2007. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  10. ^ Bartlett, A. (1997). "Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth and the Environment -- Revisited". Renewable Resources Journal, 15, 4, Winter 1997-98. Retrieved on: August 4, 2007. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

References

Bibliography

External links


Wikia (originally Wikicities) is a selective Free web hosting service for Wikis (or Wiki farm) operated by Wikia Inc

Dictionary

sustainability

-noun

  1. the ability to sustain something
  2. (ecology) a means of configuring civilization and human activity so that society, its members and its economies are able to meet their needs and express their greatest potential in the present, while preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems, planning and acting for the ability to maintain these ideals in the very long term
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic